刚果12号桉W5无性系与尾叶桉U6无性系立木木材差异性检验的探讨

经测试,(1)刚果12号桉W5无性系立木1.3m高处和3/4树高处的木材密度分别为475.994 444 kg/m3和465.955 555 kg/m3,1.3 m高处的木材密度比3/4树高处的木材密度大2.11%,经作t检验两者无显著差异,刚果12号桉W5无性系立木木材平均密度为471.0 kg/m3.(2)尾叶桉U6无性系立木1.3 m高处和3/4树高处的木材密度分别为438.955 556 kg/m3和428.816 667 kg/m3,1.3 m高处的木材密度比3/4树高处的木材密度大2.31%,经作t检验两者略有差异,尾叶桉U6无性系立木木材平均密度为433.911 111 kg/m3.(3)刚果12号桉W5无性系立木木材平均密度比尾叶桉U6无性系立木木材平均密度大8.55%,1.3m高处密度大8.44%,3/4树高处密度大8.66%,并经分别作t检验刚果12号桉W5无性系立木与尾叶桉U6无性系立木木材密度有明显的差异.     

刚果12号桉W5无性系与尾叶桉U6无性系胶合板材立木

利用雷州林业局刚果12号桉W5无性系林分中胸径8～18 cm径阶，树高11～23 m的样木1 207株和尾叶桉U6无性系林分中胸径8～18 cm径阶，树高10～21 m的样木784株，按材种规格标准造材实测材积，且分别建立刚果12号桉W5无性系和尾叶桉U6无性系胶合板材立木出材量二元回归方程，经检验精度可靠，可供参考使用。     

桉树抗青枯病树种和无性系的鉴定

通过林间调查、人工接种试验和自然抗病性测定发现:桉树树种和无性系之间抗青枯病特性差异显著.赤桉、窿缘桉、柠檬桉、刚果桉、窿缘桉83002、雷林1号、雷林33号、刚果12号桉A2、、刚果12号桉A5、刚果12号桉W4、尾叶桉1号、巴勒斯桉等属于抗病类型.这些树种和无性系适应性强,速生,有些在生产中已被应用,其效益显著.     

刚果12号桉W5无性系与尾叶桉U6无性系胶合板材立木出材量材积推导研究

利用雷州林业局刚果12号桉W 5无性系林分中胸径8~18 cm径阶,树高11~23 m的样木1 207株和尾叶桉U6无性系林分中胸径8~18 cm径阶,树高10~21 m的样木784株,按材种规格标准造材实测材积,且分别建立刚果12号桉W 5无性系和尾叶桉U6无性系胶合板材立木出材量二元回归方程,经检验精度可靠,可供参考使用。     

桉树树冠比率与抚育间伐关系的浅析

通过对刚果12号桉W5无性系和尾叶桉U6无性系的树冠冠幅进行调查与研究，用冠幅与胸径建立一元幂函数回归方程进行分析，并编制单株营养面积与单位面积立木株数表和不同树冠比率的单位面积立木林数表，为桉树人工林进行抚育间伐提供参考依据．     

刚果12号桉示范林初报

本文概述刚果12号桉无性系和实生苗在相同立地条件下的生长情况。经过四年的观察调查研究，基本掌握了刚果12号桉的生长规律，种植4年桉树的林分，无性系桉每公顷立木蓄积46.5m^3秆，平均年公顷立木蓄积量：无性系为16.1m^3，实生苗桉为11.6m^3，无性系桉和实生苗桉的保存率分别为94％和87％。     

韶关市6个桉树无性系试验初报

通过对参试的尾巨桉（DH．33．27、DH．33．29、广林9号）、尾赤桉（201号、201．2号）和尾叶桉（U6）6个桉树无性系早期人工林的生长量和抗逆性进行调查和综合评价。结果表明：参试无性系20个月生林分平均胸径6．30～7．72cm,平均树高为5．87～9．18m,都表现出速生特性。6个无性系间的树高生长存在极显著差异,胸径生长量存在显著差异。尾赤桉和尾巨桉5个无性系间树高生长也存在极显著差异,胸径生长量差异不显著。尾叶桉U6和尾巨桉DH．33．29耐寒性较差,尾赤桉系列幼龄林存在易风倒现象。尾巨桉系列（DH-33-27、广林9号）速生性、适应性较强,可作为目前韶关市桉树人工林建设的主栽品种。     

尾叶桉、杂交桉无性系造林试验初报

广西三门江林场参试的6个无性系分别来自巨尾桉(E.grandis)、尾赤桉(E.urophylla×E.camaldulensis)、柳窿桉(E.saligna×E.exserta)等3个杂交种和1个尾叶桉(E.urophylla)纯种,均有较高的生长水平,林龄44个月时它们的年平均蓄积生长量达到31.34 m3/hm2,树高、胸径、蓄积生长量从林龄8个月到44个月时均无显著差异,但以造林编号为3(巨尾桉)、5(巨尾桉)、4(尾叶桉)的无性系生长较好;另外,无性系生长稳定性高,早期选择可靠性大。     

雷州刚果12号桉W5无性系基径高径比立木材积表与基径高径比表的编制

为便于森林调查、生产与科研的需要，利用雷州刚果12号桉W5无性系基径二元立木材积式编制了（《雷州刚果12号桉W5无性系基径高径比立木材积表》，并从中发现：基径与高径比值的关系是负相关的．     

惠安县桉树无性系引种试验

从人工杂交桉(尾叶桉×赤桉)TH9117和(尾叶桉×细叶桉)TH9211两家系营造的无性系试验林中选出最优的9个无性系与雷林1号桉的MJ41、刚果12号桉的2号、B号和W5等无性系,在1.5~3年生时对林分的树高、胸径、单株材积、单位面积蓄积量等生长指标进行比较分析。结果表明:杂交桉的LH6、LH4、LH5、LH1、LH7等5个无性系的4个生长指标均表现良好,其林木速生,胸径生长变异系数小,林相整齐,抗风与抗病性能好。尤其是LH4和LH6无性系,3年生时的单位面积蓄积量均达到154m3/hm2和152m3/hm2,比对照的W5无性系分别提高了2.02倍和1.98倍,且单株最大胸径达13.70cm,其增产效益较高。这5个优良无性系具有高产、优质、高效等特性,适合于营造短周期工业用材林,在生产上有很大的推广价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.