两种常见淡水鱼在高温储存过程中挥发性盐基总氮和生物胺的含量变化

实验检测了条和红鳍红鲌在30℃下贮存48 h内每隔6 h的挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)和9种生物胺(尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺、5-羟色胺、亚精胺、精胺、多巴胺和章鱼胺)含量的变化,并对TVBN和生物胺含量与时间的相关性进行分析,以期为淡水水产品类饵料安全投喂和人类食品安全提供基础资料。结果显示,两种鱼在相同贮存条件下TVBN和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。其中,TVBN含量均随着贮存时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性。红鳍红鲌除在42 h时TVBN含量低于■条外,其他时间均高于■条。在30℃贮存下,■条和红鳍红鲌的TVBN含量均在12 h时超过30 mg/100 g,因此,这两种鱼在12 h后不推荐食用。尸胺、腐胺、酪胺和组胺是这两种鱼主要的生物胺类型,且有随贮存时间延长含量显著增高的趋势,并与时间呈显著性相关,可推荐用于评价此两种水产品食用安全的生物胺类型。除此之外,在可测到的生物胺中,红鳍红鲌的尸胺和组胺含量明显高于■条,且红鳍红鲌体内的5-羟色胺与时间也呈显著性相关。     

非挥发性生物胺对组胺的可见分光光度法检测结果的影响

采用液相色谱法和可见分光光度法分别测定水产品中组胺的含量,比较了这两种检测方法测定结果的差异性,结果发现可见分光光度法的检测值比液相色谱法高。根据可见分光光度法的显色反应原理,研究了尸胺、腐胺、亚精胺和酪胺4种水产品中常见的非挥发性生物胺与偶氮试剂的显色反应,发现4种生物胺在480nm处都有一定吸光度,这会对组胺的检测结果产生不同程度的影响;其中酪胺对检测结果的影响最大,其吸光度达到了同浓度组胺的70%左右,而且生物胺的浓度越高对组胺检测结果产生的影响也越大。这4种生物胺是水产品中常见的胺类物质,采用可见分光光度法测定组胺含量时,其存在往往会导致检测结果偏高。因此,为保证水产品中组胺检测数据的准确性,尽量选择使用液相色谱法进行检测。本研究为水产品中组胺定量检测方法的选择及检测结果分析提供数据支撑。     

不同贮藏温度下马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼中生物胺含量变化

建立反相高效液相色谱法快速检测鲭科鱼类(马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼)中8种生物胺(色胺、2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺)含量的方法,进而研究马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼在不同贮藏温度下(-30、4和25℃)生物胺含量的变化情况。衍生后的样品经反相色谱柱C18分离,以超纯水和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,254 nm紫外检测生物胺含量。结果显示,8种生物胺在17 min内完全分离,加标回收率为96.80%~116.29%,检出限、定量限分别为0.06~0.31mg/L和0.20~0.75 mg/L。马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼中总生物胺含量与贮藏温度和贮藏时间显著相关(P0.05),且随着温度(4、25℃)的升高而增加。-30℃条件下,在前10天秋刀鱼与马鲛鱼总生物胺含量均降低;10 d后秋刀鱼中总生物胺含量升高。两种鱼在3种不同贮藏温度下,2-苯乙胺、尸胺和组胺均是贮藏过程中的主要生物胺;在-30℃贮藏条件下,马鲛鱼2-苯乙胺和尸胺含量在前10天随贮藏时间延长而降低,而秋刀鱼中两者的含量在前10天逐渐增加;在4、25℃条件下,秋刀鱼较马鲛鱼更易产生组胺;鲭科鱼中精胺含量在整个检测时间内无明显变化规律。秋刀鱼在-30、4℃贮藏条件下未检出色胺和酪胺;马鲛鱼中色胺含量较低且变化不显著;鲭科鱼中酪胺在4℃贮藏条件下显著性升高。在25℃贮藏条件下,除亚精胺和精胺外,鲭科鱼中其他生物胺均明显增加。结果表明,鲭科鱼类中生物胺含量与贮藏温度紧密相关,低温贮藏可有效抑制鱼肉中色胺、2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺的产生。本结果可为鲭科鱼类贮藏和生物胺监控提供参考依据。     

