农业部办公厅关于印发《动物电子耳标试点方案》的通知

为丰富追溯手段，改进追溯技术，进一步推进动物标识及动物产品追溯体系建设工作，农业部决定在部分省市开展动物电子标识试点工作，试点方案如下。     

电子标识在犬防疫管理上的应用

本文介绍了电子标识技术基本原理和行业应用情况,重点阐述了北京市建设犬电子标识管理系统和制定植入式犬电子标识地方标准的过程,并就电子标识管理体系中亟待解决的问题进行了研讨。     

浅谈电子标识在犬防疫管理上的应用

动物电子标识在发达国家的动物疾病控制方面已开展使用,而在我国才刚刚开始,本文主要介绍电子标识在犬防疫管理中应用的方法、优点及注意事项等,并期望建立有效的法律法规,提高电子标识在我国动物饲养管理中的应用率。     

放牧羊二维码耳标掉标试验与分析

烙铁烧烙或在动物耳朵上打缺口、点缀饰物等动物标识方法可追溯到3000多年以前[1],但到现在为止,该标示方法依然是牧区用来区分不同畜群及防盗的主要手段。用铝或塑料制作的耳标标识动物最初也只用来记录防疫或用于育种,而不是用于食品安全和家畜传染病的控制与根除目的。目前食品安全及疫病控制可追溯体系中的标识方法研究得较多,一批新的标识技术和方法被采用,如电子标识、     

电子标识在奶牛现代化饲养管理及防疫中的应用

针对国内乳牛业发展现状,以及影响我国乳牛业发展所存在的问题,诸如动物传染病的防治水平较低、动物的现代化管理程度不高和缺乏对动物及动物产品进行可追溯性管理等,参照国外已相对成熟的技术,同时对上海市畜牧兽医管理部门和奶牛养殖场进行了细致的需求分析,提出并建立了基于RFID技术的奶牛电子标识管理系统。该系统由奶牛电子标识、自动精密喂养系统、计算机网络和应用软件4个部分组成。在奶牛场实施后,可通过该系统来标识奶牛个体的属性,强化免疫、检疫工作,实现对奶牛的可溯源性及可控制管理;同时通过对奶牛个体的可追踪管理,进行精密喂养,提高料奶比,增加企业的经济效益。     

动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系模式研究

现代动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系具有对动物及动物产品生产全过程进行追踪和溯源的能力,在动物疫病控制、食品安全和国际贸易中发挥了越来越重要的作用。一些发达国家通过建立动物及动物产品标识及可追溯体系,加强动物及动物产品从农场到餐桌的全过程安全控制及监管,以保障动物及动物产品质量安全,维护公共卫生安全,促进畜牧业持续健康发展。本文论述了建立我国动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系的目标、原则,标识技术研究,以及可追溯管理,提出了建立我国动物及动物产品标识追溯体系的主要措施。     

电子标识在犬类管理上的应用

电子标识(或称智能标签)是上世纪九十年代迅速发展起来的射频识别技术。通常是采用射频卡技术，提供容量较小的一种芯片并由保护介质封压合而成的电子器件。其外型根据需要可大可小，形状各异，技术规范符合ISO 14443标准，用途非常广泛，可用于门票、防伪、物流控制、商店／储藏室管理、图书馆管理、动物／物体标识等。近几年，全球电子标识总销量以年均25％速度快速增长。     

化隆县动物免疫标识工作中存在的问题与建议

动物免疫标识制度是完善动物防疫法制化的一项重要举措，是动物防疫管理规范化的需要。2001年农业部作出了在全国范围内对强制免疫的动物实施免疫标识制度的决定，发布了《动物免疫标识管理办法》。青海省政府也发布了《青海省动物免疫标识管理办法》，使动物免疫工作更趋科学化、规范化、法制化。化     

不同畜种的动物标识佩戴试验

通过对仔猪、野猪、山羊的动物标识佩戴测试,发现不同种类、不同日龄动物佩戴标识需要的时间、动物标识的脱落和损坏情况各不相同。建议根据动物的生活习性科学设计标识,以降低动物标识的脱落率和损坏率,并探索提高动物标识佩戴效率的方法,进一步推进动物标识及疫病可追溯体系的建设。     

以电子标识溯源系统为平台 加快发展高效“工厂化”养驼业

本文从分析动物福利贸易壁垒的形成入手,阐述了动物福利的概念、动物福利壁垒的形成及应对措施、动物福利壁垒对我国驼产品贸易的影响及应对措施,提出了以动物电子标识溯源系统为核心的高效"工厂化"养驼可持续发展模式。     

