利用环刀法快速原位测定土壤蒸发量

原位准确快速测量土壤蒸发量，对研究干旱与半干旱地区土壤蒸发规律和水量平衡计算具有重要意义。本研究采用环刀法分别在两种质地土壤（风沙土和黄绵土）上原位测量土壤蒸发量，并与传统微型蒸发器法测定结果进行分析对比。结果表明:在风沙土上环刀法表层（0 ~ 5 cm）土壤日平均蒸发量为微型蒸发器法蒸发量的81.68%，而在黄绵土上仅占60.71%。在风沙土上环刀法四层累加值（0 ~ 20 cm）与微型蒸发器法测定结果极显著相关（P < 0.01，R2 = 0.52），RMSE为0.84，在连续无降水事件发生时，二者测定结果接近。在黄绵土上环刀法（0 ~ 20 cm）与微型蒸发器法测定结果极显著相关（P < 0.01，R2 = 0.59），RMSE为1.07，在连续无降水事件发生时，二者测量结果差异明显，但降雨强度较小的事件发生后，二者测量结果一致。因此，环刀法可以用于准确快速原位测定土壤蒸发量，但降水事件会对环刀测量土壤蒸发量结果产生显著影响。     

土壤容重测定用分段式原状取土器的设计

为了提高土壤容重测定中土样采集的效率和精准性,将环刀法和原状取土管法结合,进行了分段式原状取土器的研制.该分段式原状取土器主要由取土装置和土样分离装置等组成.与经典环刀法试验对比表明,分段式原状取土器可有效保证所取土样的原状度,并能提高取土效率4～8倍.     

耕作方式对耕层土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的影响

为了寻求能够提高土壤结构稳定性的耕作模式,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续7年的定位试验研究基础上,采用常规分析方法(湿筛法、重铬酸钾容量法、环刀法),研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作(T)相比,免耕无覆盖(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种保护性耕作方式均能不同程度地增加耕层土壤的有机碳和不同粒径水稳性团聚体的含量,其中免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)处理效果最佳.在0～10 cm土层中,NTS处理的土壤容重低、孔隙度大,土壤结构得到了较大改善.不同耕作方式下0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～30 cm土层粒径1～0.5 mm水稳性团聚体的含量最高,粒径>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与有机碳含量和孔隙度呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关.     

原状取土管法与经典方法测定山地土壤物理性质的比较研究

针对经典环刀法在土层浅薄,土壤紧实和粗骨土的山地土壤物理性质研究中的局限性,利用IN-SITU原状取土管对澜沧江流域典型山地的土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、饱和水、毛管水、田间持水量、初渗系数、稳渗系数等土壤物理性质进行研究,并同经典环刀法的测定值相比较。方差分析结果表明:IN-SITU原状取土管法和经典环刀法在土壤物理性质的对比研究中无显著差异。差异性分析中,7项土壤物理指标测定值间F方差相等检验的相伴概率Sig.均大于显著性水平α=0.05,方差相等时T检验结果的7项土壤物理指标相伴概率均大于显著性水平α=0.10,两法均值差的95%置信区间均跨0,表明IN-SITU原状取土管完全可用于土壤物理性质的研究,尤其在山地土壤的研究中显示出较环刀更为明显的优越性。     

祁连山北坡主要植被下土壤异质性研究

采用半微量凯氏、氢氧化钠-钼锑抗比色法、CaCO2分子式求法、土壤烘干法、环刀法等进行土壤异质性相关因子调查与分析,结果表明:(1)山地灰褐土、山地淋溶灰褐土、亚高山灌丛草甸土、山地栗钙土的有机质含量分别为11.88%、10.85%、10.73%、1.65%.(2)青海云杉林、高山灌丛林、祁连圆柏林、低山灌丛林、牧坡草地、无林地0-60 cm土壤容重依次减小,而总孔隙度依次增大.     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林后不同林地土壤孔隙与贮水特性

为探索退耕还林工程中树种配置措施对林地土壤水文性质的影响,在黄土丘陵区采用环刀法测定了退耕还林后10年生刺槐、侧柏、油松林分的土壤孔隙度和贮水能力.(1)各种林分都具有明显改善土壤贮水性能的作用,表现为降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度及贮水量;改善程度以刺槐林分为最大,油松林分次之,侧柏林分较小.(2)各种林分对土壤(非毛管孔隙度)滞留贮水量的提高程度均大于对(毛管孔隙度)吸持贮水量的提高程度.(3)林地土壤贮水性能的垂直空间变异性较明显,随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重增加而土壤孔隙度和贮水量减小.     