基于脂肪酸分析的太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼营养生态位研究

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)是生态系统中的顶级捕食者, 是海洋生态系统能量流动及物质循环的重要一环。为研究太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼在个体发育过程中的摄食变化以及不同海域营养生态位差异, 根据 2019 年东太平洋和 2021 年中西太平洋海域金枪鱼渔船采集的黄鳍金枪鱼样本, 对其肌肉的脂肪酸组成及特征进行了分析研究。结果显示, 黄鳍金枪鱼肌肉检测出 34 种脂肪酸, 包括 16 种饱和脂肪酸(SFA), 8 种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA), 10 种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。黄鳍金枪鱼肌肉脂肪酸中 SFA 含量与 PUFA 含量呈负相关, MUFA 含量与 PUFA 含量呈正相关。SFA 含量与叉长呈显著负相关, MUFA、PUFA 含量与叉长呈显著正相关。中西太平洋和东太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼肌肉脂肪酸含量存在差异, 两海域之间脂肪酸组成平均不相似性为 18.85%, 主要差异来自 n-3 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、SFA、PUFA、C22∶6n3 (DHA)、Cl6∶0、Cl8∶1n9、MUFA、C22∶6n3/C20∶5n3 (DHA/EPA)、 C18∶0、n-6 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)。主成分分析显示, 黄鳍金枪鱼的营养级越高, 肉食性越高, 以甲藻和硅藻为食源的生物对黄鳍金枪鱼的能量来源贡献越大。相反, 营养级越低的黄鳍金枪鱼主要摄食以细菌、陆地植物和植食性桡足类为食源的生物。主成分回归表明, 黄鳍金枪鱼随叉长增大, 其营养级增加, 肉食性提高, 食性逐渐由以甲壳类和头足类向虾和硬骨鱼等富含多种特征脂肪酸的生物转变。东太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼较中西太平洋肉食性更强, 营养级更高, 甲壳类对其能量贡献更大。     

不同冻结工艺条件对蓝点马鲛品质的影响

冷冻贮藏是蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphoniu)最常用的贮藏方式之一,不同冻结方式将直接影响冷冻蓝点马鲛的品质。本研究考察了蓝点马鲛在不同冻结方式(-90℃液氮速冻、-50℃冰箱冻结、-30℃平板速冻、-30℃冰箱冻结和-18℃冷库冻结)下的冻结速率,以保水性能、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)含量、巯基含量和色差值等为品质评价指标,探究5种冻结工艺条件对其品质的影响。结果显示,冻结工艺对蓝点马鲛的各理化指标均可产生显著影响(P0.05)。液氮速冻的蓝点马鲛各指标值最好,冻结后的蓝点马鲛品质最优。-50℃冰箱冻结组和-30℃平板速冻组的蓝点马鲛品质稍差于液氮速冻,但明显好于-30℃冰箱冻结组和-18℃冷库冻结组。在保水性能和白度值方面,-50℃冰箱冻结和-30℃平板速冻无显著性差异(P0.05);在脂肪氧化和巯基含量方面,-30℃平板速冻显著优于-50℃冰箱冻结(P0.05),且与液氮速冻的各值无显著性差异(P0.05)。上述结果表明,平板速冻和液氮速冻均能较好地保持蓝点马鲛的品质,可以选用作为实际生产方法。[中国渔业质量与标准,2019,9(2):09-15]     

1991年日本水产品进口创记录

1991年日本水产品进口创历史新记录,达280万t、进口值130亿日元。进口数量比1990年上升12％,进口值增加5％。鲐鱼进口(主要来自挪威)几乎增加3倍。1991年其他水产品进口大幅度增加的品种有鱼粉、鳕、蟹和非洲狭鳕的鱼糜制品,进口水产品下降的有狭鳕鱼糜制品、黄鳍金枪鱼,鲑鱼和毛鳞鱼。     

金枪鱼将游上中国百姓餐桌

金枪鱼以其EPA和DHA含量在所有水产品中最高而成为世界营养学会推荐的三大营养鱼之一(注:另两种为大麻哈鱼和沙丁鱼)。众所周知,食用不饱和脂肪酸特别是EPA和DHA对防治心血管疾病等十分有益。金枪鱼生活在水深100-400米的大洋深处,其洄游范围限于盐度高的深海,较少接触到污染较严重的近海和沿岸水域,加上金枪鱼自捕捞、运输、加工至消费之前各环节要求都比较严格,完全保证其营养成分的保留。金枪鱼有多个品种类:蓝鳍金枪鱼、大目金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、长鳍金枪鱼、鲣鱼和剑鱼等。金枪鱼渔业根据捕捞渔具不同分为延绳钓渔业、围网渔业、…     

