江西安福林区毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾情调查分析

对江西安福毛竹林2008年发生大面积雨雪冰冻灾情的调查和分析.结果表明:毛竹受灾程度与海拔高、林分密度和立竹年龄等有显著相关,其受灾规律为海拔350 m和1 000 m的毛竹林受灾程度分别为51.8%和71.7%;壮龄竹和幼龄竹的受灾程度分别为29.7%和53%;林分密度为2 400～3 000株·hm-2的毛竹林受灾程度为32.5%,分别是立竹度为3 000株·hm-2以上和2 400株·hm-2以下的损失率48.3%和90.3%.此外,毛竹林受灾程度还受林分类型、不同坡度、不同坡向等影响,其表现为纯林大于混交林,陡坡大于缓坡,西北坡大于南坡,说明此次毛竹受灾程度是多因素综合作用的结果.     

2种密度下樟子松单株生物量和生长量的比较

以章古台22年生1 420株·hm-2樟子松林一次性间伐成密度为404株·hm-2和810株·hm-2并采取封育措施的2种林分为调查对象,调查单株生物量、生长量及林下植被。结果表明:404株·hm-2与810株·hm-2相比,11a后樟子松单株生物量干质量前者为后者的1.64倍,根系粗壮程度、草本盖度前者高于后者;14a后胸径生长量前者为后者的1.11倍;有无垂直主根取决于土壤的质地;810株·hm-2林分在林内出现衰弱死亡林木以后才侵入灌木。     

不同林分密度桉树幼林抗风性比较研究

通过对两种1年生桉树无性系(巨细桉DH201-2与尾巨桉DH32-29)6种林分密度(1250株.hm-2、1667株.hm-2、2500株.hm-2、5000株.hm-2、6667株.hm-2、10000株.hm-2)进行生长量、根系和风害的调查,并分析林分密度、生长量和根系与抗风性相关性,结果表明:DH201-2以林分密度1667株.hm-2的生长量最大,而DH32-29胸径和冠幅以1667株.hm-2最大、树高以5000株.hm-2的最高;两个无性系间各个密度生长量差异显著;DH201-2以密度2500株.hm-2的抗风性最好,DH32-296个密度的抗风性均较差;相同林分密度下DH201-2根总数与根直径在0~2cm的根数显著比DH32-29多,DH32-29冠幅显著比DH201-2大,因此DH201-2易断干,而DH32-29易倒伏;相同林分密度下DH201-2比DH32-29抗风性强。     

马占相思人工林生长影响因子的分析

通过对闽南不同坡向、不同坡形、不同造林密度6年生马占相思人工林生长状况的调查分析,结果表明：6年生马占相思人工林生长阴坡优于阳坡,山洼优于山脊,密度为750株／hm^2的林分优于密度为1500株／hm^2的林分;坡形和造林密度对6年生马占相思人工林的生长影响显著,而坡向对6年生马占相思人工林的生长影响不显著。     

闽北山区鹅掌楸人工林密度效应的初步研究

为了解密度对鹅掌楸人工林生长和生态特性的影响,在沙县开展了鹅掌楸造林密度分别为1 600、2 000和2 500株hm-2的试验研究,经对11年生试验林的测定,结果表明:随着造林密度的增加,林分平均胸径、树高、单株材积下降,林分蓄积量表现为1 600株hm-22 500株hm-22 000株hm-2;林内植物多样性指数和土壤肥力大小表现为1 600株hm-22 000株hm-22 500株hm-2。本试验条件下,鹅掌楸人工林以造林密度为1 600株hm-2表现最好。     

