尼卡巴嗪和氨丙啉单独及配合应用对鸡球虫病的疗效

目的研究尼卡巴嗪和氨丙啉单独及配合应用对鸡球虫病的疗效。方法将15日龄鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫,以鸡平均增重率、盲肠病变记分、粪便记分和抗球虫指数等指标为参数,综合评价尼卡巴嗪和氨丙啉单独及配合应用的抗球虫效果。结果尼卡巴嗪左旋咪唑 大蒜素 维生素K组抗球虫指数为189。氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺甲酯 乙胺嘧啶 磺胺喹啉组抗球虫指数为184.5,这两组药均具有良好的抗球虫效果。氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯组,氨丙啉 乙胺嘧啶组及氨丙啉药物对照组抗球虫指数分别为162.8,163.2,和160.5;尼卡巴嗪 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯组和单用尼卡巴嗪组抗球虫疗效较差,AC I分别为142.7和146.4。结论尼卡巴嗪配合左旋咪唑、大蒜和维生素K产生了增效作用;用氨丙啉配合乙氧酰胺苯甲酯、乙胺嘧啶和磺胺喹啉也可达到增效目的,经两药单用提高了疗效。     

临床球虫用药参考

1 抗球虫药的分类 抗球虫药主要有离子载体抗生素和化学药物.离子载体抗生素可分为单价离子载体类,如莫能菌素、盐霉素、甲基盐霉素;二价离子载体类,如拉沙菌素;单价苷类,如马杜霉素(加福).化学药物可分为磺胺类,如三字球虫粉;酰胺类,如球痢灵;吡啶类,如克球粉;抗硫胺素类,如氨丙啉;均苯脲类,如尼卡巴嗪;均三嗪类,如地克珠利,杀球灵、百球清;植物碱类,如常山酮;增效剂类,如乙氧酰胺苯甲酯等.     

不同抗球虫药物对球虫的敏感性试验

以岭南黄鸡为试验动物,采集广东省内部分散养户的鸡粪便,分离球虫卵囊,分别选取癸氧喹酯、马杜霉素、莫能霉素、解百球、尼卡巴嗪、球痢灵、马杜霉素＋尼卡巴嗪、禽安＋尼卡巴嗪、球虫散9种药物或组分,进行抗球虫敏感性试验。结果表明：混合球虫对尼卡巴嗪和马杜霉素＋尼卡巴嗪敏感,对禽安＋尼卡巴嗪、球痢灵、解百球和马杜霉素中度敏感,对其它药物药有抗药性。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫扬州分离株对8种抗球虫药的抗药性

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)扬州分离株感染14日龄苏禽黄羽肉鸡,设立8个用药组、1个感染不用药对照组和1个不感染不用药对照组,以相对卵囊产量、病变记分减少率、最适抗球虫百分数和抗球虫指数为指标对该虫株对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、尼卡巴嗪、甲基三嗪酮、地克珠利等8种常用抗球虫药的抗药性进行了综合评定,分析了该地区球虫的抗药性及对策。结果表明,该虫株对甲基三嗪酮敏感,对氨丙啉具有中度抗药性,对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、尼卡巴嗪、地克珠利等其他6种药物具有完全抗药性。提示目前在扬州地区甲基三嗪酮抗球虫疗效最好,氨丙琳效果稍差,应合理使用,盐霉素等其他6种药物应慎用、减少或暂停使用。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫果洛分离株的耐药性试验

雏鸡分组后人工感染果洛地区柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株2.4×105个/只,分别采用地克珠利、氨丙啉、尼卡巴嗪、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、复方磺胺对甲氧嘧啶等5种常用抗球虫药进行治疗观察,以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为评定指标.结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫果洛分离株对氨丙啉、地克珠利高度敏感,对尼卡巴嗪、磺胺氯吡嗪钠均产生不同程度的耐...     