印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼的食性及其季节性变化

根据2003年12月至2004年6月及2005年9月至12月在印度洋中西部水域调查所获得的数据,利用两因子列联表及单因子方差分析等统计分析方法,对印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼的食物组成及其随月份和体长的变化、摄食强度及食物组成的生态位宽度进行了初步研究.结果表明,印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成包括帆蜥、鲣、鳞鲍、沙丁鱼、鲐鱼、虾、蟹、鱿鱼、章鱼、竹笑鱼及未辨认甲壳类等饵料类群,其中主要食物为鱿鱼、鲐鱼以及蟹.大部分月份黄鳍金枪鱼摄食率相对较高,基本上维持在70%以上;除2月和6月外,其余月份黄鳍金枪鱼饵料种类数更替率均低于50%.各叉长组黄鳍金枪鱼摄食率基本维持在70%以上;当叉长在106～155 cm之间,饵料种类数更替率低于40%.黄鳍金枪鱼摄食强度各月差异显著,但各叉长组摄食强度并不存在显著性差异.各月饱满指数存在显著性差异.黄鳍金枪鱼的食物组成随月份和叉长有明显变化.鱿鱼、鲐鱼和蟹基本上为不同叉长组黄鳍金枪鱼所摄食.黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成各月Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'波动较大,且存在显著性差异;Pielou均匀度指数J'基本上维持在0.80～1.00之间,但各月间存在显著性差异.印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼各叉长组食物组成Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'变化较大,但在106～145 cm期间相对保持稳定,而Pielou均匀度指数J'波动较大.印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成各月和各叉长组均存在显著性差异.     

海外篇

2004年日本的金枪鱼生产状况2004年日本远洋渔船渔获量下降23%(-89600吨),主要原因是全球正鲣渔获量下降,其它金枪鱼渔获量则比较稳定。2004年日本正鲣渔获量比2003年减少33%(-96349吨),黄鳍金枪鱼渔获量也减少15%,蓝鳍金枪鱼及大目金枪鱼渔获量则比2003年高。2004年乌拉圭水产品出口畅销2004年乌拉圭水产品以10万吨的出口量及1.4亿美元的出口值,创下该国近5年来水产品出口新高。同时,2004年乌拉圭水产品的平均出口价格也仅低于2000年的水产品平均出口价格。2004年乌拉圭水产品销往世界60个市场,前四大市场分别为中国、意大利、美国、巴西。…     

黄鳍金枪鱼垂直移动及水层分布研究进展

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)为大洋性高度洄游鱼种,具有高速和深水游动能力,能够快速下潜至温跃层(20℃等温线)以下冷水区域觅食,最大深度甚至超过1000 m[1-4]。黄鳍金枪鱼垂直分布受海洋环境和饵料生物影响,进而影响渔船捕捞和效率[5]。因此获悉黄鳍金枪鱼垂直分布特征,不仅能辅助远洋渔场作业,对了解黄鳍金枪鱼鱼群垂直移动规律、分布习性和资源评估也至关重要。笔者综合国内外研究进展,综述了黄鳍金枪鱼垂直活动研究方法、垂直活动和水层分布及其影响因素在渔业生产和改进资源评估中应用,并对未来的研究内容进行展望。     

Essay of Different Extraction Procedures in Capelin Fish Meal for Biogenic Amine Determination by HPLC

This study assesses the effects of different extraction procedures of biogenic amines in capelin fish meal with different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for their determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant differences were noted between the use of TCA at 7.5 and 10% for the extraction of biogenic amines in E1 and E3 extraction, except for tyramine. The extraction using 7.5% TCA in one step and centrifugation (E1) was a simple and rapid method. This extraction seems to be the most suitable for the extraction of amines in these kinds of samples, compared to the other methods tested. The biogenic amine that presented the highest levels in the fish meal studied was cadaverine (208–226 mg/kg), followed by putrescine and histamine (164–173 and 44–46 mg/kg, respectively). Biogenic amine levels were low when compared to the toxic levels observed in these kinds of products.     

水产品中生物胺的研究进展

1前言 生物胺（biogenic amine）是一类低分子量含氮有机化合物的总称。在生物体内，生物胺最主要的生物合成途径是氨基酸经脱羧酶类催化的脱羧反应，生成相应的胺和CO2，通式如下.     

