菊黄东方魨河口区海水全人工繁育技术研究

利用杭州湾河口区的天然海水,对人工繁养的菊黄东方鲀亲鱼进行强化培育,使其达到性成熟,挑选其中性腺发育良好的进行催产,并采用半干法人工授精.在水温21～22℃下,受精卵经过100～120 h的静水充气孵化后仔鱼出膜;在水温24～25℃下,经过约25 d的培育,乌仔的全长达15 mm.试验结果表明2004年分4批共计催产18组,催产率为94.4%,获得受精卵67.5万粒、初孵仔鱼58.1万尾、乌仔29.3万尾,受精率为70.2%,孵化率86.1%,育苗成活率50.4%;2005年催产12组,催产率83.3%,获得受精卵110.3万粒、初孵仔鱼90.8万尾、乌仔49.6万尾,受精率为77.5%,孵化率为82.3%,育苗成活率54.6%.试验结果还表明两个不同盐度(15,25)对菊黄东方鲀受精卵孵化和苗种培育的影响不明显.     

唇(鱼骨)人工繁殖和鱼苗培育初步研究

对唇(鱼骨)(Hemibarbus labeo)的亲鱼培育、人工繁殖、孵化和鱼苗培育等技术进行了初步研究.试验结果表明:唇(鱼骨)野生亲本在池塘条件下经人工驯养可达性成熟;在水温19.0～21.0 ℃时一次性注射LHR-A2、HCG和DOM混合催产剂,其效应时间18～21.5 h;2005～2006年采用人工催产、自然产卵及人工授精、流水孵化、豆浆法培育鱼苗等方法,共催产雌鱼44尾,平均催产率81.5%,共计产卵45.7万粒,平均受精率82.6%,孵化率77.4%,共孵出鱼苗24.5万尾.鱼苗经25～30 d豆浆法培育后可达3 cm以上,平均成活率为65.5%,共培育夏花15.1万尾.     

黑尾近红鲌人工繁殖技术研究

为探索黑尾近红鲌的人工繁殖技术,进行了人工催产、受精卵孵化和苗种培育等试验.试验结果表明:在水温25～29 ℃的条件下,给亲鱼一次性注射不同组合的催产剂,其效应时间为9.5～16 h,平均催产率、受精率和孵化率分别为79.47%、85.08%和86.64%;受精卵的孵化时间在36～39 h;试验共获得鱼苗116.82万尾,经40～50 d的培育,育成全长5 cm左右的夏花鱼种35.6万尾,成活率30.47%.     

胡椒鲷人工繁殖及育苗技术

本文报道福建省水产研究所2001年胡椒鲷人工繁育、育苗过程和结果。亲鱼经增温强化培育后，注射DOM、LRH－A2或LRH－A3、HCG等催产药物，水温20.1-26.8℃、盐度20.8-26.0条件下，效应时间为36－40h。受精卵在水温20.0-26.0℃、盐度20.0-25.0条件下，经15－25h孵出。50万尾仔鱼经42d土池生态培育后，共培育出平均全长5.4cm、平均体重3.8g变态完整的鱼苗26250尾，育苗成活率为5.25％。     

远海梭子蟹人工育苗试验

试验结果表明,远海梭子蟹在水温28～30℃,盐度32～34条件下,从产卵至孵化需要257h,从第1期蚤状幼体发育变态为仔蟹苗(C1)约需11～13d。整个育苗共投放蚤状幼体46．6万尾,培育出大眼幼体10．11万只,成活率为21．7％,培育成仔蟹苗5．14万只,育苗成活率为11．6％。文中还对胚胎和幼体发育时间与温度和饵料的关系以及幼体培育成活率等进行了讨论。     

舟山海域褐牙鲆全人工繁育技术研究

2010年3月至6月,在浙江省海洋水产研究所西闪试验场进行了舟山褐牙鲆全人工繁育技术研究。在水温16.0～23.0℃,盐度26～27,溶解氧5.0～6.0mg/L的条件下,历经60d的培育,累计育成平均全长3.6cm以上的牙鲆鱼苗80×104万尾,受精率87.9%,孵化率90.9%,全长3cm～5cm的鱼苗培育成活率32%。     

菊黄东方鲀河口区海水全人工繁育技术研究

利用杭州湾河口区的天然海水,对人工繁养的菊黄东方鲀亲鱼进行强化培育,使其达到性成熟,挑选其中性腺发育良好的进行催产,并采用半干法人工授精。在水温21~22℃下,受精卵经过100~120h的静水充气孵化后仔鱼出膜;在水温24~25℃下,经过约25d的培育,乌仔的全长达15mm。试验结果表明:2004年分4批共计催产18组,催产率为94.4%,获得受精卵67.5万粒、初孵仔鱼58.1万尾、乌仔29.3万尾,受精率为70.2%,孵化率86.1%,育苗成活率50.4%;2005年催产12组,催产率83.3%,获得受精卵110.3万粒、初孵仔鱼90.8万尾、乌仔49.6万尾,受精率为77.5%,孵化率为82.3%,育苗成活率54.6%。试验结果还表明:两个不同盐度(15,25)对菊黄东方鲀受精卵孵化和苗种培育的影响不明显。     

南美白对虾温室中间培育试验

采用温室对南美白对虾进行淡化中间培育 ,投放虾苗 1 0 4万尾 ,平均体长 1 0cm ,平均体重 1 4mg ,密度 32 4 3尾 /m2 ,初始盐度 5‰ ,培育水温 2 5～ 2 6℃ ,以活体淡水枝角类饵料为主 ,前后分别用丰年虫和颗粒料衔接 ,前 8d淡化将盐度降至 2‰ ,培育 1 5d :出苗平均体长 2 2cm ,平均体重 1 4 2mg ;增长 0 0 8cm/d ,增重 8mg/d ;共出虾苗 78万尾 ,成活率为 75 5 %。     

鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceolatus(Bloch)中间培育技术的初步研究

将体长2.4～3.00锄,平均体长2.64 cm;体重2.37～3.16 g,平均体重2.68 g的鞍带石斑鱼鱼苗在水温17.扣24～6℃、海水盐度31.2条件下进行室外水泥池培育.采取逐渐添加淡水降低盐度至18～19;以鱼体重4%～6%日投喂量投喂用鱼浆或鲜虾浆与幼鳗粉料混合制成的湿性饲料的方式.经过52 d的培育,鱼苗体长增至4.7～6.8 cm,平均体长增长3.12 era/尾,增长率121.44%;体重增至5.73～8.64g,平均体重增重4.84 g/尾,增重率180.6%.培育存活率97.4%.     

唇人工繁殖和鱼苗培育初步研究

对唇鱼骨(Hemibarbuslabeo)的亲鱼培育、人工繁殖、孵化和鱼苗培育等技术进行了初步研究。试验结果表明:唇鱼骨野生亲本在池塘条件下经人工驯养可达性成熟;在水温19·0~21·0℃时一次性注射LHR-A2、HCG和DOM混合催产剂,其效应时间18~21·5h;2005~2006年采用人工催产、自然产卵及人工授精、流水孵化、豆浆法培育鱼苗等方法,共催产雌鱼44尾,平均催产率81·5%,共计产卵45·7万粒,平均受精率82·6%,孵化率77·4%,共孵出鱼苗24·5万尾。鱼苗经25~30d豆浆法培育后可达3cm以上,平均成活率为65·5%,共培育夏花15·1万尾。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.