盐酸氟乙基硫胺素的药效学研究

采用人工感染艾美耳球虫模型来评价抗球虫药盐酸氟乙基硫胺素的治疗效果,以期为临床用药提供依据。试验选取鸡240只,随机分为8组,每组30只,其中2组分别为模型组（感染不给药组）和空白对照组,另外6组分别为氨丙啉组、尼卡巴嗪组、马杜拉霉素组及盐酸氟乙基硫胺素组（高、中、低三个剂量）,4种抗球虫药物进行治疗。除空白对照组外,其余各组动物接种球虫孢子化卵囊2.5×105个/只。连续给药5 d,在第7天将240只鸡全部扑杀剖检,根据存活率、相对增重率、卵囊值、病变值计算抗球虫指数（ACI）,进而判定药物的疗效。结果表明,125 mg/kg 氨丙啉组ACI为191.2、125 mg/kg 尼卡巴嗪组ACI为192.9、5 mg/kg马杜拉霉素组ACI为186.7,均大于180,为高效抗球虫药;125 mg/kg 盐酸氟乙基硫胺素组ACI为201.6,为高效抗球虫药。盐酸氟乙基硫胺素的抗球虫效果优于氨丙啉、马杜拉霉素及尼卡巴嗪。     

三种抗球虫药对鸡球虫病的对比疗效

为评价药物阿德呋啉对艾美耳球虫的治疗效果,本试验设70 mg/kg阿德呋啉组、121mg/kg莫能菌素组和125 mg/kg尼卡巴嗪组3个药物试验组,以及阳性和阴性对照组。除阴性对照组外,其余全部试验鸡每只接种球虫孢子化卵囊5.2万个,根据成活率、相对增重率、卵囊值、病变值计算抗球虫指数(Anticoccidial Index,ACI),进而判定药物的疗效。结果显示,121 mg/kg莫能菌素组ACI为115.6,在120以下,不宜作抗球虫药;125 mg/kg尼卡巴嗪组ACI为137.2,在120～160之间,抗球虫效力低;70 mg/kg阿德呋啉组ACI为192.9,为高效抗球虫药。     

我国规定饲料添加剂中可添加的兽药种类

我国规定对凡是含有药物的饲料添加剂,均按兽药进行管理,并规定以下药物为饲料添加剂允许使用的种类。 1、抗球虫药类:氨丙啉、氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯、氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯 磺胺喹恶啉、硝酸二甲硫胺、氯羟吡啶、氯羟吡啶 苄氧喹甲酯、尼卜巴嗪、尼卡巴嗪 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯、氢溴酸常山酮、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、沙拉洛西钠、莫能菌素、盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、海南霉素。 2、驱虫药类:越霉素A、潮霉素B。 3、抑菌促生长剂类:喹乙醇、杆菌肽锌、硫酸粘杆菌素、杆菌肽锌 硫酸     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫西宁分离株的药物敏感性试验

比较地克珠利、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、磺胺喹噁啉、氨丙啉、复方磺胺对甲氧嘧啶等5种常用抗球虫药对人工感染2.4×105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊的鸡的作用效果.结果表明,地克珠利抗球虫指数(ACI)为165.7,抗球虫效果良好;氨丙啉抗球虫指数(ACI)为126.7,抗球虫效果中等;磺胺喹噁啉、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、复方磺胺对甲氧嘧啶抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为115.7、75、55.8,无抗球虫效果.     

抗球虫剂对Eimeria tenella裂殖子的效力试验

利用鸡胚模型研究了三种聚醚类抗生素及七种化学抗虫剂对柔嫩艾美球虫第二代开明殖子的效果。纯化的裂殖子用抗球虫药作用30分钟，用Hank‘s平衡盐溶液洗去药物后接种10-11天龄鸡胚，2.5天后收集鸡胚中的卵囊，以卵囊形成数判断药物的效果。结果证明，除Amprolium（氨丙啉）外，大部分抗球虫剂对裂殖子是有效的。各种药物的最低有效浓度为：Lasalocid（接萨菌素）、Salinomycin（盐霉素）、Monensin（莫能菌素）、Diclazuril（杀球灵)、Halofuginone（常山酮）为10μg/ml；Robenidine(氯苯胍）、Decoquinate（乙羟喹酯）为100μg/ml；Clopidol（氯吡本分）为500μg/ml；Nicarbazin（尼卡巴嗪）为100μg/ml。药物剂量逐渐提高，裂殖子逐渐丧失其活性。当Lasalocid、Salinomycin、Monensin、Diclazuril、Halofuginone、Robenidine分别达到350、150、120、200、500和700μg/ml时，所有的裂殖子完全丧失活性。本文还比较了不同授药方法优缺点，并讨论了药物的活性期。作者认为这种技术能直接评价药物对艾美球虫裂殖子的效果。     