自然条件下土壤沉降量与土壤容重、地表糙度间的变化关系

为了研究自然条件下土壤沉降量与土壤容重、地表糙度间的变化关系。通过钢尺法、环刀法、链条法测定了自然条件下不同质地的土壤在平翻耕和垄作条件下的土壤沉降量、土壤容重、地表糙度,分析了土壤沉降量、土壤容重、地表糙度的变化规律以及土壤沉降量与土壤容重、地表糙度间的变化关系。结果表明:(1)在一定的降雨动能的条件下,土壤的沉降量随降雨动能的累计总体呈减小的趋势,且垄作措施下土壤的沉降量均不小于平翻耕措施下的土壤沉降量;(2)翻耕后的土壤的容重随时间变化呈先增大后趋于原状土容重的变化趋势;(3)垄作条件下的地表糙度总体呈减小趋势,且壤土的地表糙度始终大于砂土的地表糙度;(4)土壤的沉降量与容重的变化量间存在较好的指数相关关系,且相关系数均高于0.9;土壤的沉降量与地表糙度的变化量符合幂函数相关关系,其中砂土的地表糙度变化量与沉降量的相关性较壤土高相关系数分别为0.993和0.936。这些研究结果对于预测自然条件下翻耕土壤的紧实程度,地表平整度有一定的参考价值。     

不同耕作措施对东北玉米农田土壤物理性质的影响

为了揭示耕作措施对东北玉米田土壤物理性质的影响,本研究进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,探明了深松(ST)、免耕(NT)以及传统耕作(CT)对东北玉米田土壤物理指标(土壤容重、土壤三相比、土壤结构指数以及颗粒组成)的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,深松处理能够显著降低0～20 cm土层的土壤容重(P<0.05),下层土壤(...     

不同土地利用方式对黑土剖面土壤物理性质的影响

选择地势平坦相毗邻地块的4种不同土地利用方式(农田,CL;落叶松林地,FL;自然草地,GL;裸地,BL),利用环刀法测定了土壤容重、田间持水量和饱和持水量,利用吸管法测定了土壤机械组成,利用湿筛法测定了土壤水稳性团聚体,分析了0—200cm剖面内土壤物理性质的分布、变异程度和相关性。研究结果表明:土地利用方式显著影响了表层(0—20cm)的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤持水量,容重表现为GLCLFLBL,而孔隙度和田间持水量表现为GLCLFLBL。土地利用方式对剖面土壤颗粒组成的影响表现为GL砂粒含量比较高,BL粉砂含量较高,而FL的粘粒含量较高。粒径0.25mm团聚体含量(WAS0.25mm)、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均随剖面深度增加而降低,不同土地利用方式间的差异表现在0—60cm土层,为GLFLCLBL。GL和FL由于根系的作用增加了土壤物理性质的变异程度。土壤颗粒组成对土壤容重、饱和持水量和田间持水量都有显著的影响。研究结果表明,自然草地能够显著改善并恢复土壤的物理性质。     

锡林郭勒草地景观系统土壤容重空间变异及其与风蚀的关系

[目的]探究锡林郭勒草地在景观尺度上土壤容重空间分布规律及其与风蚀的关系,为有效进行草原风蚀防治提供理论参考。[方法]对锡林郭勒草原不同地形和土地利用条件下土壤容重的空间变异性进行调查分析,主要采用环刀法、吸管法、TOC法测定土壤容重、机械组成和有机碳含量。[结果]锡林郭勒草原土壤容重呈现中等空间变异性;容重随地形变化在轻牧区表现为:迎风坡背风坡平地,而在中牧和重牧区的变化与之相反,且海拔与容重呈负相关性;在同样地形条件下,不同土地利用容重变化规律为:重牧区耕地中牧区轻牧区禁牧区。[结论]研究区土地利用类型是影响容重最主要的因素。容重与风蚀速率呈现明显的负相关性,容重可作为评估本区域风蚀发生与影响强度的一个重要参考指标。     

Soil phosphorus testing: 2. Assessment of a rotary blade soil sampler for collecting soil samples to measure soil test phosphorus