水产品中生物胺的研究进展

杂交瘤-单克隆抗体技术由Koehler和Milstein创建于1975年。20世纪80年代初在世界各国兴起单克隆抗体研究热潮，现在每年都有大量有关单克隆抗体的研究报道，单克隆抗体已从初期的探索性研究进入大量开发、应用阶段。Siwicki等制备了抗金鱼免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体并用于抗体分泌细胞定位和免疫水平监测，Lin和Dickeison等应用单克隆抗体分析小瓜虫保护性抗原并进行了被动免疫实验，Austin和Cartwright等建立了以单抗为核心的水产病原快速检测方法。     

The Effects of Fermentation Process with Acid and Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains on the Biogenic Amine Formation of Wet and Spray-Dried Fish Silages of Discards

The impacts of fermentation process with acid and lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Streptococcus spp.) on the biogenic amine formation of wet and spray-dried fish silage obtained from whole gibel carp (Carassius gibelio, freshwater discard), whole ponyfish (Equulites klunzingeri, seawater discard), and processing by-products of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were investigated. The results showed that among biogenic amines, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, serotonin, dopamine, and agmatine were predominant in all groups. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in biogenic amine concentrations of wet and spray-dried fish silage were observed. Raw fish and wet silages contained histamine level lower than the allowable limit of 50mg/kg, indicating the use of raw fish material with low microbial counts. In addition, no histamine was detected in spray-dried fish silage, except for seabass by-products with a trace quantity of histamine (<0.04mg/100g). The starter culture used for silage preparation did not effectively retard formation of biogenic amines compared to acid silage. It can be concluded that there is potential use of fermented fish silage as a protein source and possibly as a probiotic ingredient for animal feed in both wet and dry form.     

Simultaneous Determination of Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines in Tuna and Mahi-Mahi by Reversed-Phase Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Tuna and mahi-mahi are two major fish species responsible for histamine poisoning. This research developed a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method to determine amino acids, histamine, and other biogenic amines that can act as co-indicators of histamine poisoning in tuna and mahi-mahi. The modified UHPLC method could simultaneously determine four biogenic amines and 10 major free amino acids in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) within 17.5 min. This UHPLC method showed good linear response, sensitivity, resolution, recovery, repeatability, and number of theoretical plates. The concentrations of detected amino acids, biogenic amines in mahi-mahi and tuna, and their relationships with fish spoilage grade were determined by this UHPLC method. The developed UHPLC method is a rapid and accurate way to monitor quality changes of mahi-mahi and tuna by inspecting the changes of amino acids and biogenic amines.     

Effects of elevated ambient histamine level on survival, growth, sexual maturity and tissue histamine accumulation of the mysis Neomysis awatschensis and Neomysis japonica Nakazawa

In Asia, trash fish have been routinely used in aquaculture often due to their local availability and lower costs compared to formulated feed. However, stale trash fish contain high levels of biogenic amines, which have been reported to be harmful to poultry and some aquatic animals. The present study elevated the effects of histamine levels in the water on survival, growth, sexual maturity and tissue histamine accumulation of two estuarine mysis, Neomysis awatschensis and Neomysis japonica Nakazawa. Newly hatched neonates of each mysis species were cultured in brackish water containing 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 mg/L histamine until they reached sexual maturity. The results showed that compared to the control, survival of N. awatschensis was significantly lower in both 10 and 15 mg/L histamine treatments (69.5 and 62.5% vs. 86.5%). In the case of N. japonica Nakazawa, significantly lower survival was found for the 15 mg/L treatment (53.9% vs. 72.4%) (P < 0.05). In a separate experiment, neonates of each mysis species were cultured individually (15 neonates/treatment) to assess the sub-lethal effects of histamine. It was shown that at the level of 15 mg/L, histamine had a significant impact on body weight and length of sexual matured N. japonica Nakazawa, which were only 87.7 and 78.7% of that of the control. However, no significant difference in intermolt period was detected. In the case of N. awatschensis, no significant differences in both body weight and length among treatments were detected (P > 0.05) but the intermolt period was substantially prolonged at all histamine levels tested when compared to that of the control. Meanwhile, the timings required to reach sexual maturity for both male and female of the two mysis were generally increased with increasing histamine level, and such differences were often statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, the tissue histamine concentration of the mysis increased significantly at histamine concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/L for N. japonica Nakazawa (P < 0.05). In the case of N. awatschensis, however, no significant differences were found among all treatments. Our findings indicate that histamine had clear negative effects on both mysis species although their responses and sensitivity appeared somewhat different. Our results suggest that further research is needed to assess the effects of water borne histamine on various aquatic animals.     