秦皇岛株和唐山株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对5种抗球虫药的抗药性检测

目的为检测柔嫩艾美耳球虫秦皇岛株和唐山株株对氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、马杜霉素、地克珠利和尼卡巴嗪等5种抗球虫药的抗药性。方法选择280只14日龄雏鸡,随机分成14组,其中每株球虫均设5个感染用药组,1个感染不用药组,1个不感染不用药组,每组20只,以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为指标。结果秦皇岛株对所选的5种抗球虫药物均产生不同程度的抗药性,而唐山株对氯羟吡啶、马杜霉素和地克珠利有不同程度的抗药性,对氨丙啉和尼卡巴嗪无抗药性。其中在这5种抗球虫药物中,秦皇岛株和唐山株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利均呈现完全抗药性。结论目前地克珠利在秦皇岛和唐山两地区须减少或暂停使用。     

Efficacy of decoquinate against drug sensitive laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella and field isolates of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens in China

The efficacy of decoquinate against Eimeria infections in broiler chickens was evaluated using two drug sensitive laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella and 20 field isolates of Eimeria spp. collected from farms in China where various anticoccidials (including maduramicin) had been used. Decoquinate (20-40 ppm in feed) and maduramicin (5 ppm) were efficacious against E. tenella laboratory strains, but decoquinate more so than maduramicin. Body weight gains of E. tenella infected chickens were significantly improved, and caecal lesions were prevented, by feeding either decoquinate or maduramicin. Decoquinate also prevented oocyst production, but maduramicin did not. Most (18/20) Eimeria field isolates were resistant to maduramicin, judged by oocyst production; decoquinate at > or =20 ppm completely controlled all 20 field isolates. Decoquinate has potential value as a broiler anticoccidial in China and other countries where it has not been previously used.     

Effects of clopidol on sporulation and infectivity of Eimeria tenella oocysts

Feed additive anticoccidials currently used in Japan were examined for possible effects on oocyst sporulation of Eimeria tenella. Monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid, amprolium plus ethpabate, amporolium plus ethopabate plus sulfaquinoxaline, clopidol, or nicarbazin were given to chickens continuously via the feed at the recommended use level or one-half of that level. Oocysts discharged in feces 7-8 days post inoculation (PI) were collected and aerated for sporulation. Low sporulation rate was noted, when clopidol at 62.5 mg kg-1 was given from 4 to 7 days PI. These oocysts were as infective as oocysts from controls, based on weight gain, feed efficiency, gross lesion score of cecae, and oocyst count 7 days PI. The results of the study indicated that the second schizogony and gametogony are vulnerable to clopidol, as evidenced by oocyst sporulation, but infectivity of these sporulated oocysts was not affected.     

Chemotherapy of caecal coccidiosis: efficacy of toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate, given in drinking water, against field isolates of Eimeria tenella

Treatment with toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate prevented mortality in chickens infected with field isolates of Eimeria tenella. Amprolium/ethopabate was the most effective drug in reducing lesions caused by the parasites. Few oocysts of E tenella were produced in birds medicated with sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine or amprolium/ethopabate and none in those medicated with toltrazuril.     

Anticoccidial evaluation of halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin and salinomycin

The activities of five anticoccidials were compared against Eimeria species in/of chickens, in controlled in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies. Two more recent and potent market entries (maduramicin and halofuginone) were compared with three older polyether antibiotic anticoccidials (monensin, lasalocid and salinomycin). Halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin and salinomycin were evaluated at 3, 125, 5, 120 and 66 ppm, respectively, of active drug in the diets. At these levels, all five drugs demonstrated significant activity against Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. acervulina (in vivo). Monensin was least effective against E. tenella, and one of the lesser efficacious drugs against E. necatrix, maduramicin, was least effective against E. maxima. In studies of single Eimeria species infections, comparable weight gains were noted for the drugs. In the mixed Eimeria species infections, however, birds treated with maduramicin had significantly higher weight gains than did birds medicated with monensin. Unlike in vivo potencies, titration in vitro indicated that monensin was most potent (active at 10(-6) mcg ml-1), and maduramicin and lasalocid least potent (inactive at less than or equal to 10(-3) mcg ml-1).     

巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种抗球虫药的敏感试验

为检测巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对常用抗球虫药的敏感性,选用地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星、盐霉素和拉沙洛西等8种抗球虫药进行鸡体试验,通过抗球虫活性百分比（percent of optimum anticoccidial aetivity,POAA）、病变记分减少率（reduction of lesion scores,RLS）、相对卵囊产量（relative oocyst production,ROP）和抗球虫指数（anticoccidial index,ACI）4项指标进行综合评价。结果表明,巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种药物敏感;柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对盐霉素轻度敏感,对地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星和拉沙洛西敏感。本研究结果可为对球虫早熟株疫苗的开发与应用提供实验依据。     

Drug-sensitivity of 99 isolates of coccidia from broiler farms

Coccidia were isolated from 99 broiler farms in 12 broiler-producing states and tested for sensitivity to contemporary anticoccidial drugs. The isolates usually comprised two or more species, including 92 Eimeria acervulina, 47 E. maxima, 28 E. tenella, and 10 E. brunetti. Based on intestinal-lesion-score reduction of 30% or more, 38% of isolates were resistant to monensin (110 ppm), 29% to salinomycin (60 ppm), 20% to nicarbazin (125 ppm), and 46% to amprolium + ethopabate (125 + 4 ppm). Isolates with 50% or greater reduction of lesion scores were considered sensitive. Thirty-three percent were sensitive to monensin, 53% to salinomycin, 67% to nicarbazin, and 39% to amprolium + ethopabate. Other isolates had intermediate response to drugs and were considered to have "reduced sensitivity." There was some evidence for incomplete cross resistance to the polyether, ionophorous products.     

2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对5种抗球虫药的抗药性

选择130只21日龄雏鸡，研究了柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella)南京株和凤阳株对地克珠利（Diclazuril)、马杜霉毒（Maduramicin)、氯羟吡啶（Clopidol)、氯苯胍（Robenidine)和氨丙啉（Amprolium)的抗药性。试验鸡随机分成13组，其中每株球虫均设5个感染用药组，1个感染不用药组，另设1个不感染不用药组，每组10只鸡。以POAA，RLS，ROP，ACI作为指标。结果表明，2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫均对氨丙啉轻度抗药，对地克珠利敏感或轻度抗药，对氯羟吡啶中度抗药。对马杜霉和氯苯胍中度抗药或安全抗药。提示：目前在凤阳地区可合理地使用地克珠利和氨丙啉，对氯羟哟啶应慎用，对马杜霉素和氯苯胍须减少或暂停使用。     

上海地区鸡球虫对6种抗球虫药的抗药程度研究

为了解上海地区的鸡球虫抗药性状况,作者采集了上海市9个区县10个鸡场的球虫,进行了对地克珠利（Diclazuril)、氯苯胍（Robenidine)、氯羟吡啶（Clopidol)、氨丙啉（Amprolium)、马杜拉霉素（Maduramicin)、莫能霉素（Monensin)的抗药性研究。试验设6个药物组和感染不用药、不感染不用药2个对照组,以抗球虫指数（ACI）、病变记分减少率（RLS）、相对卵囊产量（ROP）、最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）为试验指标,进行综合评定,其抗药程度分为无抗药性、轻度抗药性、中度抗药性、完全抗药性4个等级。结果显示来自10个鸡场的球虫中,对地克珠利有90％未产生抗药性,对氯苯胍有90％为无抗药性和轻度抗药,对驻杜拉霉素有50％为无抗药性和轻度抗药,对氯羟吡啶有80％达到完全抗药,对氨丙啉有90％达到中度和完全抗药,对莫能霉素则全部达到中度以上的抗药程度,作者认为目前在上海地区以放心地理合理使用地克珠利和氯苯胍,对马杜拉霉素要慎使用,对氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、莫能霉素须减少或暂停使用。