塞罕坝主要森林类型林下植被多样性研究

以塞罕坝地区主要森林类型为研究对象,运用α多样性指数和β多样性指数对其林下灌木层和草本层生物多样性进行研究。结果表明,各林分类型草本层丰富度指数均大于灌木层丰富度指数。在多样性方面,灌木层的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最大的林分分别为樟子松林、山杨林,最小的是华北落叶松;草本层Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最大的林分分别为华北落叶松林、白桦林,最小的为山杨林。在均匀度上,灌木层Jsw和Jsi均匀度指数最大的林分均为樟子松,华北落叶松林最小。草本层均匀度指数Jsw最大为樟子松林,Jsi最大的为华北落叶松林,白桦和山杨都相对较小。对β多样性的研究则表明各林分类型之间灌木层和草本层的相异系数都较大,不同林分之间共有种较少。     

1980-2005年大兴安岭森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物烟气释放量的估算

应用排放因子法,对大兴安岭林区1980—2005年间森林火灾中不同林型下灌木、草本和地被物层气体释放量进行估算。结果表明:大兴安岭25年间森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物层CO2,CO,CxHy,NO,SO2的释放量分别为25.04×106,5.72×106,0.21×106,0.09×106和0.24×106t。其中白桦-落叶松林、白桦-杜鹃林和蒙古栎-胡枝子林是气体释放量较多的林型,约占总排放量的70%以上。此外大兴安岭林区森林火灾SO2和NO的释放量可达到我国总生物质燃烧释放量的50%左右,其释放量与农业上备受关注的秸秆燃烧相当。     

百花山5种典型林分枯落物蓄积量及持水特征

以北京百花山国家级自然保护区5种典型林分类型为研究对象,对其枯落物层的蓄积量及持水特性进行定量分析。结果表明:5种林分枯落物蓄积量中华北落叶松林(15.75t/hm^2)>核桃楸林(9.99t/hm^2)和白杄林(10.27t/hm^2)>蒙古栎林(7.34t/hm^2)>黑桦(7.04t/hm^2),针叶林枯落物层中未分解层蓄积量占比明显高于阔叶林分;枯落物蓄积量总持水量中华北落叶松林(2.91mm)>核桃楸林(2.77mm)>黑桦(1.90mm)与蒙古栎林(1.83mm)>白杄林(1.29mm),针叶林枯落物层中未分解层持水量大于半分解层,而阔叶林枯落物层则表现为半分解层大于未分解层。针叶林未分解层枯落物的蓄积及水文效应高于半分解层,而阔叶林半分解层枯落物的蓄积及水文效应高于未分解层。     

4种寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤CO_2,CH_4和N_2O排放通量特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究大兴安岭4种典型落叶松林(藓类-兴安落叶松林、杜香-兴安落叶松林、草类-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)在生长季主要温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放通量特征及与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:4种落叶松林均为CO_2的排放源,平均排放通量分别为45.88(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、38.68(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、54.54(草类-兴安落叶松林)和62.98(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林) mg·m~(-2)h~(-1)。其中杜鹃-兴安落叶松林排放通量最高,4种林型土壤CO_2排放通量均与土壤温度呈显著正相关。CH_4平均排放通量依次为0.089(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、-0.037(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、0.004(草类-兴安落叶松林)和-0.03(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)mg·m~(-2)h~(-1),藓类-兴安落叶松林和草类-兴安落叶松林为CH_4的源,另2种林型表现为CH_4的汇。其中藓类-兴安落叶松林贡献了该地区95%以上的CH_4排放量。草类-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林与土壤温度存在显著相关性。藓类-兴安落叶松林和杜香-兴安落叶松林与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关。4种林型中仅杜鹃-兴安落叶松林土壤CH_4排放通量与5 cm深土壤含水量存在显著相关性。N_2O平均排放通量依次为0.007 3(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、0.012(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、0.009 3(草类-兴安落叶松林)和-0.0003(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)mg·m~(-2)h~(-1),表现为N_2O的源(杜鹃除外)。不同月份N_2O排放通量研究结果显示,该地区4种林型N_2O的排放主要集中在夏末和秋季。影响N_2O排放通量的环境因子因林型而异,其中草类-兴安落叶松林与10 cm土壤温度呈显著正相关,与全氮、碱解氮和有机碳呈显著负相关;杜鹃-兴安落叶松林与土壤温度和土壤含水量均呈显著正相关性;藓类-兴安落叶松林和杜香-兴安落叶松林分别与土壤全氮和有机碳存在显著相关性,与土壤温度、含水量、pH值无显著相关性。     

