60C0对绿豆象的辐射遗传效应

作者采用不同剂量的＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐照绿豆象幼虫，蛹和成虫。用１．１，３．４，４．６，５．７，６．９万拉德辐照绿豆粒内高龄幼虫和蛹后，各处理幼虫，蛹，成虫的总死亡率分别为３９．５８％，８４．６２％，９３．８５％，９７．１８％和１００％。并且残留的活成虫与正常成虫交配后，产卵量及Ｆ１代成虫数量大大降低。用０．５，１，２，３，４，６万拉德辐照成虫，成虫均无直接死亡并能正常交配，但能造成成虫不同程度的     

葡萄羽蛾生物学特性及防治

葡萄羽蛾在贵州施秉县１ａ发生３代,世代重叠,以老熟幼虫越冬。翌年４月底开始化蛹,５月中旬底开始羽化,５月底出现第１代卵和幼虫,以第２代幼虫危害葡萄果实最重,１～３代幼虫危害盛期分别为６月上旬、６月底至７月初、８月初。８月中旬末以第３代老熟幼虫钻入残桩、枯枝洞内越冬。在幼虫刚孵化时,用有机磷或菊酯类杀虫剂进行常规喷雾,防效较好。     

柑桔大实蝇的发生及综合防治

柑桔大实蝇 ,俗称“蝇蛆” ,属双翅目 ,实蝇科。危害柑、桔、柚、甜橙等多种柑桔类果实 ,其中以甜橙受害最重 ,而且近年来逐渐加重。被害果实 ,往往早期脱落或未熟先黄 ,瓤中有蛆 ,不堪食用。一、发生规律柑桔大实蝇１年发生１代 ,以蛹在土中越冬。据观察 ,４月下旬开始羽化为成虫 ,５月下旬为羽化盛期。６月中旬开始产卵 ,７月下旬卵先后孵化为幼虫 ,９月下旬老熟幼虫开始入土化蛹 ,１０月中旬为化蛹盛期。成虫用尾部产卵器刺穿果实皮层进行产卵 ,每果产卵１次 ,每次２～８粒 ,多的可达２０多粒 ,卵孵化为幼虫后即蛀害果瓤 ,老熟幼虫直接由…     

茶黑毒蛾发生规律与防治

茶黑毒蛾（DasychirabaibaranaMatsumura）属夜蛾科，又称茶茸毒蛾。该虫近几年来在旌德县部分茶区发生为害严重，，对茶叶生产影响较大。为此，我们对茶黑毒蛾在本县的发生规律进行了研究，并在此基础上提出了几点防治意见。１发生规律１．１生活史茶黑毒蛾在本县１a发生４代，各代发生较整齐。第一代（又称越冬代）历期２３０d（包括越冬期），第二、三、四代历期均为４５d左右。越冬代卵，于翌年４月初孵化，为害春季茶园。幼虫于５月中旬开始化蛹，５月下旬开始羽化出第一代成虫，羽化后１～２d成虫开始产卵；第二代发生期在５月下旬至…     

韭蛆的发生及防治

韭蛆是韭菜上重要的地下害虫 ,幼虫钻食韭菜的地下部分 ,轻者使韭菜萎蔫断叶 ,重者成墩死亡。１韭蛆的发生规律韭蛆在山东１年发生４～５代 ,大田间以幼虫在寄主生长的土壤内或韭菜芽墩内越冬 ,在温室和温床里以及在室内越冬则不明显。越冬代成虫３月间出现 ,４月上旬达高峰。成虫善于并翅及扇翅爬行 ,一般情况下不善飞 ,起飞时也离地不高 ,扩散不远。成虫畏强光 ,羽化出土后即在危害处附近的隐蔽场所里停息和交配 ,常常聚集成群。产卵在土缝里 ,卵数粒至十余粒集中产 ,有时散产 ,卵期约７ｄ。韭蛆幼虫有腐食性 ,喜湿怕干。幼虫期约１０～１…     

山楂黄卷蛾在银杏树上的发生与防治

山楂黄卷蛾近年在丹东对银杏树危害十分严重。经观察发现,该虫１ａ发生１代,以卵块在枝条上越冬。翌年银杏展叶期幼虫孵化,６月上中旬化蛹,６月中下旬成虫羽化产卵越冬。在幼虫孵化期和成虫羽化高峰期,喷药防治,可收到较好的防治效果     

异距琵甲(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)生物学特性的研究

异距琵甲在宁夏2年发生1代,以成虫和不同龄期的幼虫越冬,4月上旬至10月上旬产卵,卵期10～14 d,幼虫一般为12龄,幼虫期380～445 d;越冬幼虫于次年6月下旬至9月上旬化蛹,蛹前期16～28 d,蛹期14～20 d,羽化成虫经240～275 d性成熟开始交配产卵。该虫食性杂,不喜光,活动有明显的节律性。成虫具防御腺进行自卫,防御腺分泌物可作药物应用。     

蓼科杂草的重要天敌——蓼蓝齿胫叶甲

蓼蓝齿胫叶甲是蓼科杂草的重要天敌 ,以成虫、幼虫取食寄主叶片、叶柄和和植株生长点 ,导致全株枯死。该虫在宜昌 1年发生 1代,2月底至 3月初成虫出蛰取食、交配产卵 ,3月中旬始见幼虫,4月上旬至 6月上旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹 ,4月中旬以后成虫陆续羽化 ,以未交配成虫在土壤中越夏越冬。该虫历期卵7～10d ,幼虫10～20d ,蛹5～10d ,成虫期长达1年之久     

桃潜叶蛾的危害及防治

桃潜叶蛾是近几年危害核果类果树叶片的主要害虫之一 ,严重时能造成果园绝产。主要危害桃、杏、李、樱桃等核果类果树 ,同时又危害苹果、梨等果树叶片。一、危害症状以幼虫在叶组织内潜食危害 ,串成弯曲潜道 ,并将粪便充塞其中 ,叶表皮不破裂 ,由叶面可透视虫道。叶受害严重时枯死脱落 ,严重时造成果园绝产。二、虫源及发生规律桃潜叶蛾属鳞翅目 ,潜叶蛾科 ,又称桃叶潜蛾。它１年发生６～７代 ,以蛹在被害叶上结一白色丝茧越冬。来年桃展叶后 ,羽化成虫一夜间在叶表皮内产卵 ,幼虫孵化后危害 ,老熟后在叶内吐丝结白色薄茧化蛹 ,５月上中旬发…     

沧州市美国白蛾发生特点和防治策略

1发生特点美国白蛾在沧州市每年发生3代。以幼虫结茧化蛹在树皮下、地面枯枝落叶和表土层内越冬。翌年4月中、下旬开始羽化,并交配、产卵。据观察,成虫     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.