Effect of nitrogen rates applying controlled-release and conventional urea blend in maize

Abstract

Blending polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) for maize (Zea mays L.) fertilization can supply nitrogen (N) during the crop cycle with a single application. Proper placement of PSCU?+?U (0.15?m below and 0.1?m to the side of seed row) in band application at sowing is necessary to reduce salt stress that can decrease dry weight (DU) and N uptake (NU) of maize plant compromising maize yield. It is not clear the proper N rate in the proper placement for band application of PSCU?+?U at maize sowing to avoid salt stress. In the current literature, reduction of N rates are being recommended using PSCU?+?U without consider the probably salt stress provided by high rates of PSCU?+?U. DW and NU in maize plant as well as soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were evaluated in a greenhouse pot trial. N treatments were equivalent to 0, 90, 180, 360 and 540?kg N ha^?1 applied incorporated in band in two contrasting soils (Rhodic Eutrustox and Typic Haplustox) using 70%PSCU + 30%U. At V10 (vegetative leaf stage 10), DW and NU of maize aerial part had quadratic behavior in response to increase N rates in the Typic Haplustox soil. In the Rhodic Eutrustox was not observed known behavior for DW and NU in response to increase N rates. Soil pH and EC was higher in the fertilizer row than sowing row. A N rate above of 180?kg N ha^?1 using 70%PSCU + 30%U incorporated in bands can reduce DW and NU in early maize plant growth associated with salt concentration of N fertilizer in a Typic Haplustox soil, which could compromise maize yield.     

Placement Effect of Controlled-release and Conventional Urea Blend in Maize

ABSTRACT

A single application of polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) blends can supply nitrogen (N) throughout the maize (Zea mays L.) cycle but it could become harmful for plants if not properly placed in the soil due to a possible salt stress which would reduce dry weight (DW) and N uptake (NU) in maize. DW and NU in maize plant as well as soil pH and electrical conductive (EC) were evaluated in a greenhouse pot trial. Treatments consisted of different placements (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 m below and 0, 0.05 and 0.1 m to the side of seed row) of fertilizers (70%PSCU + 30%U, and 100%U) applied at maize sowing in band at a rate equivalent to 180 kg N ha^?1 in a Rhodic Eutrustox soil. Control treatment (without N) was also included. At V7 (vegetative leaf stage 7), N fertilizers placed 0.15 m below of seed row provided higher total DW, total NU, EC and pH (in fertilizer row) than 0.05 m and 0.1 m. 70%PSCU + 30%U provided higher total DW and total NU than 100%U in placement 0 m. In addition, 70%PSCU + 30%U placed 0.1 m to the side of seed row provided lower total NU and EC (in fertilizer row) than 0 m. 70%PSCU + 30%U and 100%U placement can negatively interfere maize in vegetative stage when applied incorporated in band at sowing. The proper placement for this condition was 0.15 m below and 0.1 m to the side of seed row.     

Urease activity and its relation to soil organic matter, microbial biomass nitrogen and urea-nitrogen assimilation by maize in a Brazilian Oxisol under no-tillage and tillage systems

 We studied the relationship between urease activity (UA) and soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass N (N_biom) content, and urea-N fertilizer assimilation by maize in a Dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplustox) cultivated for 9 years under no-tillage (NT), tillage with a disc plough (DP), and tillage with a moldboard plough (MP). Two soil depths were sampled (0–7.5 cm and 7.5–15 cm) at 4 different times during the crop cycle. Urea was applied at four different rates, ranging from 0 to 240 kg N ha^–1. The levels of fertilizer N did not affect the UA, SOM content, and N_biom content. No significant difference between the treatments (NT, DP, and MP) was observed for SOM during the experiment, probably because the major part of the SOM was in recalcitrant pools, since the area was previously cultivated (conventional tillage) for 20 years. The N_biom content explained 97% and 69% of the variation in UA in the upper and deeper soil layer, respectively. UA and biomass N were significantly higher in the NT system compared to the DP and MP systems. The highest maize productivity and urea-N recovery was also observed for the NT system. We observed that the increase in urea-N losses under NT, possibly as a consequence of a higher UA, was compensated for by the increase in N immobilized in the biomass. Received: 2 July 1999     

