性诱剂和植物源引诱剂及色彩对茶蚜雄蚜诱效差异

茶蚜刺吸茶树嫩梢,致茶叶减产和品质下降,已成为许多茶区的主要害虫.秋季短日照诱导茶蚜雄蚜、雌蚜的产生,二者交尾产受精卵越冬.本研究使用分别携带3种茶蚜性诱剂、3种植物源引诱剂的素馨黄粘板,以及油菜花黄、芽绿和素馨黄粘板诱捕深秋时节的茶蚜雄蚜,以减少雌-雄交尾机会而压低越冬基数.结果表明:①性诱剂色板的诱效显著优于植物源引诱剂色板的诱效,后者诱效又优于色板的诱效;②3种性诱剂诱效之间差异显著,其中以荆芥内酯与荆芥醇1∶9比例的性诱剂的引诱力最强;③植物源引诱剂诱效之间有明显差异,以反-2-己烯醛、正戊醇、2-戊烯-1醇、正己醇、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和顺-3-己烯乙酸酯1∶1∶1∶1∶5∶25比例的引诱剂诱效最佳;④3种诱虫色板诱效之间有差异,以油菜花黄诱效最好.深秋使用携带茶蚜性诱剂(荆芥内酯:荆芥醇=1∶9)的油菜花黄粘板可有效诱捕雄蚜而压低越冬基数,有效地控制春茶至夏茶前期这段时间茶蚜的发生.     

茶蚜趋色性及信息物质增进色板诱蚜效应研究

茶蚜广泛分布于我国茶区，刺吸危害茶树嫩梢。拟使用粘性色板诱捕之，减免施药。使用素馨黄、芽绿、土黄、桔黄、果绿、大红、纯白、紫色、湖蓝、天蓝、桃红和墨绿等12种粘性色板，经多年多点诱捕茶蚜，并在芽绿色板上附着不同种类和相互比例的茶梢信息物质引诱茶蚜。发现素馨黄和芽绿色彩对茶蚜的引诱力显著强于其它色彩，茶蚜具有显著的趋黄、绿习性；信息物质皆可增强色板对茶蚜的诱捕力，其中以C5、C6醇类、醛类和酯类等绿叶气味成分组成的混合物对色板增效作用最强，顺-3-己烯-1-醇次之、反-2-己烯醛和2-戊烯-1-醇又次之。认为：生长季节成蚜大量迁飞时使用携带绿叶气味诱芯的色板诱捕之，可有效压低其虫口密度。     

防虫板防治北方无性良种茶园茶小绿叶蝉效果研究

研究了不同颜色防虫板对北方茶园茶小绿叶蝉的防治效果。结果表明:各种颜色防虫板对茶小绿叶蝉均具有一定的防治效果,其田间防效大小依次为:黄板、绿板、蓝板;其累积诱虫效果大小依次为:黄板、绿板。黄板田间防治效果和粘虫效果最好,田间防效最高达92.1%,粘虫效果为148.4头/m~2·天,最适宜北方茶园茶小绿叶蝉的防治。     

几种性诱剂和色板对茶毛虫雄蛾诱效的比较

首次联用昆虫性信息素与色板诱捕茶毛虫雄成虫。用茶毛虫性信息素主要组分10，14-二甲基十五碳异丁酸酯为基本组分，加入适宜的茶梢挥发物如乙酸-Z-3-己烯酯等，以增加诱效，制成性诱剂。将性诱剂与粘胶色板组合成茶毛虫性诱器，大小40cm×20cm，下底边与茶梢平齐，诱捕器间距8m×8m。诱捕效率高。     

几种低毒农药防治甜菜夜蛾药效试验

田间试验结果表明，10％赛虫特可湿性粉剂450g／hm^2和15％及杀乳油450g／hm^2对甜菜夜蛾防治效果较好，防效分别为74．6％-98．1％和51．0％-91．2％，显著高于4．5％高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂450g／hm^2，防效37．0％，49．6％，4％吡高乳油225g／hm^2，防效19．8％24．4％，16000IU／μL苏云金杆茵悬浮剂750g／hm^2，防效0．16%-66．6％．     

四种粘板对茶园昆虫的引诱考查

为评估粘胶色板对茶园昆虫诱捕作用及用于防治主要害虫的可能性,制作了芽绿、橄榄黄绿、素馨黄和雪白色板,于各类昆虫盛发的7月在重庆市郊、浙江松阳县和安徽省麻姑山茶场各0.5βhm²的茶园做了48βh诱捕试验。诱捕的绝大多数昆虫为同翅目害虫;害虫很多而天敌极少,害虫与天敌的个体数量差异极显著。芽绿、橄榄黄绿和素馨黄色板对假眼小绿叶蝉成、若虫和黑刺粉虱成虫的诱效显著大于雪白色板的诱效;从芽绿、橄榄黄绿至素馨黄,绿色色素成分减少、黄色色素成分增多,诱捕的叶蝉数减小而粉虱数增大。可将芽绿、素馨黄色板分别用于叶蝉成、若虫和粉虱成虫的诱捕。     

病虫兼治新药“蚜粉克星”在大麦上的应用研究

１９９８－１９９９年田间试验表明，蚜粉克星对大麦纹枯病、白粉病、麦圆蛛及穗蚜具有良好的防治效果，一般用１１％蚜粉克星ＥＣ１２００￣１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２对纹枯病的防效比５％井冈霉素水剂３７５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２略低；对白粉病的防铲与粉锈宁相当；对麦圆蜘蛛和穗蚜的防铲与４０％氧化乐果１１２５ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２相当，蚜粉克星具有持持效期长及一药多治的特点。３月５日前后用药，防治大麦纹枯病兼治麦圆蜘蛛；４月１８     

色板和茶蚜性信息素对茶园天敌草蛉的引诱效应

在秋季草蛉盛发时节,开展了芽绿、土黄、墨绿、素馨黄、果绿、橘黄、大红、桃红、湖蓝、紫色、天蓝和纯白等12种色板和7种茶蚜性信息素制剂对茶园天敌草蛉的引诱试验.结果表明,供试12种色板对草蛉的引诱力以芽绿、土黄、墨绿和素馨黄最强,纯白最差,但差异未达显著水平.在蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇按一定比例配制成7种茶蚜性信息素制剂对草蛉的诱集过程中,以荆芥内酯和荆芥醇之比为1:9时,对于中华草蛉和大草蛉的诱效最强,荆芥醇引诱效应显著.     

三种新农药防治人参疫病试验初探

应用参百克、百抗和菌克毒克三种新农药防治人参疫病，防治效果显著，防效达到80．2％～87．2％。     

20％好年冬乳油防治甘蔗绵蚜田间药效试验

20％好年冬乳油对甘蔗绵蚜具有良好的防治效果，公顷用20％好年冬乳油300、450、600m的1－14天田间防效均在99．1％以上，可作为甘蔗绵蚜防治中的轮换用药。田间使用以300－450ml/hm^2为宜。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.