活性炭用作抗癌药缓释剂的研究与应用

以药用植物为原料，进行多道工艺精制成吸附抗癌药载体活性炭，其亚甲基蓝脱色力达到２８ｍＬ，平均粒度为０．７μｍ，孔半径〈２ｍｍ的占７２．９％，测定其对抗癌药顺铂，卡铂及丝裂霉素的吸附量，每克分别吸附６４ｍｇ，７９５ｍｇ及５９０ｍｇ；３０ｍｉｎ，６０ｍｉｎ及１２０ｍｉｎ对卡铂脱吸附率分别为５．６％，９．８％及１１．３％，活性炭吸附的抗癌药浓度及其周围游离的抗癌药浓度两者之间保持动态平衡，活性炭作为缓释     

活性炭处理环己酮废水研究

研究了活性炭对废水中环己酮的吸附规律,结果表明：在吸附温度为20℃时,动态吸附饱和时间为60min,对于环己酮浓度为2.0g/L的废水,活性炭最佳加入量为20g/L,吸附最佳pH值为5,活性炭对环己酮的吸附符合Langmuir等温模型。     

工况条件对活性炭吸附-脱附CS_2的影响

CS_2是一种典型的工业化学毒物,对人体和环境危害极大,目前常用去除方法为活性炭吸附。笔者采用动态吸附装置研究活性炭对CS_2吸附-脱附性能,考察温度、气体流速、CS_2浓度和气流湿度对活性炭吸附-脱附CS_2的影响。结果表明:活性炭对CS_2吸附量和残存量随着吸附温度的升高而降低。当流速小于625 mL/min,随着流速的增加,活性炭对CS_2吸附量增加,残存量降低;当流速大于625 mL/min,随着流速的增加,活性炭对CS_2的吸附量降低,残存量增加。活性炭对CS_2吸附量随着CS_2质量浓度增加而增加。但当CS_2质量浓度小于1 643 mg/m~3时,随着质量浓度的增加,残存量增加;当CS_2质量浓度大于1 643 mg/m~3,随着质量浓度的增加,残存量降低。随着湿度的增加,活性炭对CS_2吸附量降低,残存量增加。综合上述研究结果可以得出:吸附温度、气体流速、CS_2浓度和湿度等工况条件对活性炭CS_2吸附量和残存量均有较大影响,其中CS_2浓度对吸附的影响最大,而脱附残存量主要与吸附温度和CS_2浓度有关。为实现活性炭高效吸附和脱附,最佳工艺条件为:干燥状态下,吸附温度25℃,流速小于625 mL/min, CS_2质量浓度为1 643 mg/m~3。     

利用Frendlich吸附曲线分光光度法测定活性炭的亚甲兰脱色力

利用分光光度计测定活性炭对亚甲兰吸附平衡液的浓度．应用Ｆｒｅｎｄｌｉｃｈ吸附曲线可精确计算出活性炭亚甲兰脱色力．方法快速、正确。     

改性玉米芯活性炭对镉的吸附性能研究

利用农业固体废物玉米芯作原料制备了活性炭,通过吸附热力学和吸附动力学过程,探讨了改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺模拟废水的吸附性能研究,以及考察了溶液pH值、活性炭投加量和温度对活性炭吸附Cd²⁺的影响。研究结果表明:磷酸改性600℃下裂解的活性炭吸附能力最好;改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺的吸附等温线更符合Freundlich模型;改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学过程用准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合;经过单因素影响试验的研究表明,溶液初始pH值为6、活性炭投加量为0.01g、吸附温度为40℃时,活性炭的吸附效果最好。     

磷酸活化法制备棉秆活性炭的研究

通过研究活化工艺条件对棉秆活性炭吸附性能的影响，探讨了磷酸活化棉秆原料制备活性炭的可行性。结果表明：磷酸活化棉秆原料能制备出糖液脱色用活性炭的优级品，其碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝以及焦糖脱色力分别达N920mg／g、200mL/g和130％。其最佳活化工艺务件为：磷酸浓度50％，浸渍比2．5：1，浸溃时间60min，活化温度500％，活化时间60min。其中浸渍比对棉秆活性炭的脱色能力影响最大。     

多元酚焦炭化料制取活性炭的研究

研究用多元酚焦炭化料制取活性炭的方法,并探索合适的工艺条件。研究表明,破碎至不同粒度的多元酚焦炭化料通过水蒸气活化制取活性炭较适宜的工艺条件是：活化温度800～850℃;活化时间分别为：颗粒炭1h、定型颗粒炭2．5-3h,制得的活性炭的吸附指标超过国家标准GB／T13803．2-1999木质净水用活性炭的指标。碘吸附值在1000mg／g以上,亚甲基蓝吸附值在12mL／0．1mg以上研究结果还表明,磷酸法不适宜用于多元酚焦炭化料制造活性炭。     

饮用水净化用炭基滤芯成型工艺优化

为获得优良竹活性炭基饮用水净化用滤芯,笔者以毛竹活性炭为基材,椰壳活性炭为对比材料,添加高密度聚乙烯,采用活性炭挤出机(CTO)进行基础成型,采用响应曲面法,选取密度、抗压性、渗水率及碘吸附值作为响应值,对施胶量、含水率和粒径3个因素进行优化,确定最佳成型工艺,并对其饮用水净化效果进行了评价。结果表明:毛竹活性炭滤芯的密度随含水率和施胶量的增加而降低,随粒炭粉径的变小呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随含水率和施胶量的增加抗压性降低,随着炭粉粒径的变小抗压性增加;含水率和炭粉粒径对滤芯的碘吸附值影响不明显,随施胶量的增加滤芯的碘吸附值降低;随粒径目数、含水率和施胶量的增加滤芯的渗水率呈降低趋势; SEM和EPR分析表明,滤芯的净水主要为物理吸附,化学吸附微弱;有机物吸附模拟试验表明,滤芯对水质甲醛去除效果良好,可有效吸附水中有机污染物;随竹活性炭滤芯投加量的增加,饮用水CODMn的去除率增加,当投加量大于400 mg时吸附饱和;竹活性炭和椰壳活性炭滤芯对CODMn的吸附均符合Freundlich模型。     

梭梭材活性炭的制备工艺研究

研究了以梭梭材为原料,用氯化锌溶液和磷酸溶液作为活化剂来制备活性炭。探讨了活化温度、活化时间、液固比以及活化液浓度对制备梭梭材活性炭的影响以及梭梭材活性炭对碘吸附值的影响,确定了以氯化锌溶液和磷酸溶液作为活化剂生产活性炭的最佳工艺条件,对开辟梭梭材综合利用和活性炭原料来源具有重要意义。结果表明,氯化锌活化法制备活性炭,最佳工艺为液固比2.5:1,活化液浓度50%,活化温度450℃,活化时间90min,吸附值为1 068.86mg/g;磷酸法为液固比1.5:1,活化液浓度85%,活化温度500℃,活化时间120min,吸附值为885.38mg/g。     

磷酸法竹活性炭除铬性能的研究

以磷酸法制备的不定型竹活性炭为原料,分析其脱除六价铬的过程,探讨吸附时间、温度、浓度和p H值对竹活性炭除铬性能的影响。结果表明,随着吸附时间和温度的增大,竹活性炭对K2Cr2O7溶液的吸附量不断上升;溶液起始浓度的提高,有利于活性炭对六价铬的吸附量和吸附速率的增大,且吸附速率与起始浓度成线性关系,速率方程为r=0.07835c-0.805。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。