玉米滴灌栽培条件下尿素与氢醌、双氰胺配施方法及效果

本研究通过在滴灌栽培条件下将脲酶抑制剂氢醌(简称HQ)、硝化抑制剂双氰胺(简称DCD)和尿素在玉米盆栽试验中进行配施,以探求HQ和DCD在滴灌施氮肥条件下应用的可行性。试验共设17个处理。试验结果表明:在滴灌施尿素条件下,加入0.3%HQ、0.5%HQ和5.0%DCD于溶液中,尿素的氮素利用率分别为74.8%、75.8%和75.3%,均显著高于单独施用尿素处理;当将HQ和DCD进行土壤施用并配合滴灌浇水时,HQ对提高氮肥利用率无显著作用,但DCD的施用能显著提高尿素氮的利用率;HQ和DCD在滴灌施肥条件下的施用效果要好于土壤施用效果。     

氮肥运筹对黄土塬区春玉米产量、效益和氮肥利用率的综合效应

【目的】研究氮肥种类、施氮量、施肥方式及施肥位置对春玉米产量、氮素吸收、氮肥利用率和经济效益的综合效应，为黄土塬区雨养春玉米氮肥减量和轻简化施肥提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】本研究在黄土高原中南部陕西长武县进行，共设两个试验。1) 肥料效应试验 (2017—2018)，供试作物为春玉米 (品种为‘先玉335’)，一年一熟制，耕作方式为平作半膜覆盖。设8个处理:不施氮 (N0)；常规施氮 (N225，分次施肥，膜间施肥)；减量施氮 (N180，分次施肥，膜间施肥)；普通尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-N180)；硫包衣尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-SCU)和膜内基施 (B-SCUi)；基质缓释尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-MU) 和膜内基施 (B-MUi)。生育期内测定耕层土壤矿质氮 (NH₄+ + NO₃–) 含量及植株地上部氮素累积量，收获后测定产量及0—200 cm土壤剖面中矿质氮 (NH₄+ + NO₃–) 残留量等指标。2) 肥料氮素释放试验，与2018生育季肥料效应试验同时同地进行，不种植玉米。设6个施肥处理:普通尿素膜间 (U) 和膜内 (Ui)、硫包衣尿素膜间 (SCU) 和膜内 (SCUi)、基质缓释尿素膜间 (MU) 和膜内 (MUi)。测定施肥区单位土体 (5 cm × 6 cm × 100 cm) 中矿质氮量，土体中矿质氮增量被视为肥料释放氮。【结果】氮肥种类、施氮量和施肥方式对春玉米产量、氮素累积量、氮肥利用率和经济收益等有显著影响，矿质氮在土壤剖面中的分布及其肥效受生育季降雨量及降雨分布的影响。施N 180～225 kg/hm2可显著增加黄土塬区春玉米产量，增产幅度为49.47%～84.73%。与N225处理相比，B-MU、B-MUi和B-N180等处理2个生育季均无减产效应，但氮肥利用率较常规施肥增加4.41%～23.61%，经济效益增加346～1586 yuan/hm2，同时减少了土壤矿质氮的残留；而B-SCUi处理产量显著下降，其氮素累积量、氮肥利用率及经济效益也均有所降低；N180处理2017生育季无显著减产效应，2018生育季减产23.31%，减少经济效益5623 yuan/hm2。膜际种植条件下，膜间施肥效果优于膜内施肥。基质缓释尿素的养分释放规律与当地水热条件和植株吸氮规律较匹配。【结论】黄土塬区氮肥全部膜间基施有利于雨养春玉米喇叭口期前吸收足够的氮素营养，减少氮肥追施可能带来的氮素损失或干旱季节无法追肥的风险，提高生产效率和氮肥利用率。基质缓释尿素所释养分与玉米根系在土壤中的分布匹配性较好，减少20%的氮肥投入量无减产效应，是当地轻简化施肥的推荐氮肥种类；硫包衣尿素在玉米生育前期养分释放量过少，不适宜一次性基施。     