Abstract

In Western Australia soil samples to measure soil‐test phosphorus (P) are collected November to March when soils are usually dry. Most of the soils are hard‐setting when dry and it is difficult to penetrate and collect soil samples to 10 cm using the traditional sampler, which is a 2.5 cm diameter tube that is pushed into the soil by foot. Farmers collect too few soil samples at shallow depths to measure soil‐test P. In Part 1 of this paper, it was shown that soil‐test P can vary markedly for individual soil samples collected from uniform areas in paddocks. Consequently, an adequate number of soil samples needs to be collected and bulked from defined areas to measure soil‐test P. Phopshorus accumulates near the top of the soil of (i) pastures since P fertilisers are applied to the surface of pastures, and (ii) crops sown by minimum (conservation) tillage. Crops are increasingly being sown using conservation tillage methods. Collecting too few soil samples to a shallow depth can result in large errors when estimating the current P status of soils and determining optimum fertiliser application levels. A new rotating blade method of collecting soil samples to the standard 10 cm depth for measuring soil‐test P was compared with the traditional sampler. The new sampler successfully penetrated hard‐setting soils to the standard depth and the soil samples it collected produced similar soil‐test P as the traditional sampler. Consequently, the same soil‐test P calibrations determined using the traditional sampler can also be used for the new sampler. The new sampler is, therefore, recommended for collecting soil samples to measure soil‐test P. It should have application wherever hard‐setting soils pose a problem for soil P testing.     

Core sampling technique for bulk density and porosity determination on a clay loam soil

Seasonal fluctuations in bulk density and porosity determined from soil cores have been observed to be independent of soil and cropping treatments on the clay and clay loam soils of southwestern Ontario. An experiment was conducted to determine if the fluctuations may be a result of inconsistencies in core sampling technique. Three core sampling techniques were compared on five dates on each of four long-term cropping treatments which provided a range in soil water contents and structure. The core sampling techniques compared were: (1) a typical hand-held, hammer driven, double cylinder core sampler with the recommended procedure; (2) a typical hand-held, hammer driven, double cylinder core sampler with an excess number of blows; (3) pressing the double cylinder core sampler into the soil hydraulically. Variations in core sampling technique significantly affected the observed values of bulk density, total porosity, and air-filled porosity at field soil water contents ranging from 12.6 to 23.8% by weight. However, hammering, compared with hydraulically pressing, the core sampler into the soil, appears to cause more distortion within the soil core which increases variability. The effect of sampling date, and its inherent effect on soil moisture, was generally greater than the effect of the core sampling techniques. Therefore, providing a consistent technique is used, observed seasonal fluctuations in bulk density, total porosity, and air-filled porosity on Brookston clay loam soil are apparently not the result of variations in the core sampling technique.     

Reducing sampler error in soil research

Most soil sampling techniques are calibrated with standards and against each other, but the error introduced by the individuals performing each technique (sampler error) is often not addressed. We determined that sampler error explains a minimum of 5.5% of the variation in soil bulk density when using a composite coring technique. This source of error is of concern because it could easily obscure the small, but significant differences anticipated with long-term (decadal) research. We suggest three methods for increasing sampling accuracy across spatial and temporal treatments: (1) use > 5 individuals to sample each treatment; (2) consider both the concentration and pool size of soil properties (e.g. nitrate, root mass, etc.); and (3) include measurements of sampler error.     

基于气压劈裂原理的气压深松效果试验

针对传统深松方式存在深松影响范围小、程度不均匀、能耗大的问题,该文基于气压劈裂原理与技术,提出了一种新的旱作耕地深松方式-气压深松,即向耕地土壤中注入高压气体,利用气压劈裂原理与技术使土壤内形成裂隙从而实现土壤深松的新方式。并以土壤孔隙度、土壤孔隙度提升率和土面抬升量为评价指标,通过模拟试验,研究分析气压深松方式的效果得出:气压深松使土壤中空气的比例增大、土壤体积膨胀、土面抬升,高压气体在土壤内部形成裂隙,土壤孔隙度大面积变大。表明气压深松可有效打破犁底层,具有良好的深松效果。另外,气压深松与传统的铲式深松相比,具有深松影响范围大、深松程度高、深松均匀等特点。     