两株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的基因分析及其在不同宿主中致病性的比较

为了解两株高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)的分子特征及其对不同宿主的致病性,本研究对DK/HuN/4/08和CK/GX/2/09进行全基因组序列的测定,分析结果表明:两个病毒分离株HA基因的裂解位点均具有HPAIV特有的基序(341RRR(R)KR345/346),并且均属于Clade2.3.2分支,基因组同源性在97.4%～98.3%之间。致病性试验显示,两个病毒分离株均能够以106EID50感染量在3 d内引起鸡全部死亡,并且各脏器均检测到高滴度的病毒含量;两者在SPF鸭中呈现不同的致病性,CK/GX/2/09在4 d内可以使感染鸭100%死亡,而DK/HuN/4/08只引起25%的死亡率;同样在小鼠试验中,两者致病力差异与在鸭体中的反应一致,其MLD50分别为1.63 log10EID50和6.2 log10EID50。本研究表明,这两株遗传背景相似的HPAIV在鸡、鸭和小鼠中的致病性不同,为进一步利用反向遗传技术研究这两株病毒对水禽和哺乳动物致病力差异的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Cost evaluation of the use of conventional and electronic identification and registration systems for the national sheep and goat populations in Spain

A cost model was developed to compare different implementation strategies of the new European Commission regulation for sheep and goat identification and registration (EC 21/2004) in Spain. Strategies were as follows: 1) conventional identification (CID) by two ear tags; 2) electronic identification (EID) by one bolus and one ear tag; and 3) mixed CID and EID strategy (MID), consisting of CID for fattening stock and EID for breeding stock. Complete and simplified implementations of the regulation were considered as options. Total costs per animal identified for all strategies and options varied according to the implementation option, ranging from Euros 2.48 and 4.64. The EID was the most expensive strategy (Euros 4.47 to 4.64) for all implementation options. Cost of CID and MID strategies ranged from Euros 2.63 to 2.98 and from Euros 2.48 to 3.03, respectively. The model was submitted to a sensitivity analysis without considering extra benefits of sheep and goat identification. Critical values for which the cost of MID equaled CID depended on strategy and option, and ranged from 7.5 to 11.5% for ear tag losses and from Euros 1.80 to 3.30 for bolus price. In conclusion, the use of a mixed strategy combining conventional ear tags (animals intended for slaughter) and electronic boluses (breeding stock) seems to be an affordable strategy that fulfills the European Commission regulation requirements for the identification of sheep and goats in Spain. Price reductions for devices and equipment would make the full electronic identification strategy less expensive in the future.     

1株禽传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及其实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

自禽传染性支气管炎病毒流行较严重地区的患鸡组织病料中分离得到1株疑似毒株,利用鸡胚培养、气管环及动物回归试验、电镜观察、RT-PCR等多种方法及对其S1基因序列进行比较分析,确定该分离毒株为禽传染性支气管炎病毒QX型。同时针对该新分离的传染性支气管炎病毒建立了实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示:针对该分离毒株的S1基因区设计1对引物和TaqMan探针,制备质粒标准品,建立标准曲线,其线性关系为y=-3.385 7x+42.235,R^2=0.999,扩增效率为97.5%,该法能区分常见禽类流行病毒,检测灵敏度可达42.1拷贝数/μL,比普通PCR检测限度高,重复性良好,因而该实时荧光定量PCR检测方法可靠。本试验同时进行了拷贝数与半数鸡胚感染量(EID50)对应关系研究,证明了在控制病毒代次、冻融次数等条件下,建立线性关系为y=0.249 2x+1.341×10^6(以拷贝数为x轴,EID50为y轴),R^2=0.956 4,可实现拷贝数替代EID50。     

Intrauterine administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) improves embryo implantation in mice by regulating local Treg/Th17 cell balance

Immune imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells may contribute to recurrent implantation failure (RIF) during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). In this study, we sought to determine the effect of intrauterine administration of mouse PBMCs prior to embryo implantation on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, and examine the underlying mechanism of Treg/Th17 cell balance following intrauterine administration of PBMCs. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group, embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) group, and EID with PBMCs group, and the number of embryo implantation sites was recorded during early pregnancy (Pd7.5). The balance of Treg/Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, spleen, and local implantation sites was detected during the peri-implantation period (Pd4.0) and early pregnancy (Pd7.5). The EID group demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of embryo implantation sites, while the EID with PBMCs group demonstrated higher number of embryo implantation sites compared to the EID group. The balance of Treg/Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and spleen tissues was not significantly different between the aforementioned groups. However, the local uterine ratio of the Treg/Th17 cells increased in the EID with PBMCs group compared to that in the EID group. Collectively, we found that intrauterine administration of PBMCs prior to embryo implantation effectively promotes embryo implantation rates. This may be attributed to the improvement in the local immune balance of Treg and Th17 cells compared with the overall immune balance.     