有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理研究Ⅰ. 有机物料与尿素复混对玉米产量及肥料养分吸收利用的影响

本研究采用团粒法工艺,利用味精厂制糖形成的糖渣（A）作为有机原料,与尿素复混制成有机无机复混氮肥,运用土柱栽培试验研究等尿素氮投入条件下（设置低、中、高3个施氮水平）不同有机无机比例的有机无机复混氮肥对玉米产量和养分吸收利用的影响。主要结果为, 1）低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米子粒产量比单施尿素处理的分别提高12.4%、4.8%和5.4%;低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥比对应的有机物料处理的增产幅度均大于尿素处理比对应的不施氮肥（CK）处理的增产幅度,有机物料与尿素复混,明显提高了尿素的增产效果。2）有机物料与化学氮肥复混具有优化化学肥料养分利用和提高化肥利用率的效果。低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理玉米植株氮素吸收量比尿素处理的分别提高29.0%、21.6%和18.9%;低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理化肥氮（尿素N）的表观利用率比尿素处理（尿素N）的氮肥表观利用率分别提高了33.5、11.6和13.0个百分点。     

Rice responses to single application of coated urea on yield,dry matter accumulation,and nitrogen uptake in Southern China

Nitrogen is the most important element for rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. However, excessive use of conventional urea leads to serious environmental problems in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release patterns of coated urea and response of rice to coated urea on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiencies on a clay soil. A two single-year experiment was carried out in southern China to evaluate two coated urea, polymer-coated urea (PCU) and polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU). Nitrogen (N) release patterns of PCU and PSCU were determined in the laboratory and in the field. The release rate of PSCU in the field was much higher than that in the laboratory. And PCU had a similar release pattern both in the field and laboratory. Compared with urea, rice fertilized with PCU and PSCU had similar dry matter accumulation, but higher grain yield and N use efficiencies. Recovery efficiency of PCU treatment reached 50% in 2012 and 60% in 2013, around 40% for PSCU, which was only 16% for single application of urea.     

Sources,Rates and Time of Nitrogen Application on Maize Crops under No-Tillage System

Quantitatively, nitrogen (N) is the foremost nutrient for maize crops (Zea mays L.), but the N source to increase the grain productivity still needs more investigation. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to study sources, rates and time of N application on the crop yield and agronomic characteristics of the maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons on an Oxisol under the factorial 5 × 3 × 3 scheme with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1) and three sources (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate as inhibitor of the nitrification (ASN+I), ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea); we applied them two times with four replicates: first time at the sowing or later under side dressing when the plants had the six leaves stage. In the first year, the sources of N had no influence on the number of grain line /ear (NGLE), grain number/line (GNL), total number of grain/ear (TNFE), biomass of 100 grain, plant height (PH), height of the first ear insertion (AFEI) and stalk diameter, in contrast with the foliar N content and the crop yield. Early fertilization with N at the sowing time can afford applications as well as the total side dressing. The increase of the rates had positive influence on the N foliar content, plant height and 100 grains biomass. The highest productivities were found with rates above the threshold of 150 kg ha^?1, no matter the sources and the fertilization time.     

氮肥类型对夏玉米氮素吸收和利用的影响

连续两年在吴桥实验站进行田间试验,研究了3种类型氮肥(尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)对夏玉米郑单958(紧凑型)和农大108(半紧凑型)氮素吸收与利用效率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增大,夏玉米氮累积量(NAA)显著增加,氮素吸收效率(NUPE)、氮生理效率(NPE)、氮素利用效率(NUTE)、氮收获指数(NHI)降低,氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥效率(NFE)显著降低。氮肥类型影响夏玉米氮素吸收与利用效率,NUE、NUPE以包膜尿素和复合肥处理较大,而NPE和NUTE以尿素处理较高,但差异不达显著水平;NHI一般以尿素处理较高,其差异显著性存在品种间、年际间及施氮水平间差异。夏玉米NAA、NHI、NFE等具有较明显的基因型差异,均表现为郑单958大于农大108;两品种在氮素利用上均属敏感型,但郑单958的敏感性强于农大108。可见,施氮量是影响夏玉米氮高效利用的关键因素,而合理选择品种与氮肥类型也能起到一定的积极作用。本试验条件下,选择紧凑型品种与复合肥对提高华北平原夏玉米氮利用效率较为有利。     