珠江河口重金属镉的含量与分布的季节特征

对珠江河口水体、沉积物和生物体中重金属镉(Cd)的含量与分布进行调查研究,结果表明,水体中Cd含量范围在0.022～0.047 1 mg/L,并且Cd含量在时间上由高到低依次为:2月、5月、11月、8月,2月Cd含量显著高于5月、8月和11月(P＜0.05).以海水水质标准衡量,珠江河口水体2008年中大部分时间为海水二类水质.沉积物中Cd含量范围在5.062～9.239 mg/kg,平均含量为6.974 me/kg,并且沉积物中Cd含量均超过海洋沉积物3类标准.与国内外河口比较,珠江河口沉积物中Cd含量处在较高水平,污染比较严重,并且有逐年升高的趋势.生物体中Cd含量范围在0.144～0.430 mg/kg,鱼类Cd含量均超过国家水产品卫生标准,并且肉食性鱼类Cd含量略高于杂食性鱼类,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).与往年调查进行比较发现,珠江河口鱼类Cd含量2000年较1988年有大幅增加,并且2000年以后增加也比较明显.     

Chemometrics Approaches to Monitoring of Biogenic Amines Changes in Three Fish Species

The biogenic amine contents in fillets of three freshwater fish of kutum (Rutilus frisii), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Caspian salmon (Salmon caspius) were monitored during storage at 4°C for 20 days. The amounts of biogenic amines were determined at regular intervals using high performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with benzoyl chloride. Significant differences in the levels of selected biogenic amines among the fish samples were found (p < 0.05) during storage times. While the amount of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine in the fish fillets increased during the storage time, the changes in spermine and spermidine contents of the fish species were minor and both showed low and inverse correlations with storage time. For each of the three fish species, the sensory acceptability limit was found to be 4–8 days. The quality and biogenic amine indices of fish samples showed high correlation with storage time (r > 0.9). The principal component analysis of the results indicated that the formation of biogenic amines displays a certain behavioral pattern in all fish samples.     

Formation of Biogenic Amines in Delayed Salt-Cured Whole and Gutted Indian Oil Sardines (Sardinella longiceps)

The formation of biogenic amines in Indian oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) collected from the Tuticorin coast of South India and treated with delayed salt-curing was investigated. Sardines were wet salt-cured in whole and gutted forms and examined in fresh and after 6, 9, 12, and 15 h delayed conditions at ambient temperature (32 ± 2°C) at four stages of salt-curing process for quality parameters and formation of biogenic amines. Moisture content decreased from 76% to 11.3% in salting followed by drying. Similarly, water activity reduced from 0.96 to 0.74 in salt-cured sardines. In contrast, total volatile base nitrogen content increased from 79 to 3,590 mg kg^–1 in salt-cured sardines. Halophilic count of sardines was higher (8 log cfu g^–1) after salting and decreased in drying stages. The 15 h delayed salt-cured whole sardines had higher histamine contents (1,568.27 mg kg^–1), cadaverine (4,059.84 mg kg^–1), putrescine (1,604.95 mg kg^–1), and tyramine (862.94 mg kg^–1) on the final day of drying. Whole sardines had higher biogenic amines and halophilic bacterial counts than the gutted sardines. The whole and gutted sardines salt-cured up to a delay of 6 and 12 h, respectively, at ambient temperature yielded the acceptable quality products with respect to biogenic amines.     

秦皇岛水产品质量(残毒)的调查与评价

本文报道了秦皇岛地区水产品的8种有害物质污染状况,对秦皇岛地区的水产品质量进行了详细评价。结果表明,8种污染物在鱼体内含量分别为:六六六0.021mg/kg(0.004～0.065)、DDT0.033mg/kg(0.010～0.108)、铬0.152mg/kg(0.750～3.08)、铅0.26mg/kg(0.10～0.60)、锌6.45mg/kg(5.3～8.2)、镉、汞和砷均未检出。秦皇岛地区水产品8种污染物污染程度属轻污染。