燕山北部山地人工针叶林及天然阔叶林植被层的降水截留量研究

为了比较人工针叶林及天然阔叶林对降水的调控作用,利用泡枝法对燕山北部山地落叶松人工林及天然次生杨桦林植被层对降水的截留量进行了比较。研究结果表明:在各个年龄阶段,落叶松乔木林冠截留量都高于天然次生杨桦林。落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林乔木林冠截留量分别为0.44mm、0.74mm、0.69mm,杨桦林则分别为0.25mm、0.33mm、0.49mm;但落叶松人工林灌木的截留量低于天然次生杨桦林;华北落叶松人工林植被层总截留量高于天然次生杨桦林,分别是0.48mm、0.78mm、0.74mm。随着林龄的增加,杨桦林林冠截留量有逐渐增加的趋势,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林分别为0.41 mm、0.38 mm、0.76mm;但落叶松林到达近熟林时林冠截留量却有所下降。     

三江口国有林场凋落物持水性研究

对龙陵县三江口国有林场中不同林分类型凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:不同林型的凋落物贮备量有所差异,难被微生物降解的云南松林凋落物贮备量最大(2.66 kg/m2),其次是西南桦林(2.03 kg/m2)、旱冬瓜林(1.97 kg/m2),最小的是栎类林(1.81kg/m2)。旱冬瓜林(落叶阔叶林)的最大持水率最高,其次是西南桦林(落叶阔叶林)和栎类林(落叶阔叶林),云南松林(常绿针叶林)最低。     

燕山北部山地人工落叶松林与天然次生林物种多样性的比较

为了解燕山北部山地华北落叶松人工林植被物种多样性维持功能的高低，选取13a和30a生人工落叶松林，以13a和28a生天然次生杨桦林作为对照，对两种林分的植被多样性进行调查和分析，并研究了间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的影响。结果表明，林龄相同或相近的两种林分类型相比，无论是乔木层、灌木层或是草本层，人工落叶松林丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon—Weiner指数均表现出相当或略高于天然次生杨桦林（30a生人工落叶松林乔木层多样性指数除外）；间伐对人工落叶松林植被物种多样性的短期影响主要体现在乔木层，对林下灌木层和草本层无明显影响。燕山北部山地人工落叶松林具有较高的植物多样性维持功能，没有导致物种多样性的降低。     

兴安落叶松樟子松人工促进天然更新试验效果

为探讨不同整地方式对兴安落叶松及樟子松天然更新的影响,我们于1988年5月22～25日在阿木尔林业局兴安林场四类林地、即Ⅰ草类落叶松林,Ⅱ杜鹃落叶松林,Ⅲ杜香落叶松林,Ⅳ阳陡坡樟子松林,进行了人工促进更新的模拟试验,同年秋和第2年春     

小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林下主要草本可燃物烟气释放特征

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林下主要草本可燃物为研究对象,通过外业调查取样及室内控制环境燃烧试验,测定了42种主要草本可燃物燃烧过程中释放的CO2、CO、CxHy、NO、SO2的气体含量,计算了不同可燃物的排放因子及气体释放量。烟气分析结果表明:CO2、CO、CxHy、NO、SO2等5种气体的排放因子分别为2.930 1、0.459 9、0.013 9、0.008 7和0.022 7;试样燃烧过程中释放的5种气体总量的平均值分别为1 113.46、174.73、5.26、3.29和8.60 mg.g-1。CO2的排放因子和释放量均显著大于其他4种气体。聚类分析结果表明同一科内的草本植物具有相似的排放特性。     

冀北地区华北落叶松林与樟子松人工林最大生物量及碳贮量比较

为了探究冀北地区华北落叶松与樟子松人工林生物碳汇能力的差异,对其人工林的最大生物碳贮量进行了比较。结果表明:在胸径相同的情况下,单株华北落叶松的干、枝及地上生物量均高于樟子松,而叶生物则相反;在林分平均胸径小于19cm时,华北落叶松人工林地上部分生物量高于樟子松人工林,大于19cm时,樟子松林生物量高于华北落叶松林。在胸径相同时,华北落叶松单株林木的碳贮量高于樟子松;在林分平均胸径小于19cm时,华北落叶松人工林的碳贮量高于樟子松林,大于19cm时,樟子松林高于华北落叶松林。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.