Changes in Soil Properties and Vegetable Growth in Preparation for Organic Farming in Hawaii

Changes in soil properties and vegetable growth were quantified on a low-fertility tropical soil. Four treatments (two composts, urea, and control) were applied to an Oxisol (Rhodic Haplustox, Wahiawa series) in a field on Oahu, Hawaii. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa, Chinensis group) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) were grown sequentially as test crops. Soil quality as measured by hot-water-soluble carbon, dehydrogenase activity, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by compost amendments. Total organic carbon or carbon dioxide (CO₂) respiration rate did not correlate with the soil amendments. Nitrogen (N) nutrition was the main factor that improved growth and carotenoid content in cabbage. The urea treatment promoted better growth in cabbage, whereas good-quality compost, made of grass clippings/tree trimmings, lime, and rock phosphate yielded better growth in eggplant, suggesting organic N requires time to mineralize and to be available to crops.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢酶和氮素利用的影响

为解决我国西南地区玉米氮肥一次性施用问题,以普通尿素和包膜缓释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与缓释尿素配比试验处理,分别为100%缓释尿素(CRU100),75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(CRU75),50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(CRU50),25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(CRU25)和100%普通尿素(CRU0),以不施氮肥(CK1)和常规施肥(CK2,普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究氮肥一次底施下缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢关键酶、干物质积累、氮积累及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米叶片氮代谢关键酶(谷氨酸合成酶GOGAT和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性,与常规施肥相比,普通尿素与缓释尿素配施可提高叶片GOGAT和GS活性,其中以CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例处理最好。(2)CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例可改善吐丝前、后物质积累和氮素积累,显著提高成熟期物质积累量和氮素积累量。(3)随缓释尿素比例增加,玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量及氮收获指数均呈先升后降的趋势;掺施缓释尿素处理产量较常规施肥处理平均增产4.46%,其中CRU50和CRU75处理产量最高,收获指数和氮肥表观利用率显著高于其它处理。因此,普通尿素掺混50%~75%比例的缓释尿素进行一次底施,既能增加玉米产量,又可实现氮素的高效利用。     

Can Nitrogen Source and Nitrification Inhibitors Affect In-Season Nitrogen Supply?

ABSTRACT

This study sought to identify whether piggery effluent-derived nitrogen sources can be formulated with urea and nitrification inhibitors to better synchronize nitrogen (N) supply with crop demand than conventional urea fertilizer alone. A 288 pot pasture growth and leaching growth accelerator trial (5 pasture cuts) was completed with a factorial treatment structure of three N sources (2.63 g N [kg soil]^?1 applied as 100% urea-N, 8% struvite-N + 92% urea-N, and 8% piggery pond sludge-N + 92% urea-N), five rates of three nitrification inhibitors (including 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP; limonene+ethanol; and dicyandiamide, DCD), and matrix encapsulated forms of these inhibitors. Applying a combination of piggery sludge with urea increased N uptake during the first 4 weeks of plant growth (by 65%), though total N uptake throughout the trial (22 weeks) did not differ across the N-sources. The microbial community of the soil to which the sludge was added was significantly different from the un-amended soil at the conclusion of the trial. All inhibitor formulations significantly decreased leaching losses of mineral-N relative to the control (by 14 to 61%). The use of DMPP decreased initial nutrient uptake, deferring uptake until later in the experiment. Inhibitor addition resulted in microbial community effects that persisted throughout the trial. The study demonstrated that a piggery-derived N-source and a nitrification inhibitor can be used to manipulate plant N uptake to occur later or earlier in a growing period with equal cumulative uptake, achieving an 11% increase in residual N store, and decreased N leaching losses.     