土沉香栽植密度试验初报

分析不同造林密度对土沉香生长量以及树体分枝情况的影响,初步探讨土沉香人工栽培的适宜栽植密度。结果表明:种植3年后,不同栽植密度对土沉香树高、胸径和冠幅生长量有不同程度的影响,树体生长状况基本上随着密度减小而有改善的趋势;不同栽植密度间的冠幅达极显著差异,主要体现在造林密度3 333株·hm-2与栽植密度1 334～2 505株·hm-2间的差异,而树高、胸径没有差异;不同栽植密度对树体的一级分枝数、二级分枝数和二级分枝长度产生显著影响,且随着密度减小而增大,其中栽植密度3 333株·hm-2的林分中植株侧枝交叉率达71. 1%,已产生植株间的竞争现象,而栽植密度1 334株hm-2的土沉香在幼林期虽然生长发育较好,但杂草丛生,相对浪费林地而且会增加抚育锄草难度。综合各种因素考虑,土沉香的初植密度选用2 000～2 505株·hm-2比较合适。     

雨雪冰冻重灾区湿地松受害情况调查及其原因初步分析

从大面积勘查、林分分析、单株生长调查及其基本密度测量等方面研究2008年年初我国南方雨雪冰冻重灾区湿地松受害情况及其受害原因.结果显示,生长、树龄和所处海拔基本相近的湿地松林分受灾情况表现出随纬度降低而损害程度加重的规律,即从我国南方30°-26°N左右,湿地松受灾情况逐渐加重,折断、倒伏的比率最高达到80%.树龄和割脂这2个因素对同一个地点的湿地松受灾程度影响较大,其中树龄龄在13～18年之间的林分因较早违规割脂,受灾最严重,而胸径在20 cm、树龄在20年左右、割脂时间比较长的林分受灾也较严重.在受损的湿地松林分中,能够抵抗雪压而不倒伏的单株一般是基本密度较大、生长较好的优势株,但是同一林分内倒伏株和直立株基本密度差异并不显著.经营管理较好的林分抗雪压的能力显著高于粗放经营的林分.     

湿地松纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术研究

为探索湿地松优质高产纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术,进行了不同初植密度造林与间伐试验.试验结果表明:8a生、12a生密度试验林不同密度林分胸径、树高、蓄积量和总产量有极显著差异,8a生密度试验林不同密度林分木材性有极显著差异.林分在8a生时,平均树高生长效应是林分越密树高越高,林分平均胸径生长效应是林分密度越小胸径越大,蓄积量的生长效应是林分越密蓄积越大,木材材性是以中等林分密度质量最好.营造湿地松高产优质纸浆原料林适宜初植模式为2 m×2 m、2 m×2.5 m,即初植密度分别为2 505株/hm2和1 995株/hm2,此时2 505株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐25%、1 995株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐20%后4 a(林分年龄为12 a),这二种密度林分蓄积分别为224.08 m3·hm-2和206.64 m3·hm-2,蓄积加间伐材材积的总产量分别为244.56 m3·hm-2和218.72 m3·hm-2.为培育出质量和产量兼优的湿地松纸浆原料林,当林分生长到8 a生时,应及时地进行一次抚育间伐,间伐强度为20%～25%.     

栽植密度对黄菠萝生长的影响

通过对不同密度黄菠萝生长量的调查研究,认为栽植密度为789株/hm2和1 955株/hm~2的林分,林木胸径、树高、材积3种生长量指标均明显高于栽植密度为10 000株/hm~2的对照林分。同时,栽植密度为789株/hm~2的林分,林木胸径、材积生长也明显优于1 955株/hm~2的林分。栽植密度为10 000株/hm~2的对照林分林木生长最差。在人工造林中宜采用789株/hm~2的造林密度。     

承德市木兰围场不同强度间伐对油松人工林生长的影响

以河北省承德市木兰围场北沟阳坡中龄油松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度下油松林的生长。结果表明:随间伐强度增加,胸径和冠幅均呈现逐渐变大的趋势,但超强度间伐的胸径和冠幅均小于强度间伐。树高生长在强度间伐时最小。间伐有助于人工油松林的林分生长,且随着间伐强度的加大林分生长较好,但超强度的间伐并不一定是最合适的。调查地原密度1 815株·hm-2的油松人工林,在保留密度900~1 000株·hm-2时林分生长情况最好,这说明原密度1 815株·hm-2的油松人工林最适宜中度到强度间伐,间伐最适强度为40%~50%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.