土壤容重和含水率对紫色土坡耕地耕层抗剪强度的影响

土壤抗剪强度既可评价土壤侵蚀敏感性,也是反映耕层土壤耕作性能的重要参数。不同剪切方式下土壤抗剪强度指标存在一定差异,以紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤为研究对象,采用室内重塑土三轴及直剪试验方法,研究容重和含水率对紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤抗剪强度的影响,并分析了2种试验方法的差异性。结果表明:(1)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤黏聚力(c)总体随容重(ρd)增大而增加,随含水率(w)增加而减小,三轴及直剪试验条件下黏聚力最大值均出现在容重1.4 g/cm^3、含水率10%水平下,分别为32.33,21.78 kPa。耕层土壤内摩擦角(φ)随容重增加而增大,随含水率增大而减小,三轴及直剪试验条件下内摩擦角最大值均出现在容重1.4 g/cm^3、含水率10%水平下,分别为22.67°,29.11°。(2)在同一围压下,耕层土壤最大主应力差随容重增加而增大,随含水率增加而减小;在同一容重和含水率水平下,耕层土壤的最大主应力差随着围压升高而增大。(3)耕层土壤容重、含水率的交互作用对黏聚力和内摩擦角影响显著(P<0.05),对坡耕地耕层土壤抗剪强度抵抗侵蚀作用的最优土壤容重-含水率条件为1.4 g/cm^3—10%。(4)不同剪切方式影响了土体抗剪强度指标,耕层土壤黏聚力在三轴试验条件下大于或接近直剪试验结果,而土壤内摩擦角则明显小于直剪试验结果,这主要与两种剪切试验原理差异有关。     

丘间低地不同年龄沙柳表层土壤水分与容重的空间变异

以毛乌素沙地丘间低地不同年龄(2~4年)沙柳为研究对象,采用地统计学方法对各年龄沙柳表层(0~20cm)土壤水分与容重空间变异进行研究。结果表明:随着年龄的增长,表层土壤水分含量表现出增大的趋势,且各年龄沙柳表层土壤水分含量间表现出一定的差异性(P<0.05);表层土壤容重差异不显著。空间变异分析显示,随着年龄的增长,沙柳表层土壤水分与容重具有高度的空间变异性,由空间自相关部分引起的空间变异向更强烈空间相关性转变,空间分布格局趋于复杂化;但不同年龄沙柳表层土壤水分含量的空间变异与容重的空间变异相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

土壤标本的新系列及其应用

In this paper,the structure of “double juts” soil sampler and a series of new soil samplers are introduced.The internal diameter of auger tip the sampler is less than that of sampling tube.but the external diameter of auger tip is larger than that of sampling tube,Therefore,adhesion and cutting resistance can be reduced by limiting conncetion areas between sampler and the soil,Such a new structure makes if possible to be widely used for the production of a series of special soil samplers.     

阿什河上游3种人工林土壤贮水量与入渗特征

 为了解水源地人工林生态系统土壤水分贮存与入渗特征,在阿什河上游光明沟小流域内,选取樟子松、红松、兴安落叶松3种人工林,采用环刀法对其土壤水分贮存量及入渗特征进行对比研究。结果表明:兴安落叶松人工林土壤密度较低,孔隙度和贮水能力较高,与红松人工林和樟子松人工林之间差异显著(P<0.05);10℃时的稳渗系数K10大小依次为兴安落叶松人工林(4.86mm/min)>红松人工林(0.63 mm/min)>樟子松人工林(0.57mm/min)。综合分析表明,兴安落叶松人工林土壤的涵养水源功能最强,樟子松人工林和红松人工林的较差。     

小型拖拉机土壤压实的有限元预测

农业土壤的基本特征是松软和经常处于非饱和状态，土壤体积密度与含水率既是主要参数又是影响压实的重要因素，且在不断地变化。为了进行有效田间土壤压实管理，根据具体土壤特性，采用一个二维的模型，用有限元方法进行土壤压实预测。模型考虑了应力路径、初始土壤体积密度和含水率等，将土壤体积密度视为平均主应力和最大自然剪切应变的非线性函数，可预测小型拖拉机在非饱和土壤上通过时引起土壤体积密度的变化及应力分布情况等。在华北轻壤土的试验证明，模型具有良好的拟合效果。     

Comparison of soil sampling devices used for sampling submerged soils

Abstract

Environmental sampling designed for soil chemical analyses requires precise procedural collection methods. Furthermore, soils which are submerged, represent an enigmatic sampling situation as the sample is withdrawn through the overlaying liquid layer. Contamination may arise from the liquid as well as solid material above the collected sample. A procedural problem is that close‐faced, lined samplers do not provide enough axial friction to maintain the sample within the sampler. Since the choice of proper sampling equipment is critical in site assessments, we compared two types of soil probes in this study. Both samples were nickel (Ni)‐chromium (Cr) plated having 2‐cm diameter bores. One was an open‐faced slotted sampler while the other was a closed‐faced sampler with a PETG copolyester liner. The open‐faced slotted sampler had no significantly different Ni or Cr content than did the PETG‐lined probe and maintained the soil within the sampling tube.