黄土高原南部不同减氮模式对春玉米产量及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】研究了不同减量施氮模式对黄土高原南部春玉米产量、土壤硝态氮残留的影响,提出科学施肥模式,旨在指导当地玉米施肥、保护环境安全。【方法】在黄土高原南部沟壑区农田连续进行了3年的田间试验,供试作物为春玉米,一年一熟,采用半覆膜种植方式。试验设不施氮（CK）;传统施肥模式（Con,施尿素N 200 kg/hm2）;减氮模式Ⅰ（Mod Ⅰ,施尿素N 160 kg/hm2）;减氮模式Ⅱ（Mod Ⅱ,施尿素N 160 kg/hm2和加一定量的硝化抑制剂双氰胺）;减氮模式Ⅲ（Mod Ⅲ,施脲甲醛N 160 kg/hm2）5种处理。调查了玉米产量、收获后土壤硝态氮残留和氮素利用率。【结果】三种减量施氮模式较传统施氮模式施氮量减少20%的情况下,玉米产量连续三年无显著变化（P 0.05）,相差0.1~0.5 t/hm2。与Con相比,Mod Ⅰ、Mod Ⅱ、Mod Ⅲ处理的氮肥农学效率及偏生产力分别增加了20.2%~23.2%和21.9%~23.7%,0-200 cm土层NO3--N的残留量分别减少了90.7、97.3、100.7 kg/hm2,其降幅依次为44.7%、47.9%、49.6%。【结论】连续三年减少20%的施氮量不影响春玉米产量及吸氮量,可提高氮肥的农学效率和偏生产力,显著减少土壤剖面NO3--N残留量。在同一施氮量下,添加硝化抑制剂或施用缓控释肥对硝态氮残留量减少作用不甚明显。     

包膜尿素对夏玉米产量、吸氮量和氮分配的影响

以施氮量调控氮代谢,提高氮肥利用率为目标,利用15 N研究了包膜尿素（CU100、150和225kg/hm2）和普通尿素（150和225kg/hm2）对夏玉米产量、生物量、氮肥利用率以及各器官氮分配的影响。结果表明：包膜尿素比普通尿素显著增加玉米从肥料中的吸氮量,显著增加地上部生物量;15N包膜尿素肥料利用率（15NU...     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Rice based on Pot Experiments

Abstract

Limited information is available regarding the utilization and loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to intensively managed upland rice. Effects of N fertilization on upland rice were conducted as N0 (no N applied), N225 (225 kg N · ha^?1), N300 (300 kg N · ha^?1), and N375 (375 kg N · ha^?1) in pot experiments. ¹⁵N‐labeled techniques were used in basal and topdressing N fertilizations. Results showed with the increase of N quantity applied, tiller, panicle numbers per pot, and spikelet number per panicle increased significantly (P<0.05). Chlorophyll b content of N225 and N300 were significantly higher than N0 (P<0.05), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of N300 increased significantly compared with N0 and N225. Under basal fertilization, N use efficiency (NUE) of root, stem, leaf, and grain in N300 was the highest. The NUE and loss rate ranged from 23.3% to 30.3% and 62.4% to 73.8%, respectively, under basal fertilization. They varied from 16.5% to 27.5% and 70.7% to 80.4%, respectively, under topdressing fertilization. The highest NUE was observed in N300 under basal fertilization. As increased quantities of N were applied, Pn and biological characteristics improved, thus crop yield of upland rice increased. Grain yield of N300 and N375 were significantly higher than that of N0 and N225 (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, N fertilization with medium applied quantity under basal fertilization will facilitate growing, photosynthesis, and grain yield increase of upland rice.     

不同施肥措施对沿淮区麦-玉周年产量及氮素利用的影响

沿淮砂姜黑土区,设置5种施肥措施(常规施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田,推荐施肥+控失肥,推荐施肥+粉煤灰),探讨其对麦-玉轮作周年产量及氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明,麦-玉轮作周年产量以推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理最高(12921kg/hm2),推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理次之(12365kg/hm2),较常规施肥处理分别增产12.5%、7.7%。冬小麦季:籽粒产量、氮素累积量(NAA)、氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮素吸收效率(NUPE)均以推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理较高,分别为6134 kg/hm2、180.0 kg/hm2、42.1%、0.80 kg/kg;夏玉米季:籽粒产量、NAA、NUE、NUPE则以推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理较高,分别为6971 kg/hm2、176.5 kg/hm2、38.3%、0.65 kg/kg。本试验条件下,推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理对提高沿淮砂姜黑土区麦-玉轮作周年产量、麦-玉氮肥利用率及氮素吸收效率较好,而长期而言,推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理更适。     

控释氮肥比例对土壤氮含量和玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

通过大田试验,研究相同氮肥施用量的条件下,不同比例控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用对土壤氮含量、玉米植株氮素吸收利用及产量的影响。结果表明:施氮显著提高了0-20,20-40cm耕层土壤碱解氮和全氮含量。全施普通尿素时,一次施肥可提高前期土壤氮含量,而2次施肥则有利于提高后期土壤氮含量;与普通尿素施肥相比,掺混一定比例的控释尿素一次性底施可显著提高各生育时期耕层土壤含氮量。适宜比例的控释尿素与普通尿素掺混施用可在一定程度上增加玉米中后期的氮素积累量,提高氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和肥料贡献率以及玉米功能叶关键酶活性,在相同氮肥水平下,其一次性底施的效果甚至超过普通尿素2次施用。随控释尿素比例的增加,玉米产量呈先增后减趋势,以75%控释尿素+25%普通尿素处理产量最高,比普通尿素一次施增产12.09%(2014年)和21.58%(2015年),比普通尿素2次施肥增产8.27%(2014年)和14.19%(2015年)。因此,普通尿素掺混75%比例的控释尿素进行一次底施,不仅能够协调在整个玉米生育期土壤对氮素的供应,实现玉米的有效增产,而且还能够减少施肥次数和劳力投入。     

适宜灌水施氮方式提高制种玉米产量及水氮利用效率

为通过不同灌水施氮方式调控干旱区作物收获指数提高资源利用效率,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,进行了为期2 a的田间试验。试验采用灌水方式（交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水）与施氮方式（交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮）完全随机组合设计,测定生育期内作物耗水量（evapotranspiration,ET）和成熟期植株的生物量、籽粒产量及其构成（穗长、穗粗、行粒数和千粒质量等）和作物吸氮量,折算收获指数（harvest index,HI）、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）和氮利用效率（nitrogen use efficiency,NUE）。结果表明,灌水施氮方式只对行粒数有显著影响。ET只受灌水方式影响,交替灌水较其他灌水方式显著减小ET。WUE表现为：灌水方式相同时,交替施氮和均匀施氮大于固定施氮;施氮方式相同时,交替灌水>均匀灌水>固定灌水。玉米的吸氮量、HI和NUE与WUE表现出相似的规律。2013年交替灌水均匀施氮下制种玉米的HI、WUE和NUE最大,较均匀灌水均匀施氮分别增加5.46%、11.41%和19.73%。交替灌水交替施氮（水氮同区）的表现与交替灌水均匀施氮相似。2014年的结果与2013年一致。综上,交替隔沟灌溉均匀施氮和交替隔沟灌溉交替施氮（水氮同区）有利于提高制种玉米的产量和水氮利用效率。     

控释尿素不同施用条件下冬小麦产量和氮素利用效应

采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK(空白处理,不施氮肥)、100%PU10/0(普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、100%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg·hm-2)、100%CRU(全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%CRU(80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)和40%CRU+40%PU(40%树脂包膜控释尿素+40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)处理总体优于普通尿素(PU)处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施(40%CRU+40%PU)效果最佳,以7 709 kg·hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15 946元·hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理(40%CRU+40%PU)是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。