Persistence of exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV) in laboratory infected Musca domestica and Fannia canicularis

House flies (Musca domestica) and little house flies (Fannia canicularis) were examined for their ability to take up and harbor a velogenic strain of exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV) (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus). Laboratory-reared flies were allowed to feed on evaporated milk containing ENDV at a virus concentration of 10(8.3) egg infectious dose (EID)50/0.1 ml or on poultry feces containing an ENDV titer of 10(5.8) EID50/0.1 g. Flies exposed to either infectious food source for 24 hr became transiently infected with virus. Virus persisted predominantly in the mid- and hindgut, with relatively little virus isolated from the remainder of the fly body. Virus persisted similarly in both fly species that were fed evaporated milk containing ENDV, with a maximum ENDV titer of 10(5.98) EID50/fly for the house fly and 10(4.78) EID50/fly for the little house fly at 1 day postexposure; titers decreased on subsequent days to 10(2.38) EID50/fly for house fly and > or = 1 EID50/fly for little house fly at 5 days postexposure. Both fly species acquired viral titers greater than the infective dose for a susceptible chicken (10(3.0) EID50-10(4.0) EID50). In addition, flies fed evaporated milk containing a high titer of ENDV maintained viral titers above the infective dose for up to 4 days postexposure to the infectious food source. Flies fed on infective feces retained a chicken infective dose for only one day. The decrease in viral titer over time was significantly explained by logistic regression for both fly species (P < 0.05). The slope of the regression line was not different for the two fly species (P < 0.05), indicating a similar rate of virus loss.     

The isolation, propagation and characterization of tissue-cultured equine rotaviruses

From 105 field cases of diarrhea in neonatal or young foals, rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy (EM) and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the feces of 65 foals on 16 different premises. ELISA was performed with Rotazyme test kits developed by Abbot and Company for the detection of rotaviruses. Twenty-four field isolates from the feces of diarrheic foals with equine rotavirus infection as ascertained by EM were placed in MA-104 cell cultures after pretreatment of the viral suspension with 10 micrograms ml-1 of trypsin and incorporation of 0.5 micrograms ml-1 or 1 microgram ml-1 of trypsin in Earle's minimal essential medium (MEM), 2% lactalbumen hydrolysate, and antibiotics. The isolates that replicated in cell culture produced varying degrees of cytopathic effect. After the 24 isolates had been transferred 5 or 7 times in cell culture, viral particles were observed in 17 by EM, and 22 had positive ELISA tests as determined by visual color chart and spectrophotometric readings. Concentrated tissue-cultured viral antigen of 9 isolates fixed complement using Nebraska calf diarrhea rotavirus calf antiserum while four isolates gave negative results. The same 13 tissue-cultured viral suspensions failed to fix complement using reovirus antiserum. The 9th passages of two isolates (EID1 and EID2) yielded titers of 10(4.45) ml-1 TCID50 and of 10(4.95) ml-1 TCID50, respectively, as measured by cytopathic effect. After 13 tissue-cultured passages, 2 other isolates, EID3 and EID4, each had titers of 10(6.2) ml-1 TCID50 and of 10(5.95) ml-1 TCID, respectively. Cytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusions were not seen in any cells of the MA-104 infected cell cultures. Small, but distinct, plaques in MA-104 cell cultures were produced by the EID1 isolate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis tests of EID1 and EID2 isolates at the 9th cell passage and EID3 and EID4 isolates at the 13th cell passage each showed that the RNA genome had 11 segments with a migrating pattern that was identical for each isolate and characteristic of rotaviruses. These 4 equine tissue-cultured isolates when tested by ELISA, utilizing a monoclonal antibody serum pool that cross-reacted with many rotavirus isolates, each gave positive values comparable to rotavirus antigen controls.     

Drinking water vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis.

Chickens varying in age from ten days to five years were vaccinated with 10(1.3), 10(2.3) and 10(3.3) EID50 per bird of a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis drinking water vaccine. The vaccine gave no adverse reaction in the dose range tested. Five weeks after administration of 10(3.3) EID50 per bird 70% were protected against the intratracheal challenge with virulent infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Doses of 10(1.3) and 10(2.3) EID50 per bird did not give protection. No serological response could be detected by the neutralization test even in the group that had received 10(3.3) EID50 per bird. No contact spread of virus was detected from 14 days post-vaccination. Carriers of vaccine virus could not be demonstrated.     

Is there a link between pollutant exposure and emerging infectious disease?

A scoping literature review found evidence supporting the hypothesis that a population’s pollution status could help refine classification of emerging infectious disease (EID) hotspots. Systematic literature reviews and studies designed to specifically test the predictive value of pollutant status on EID risk are recommended.     

Individual intake and antiparasitic efficacy of free choice mineral and fenbendazole in range calves

The current study was conducted to assess the feasibility of fenbendazole (FB) administration to steers in a free choice mineral supplement. Provision of free choice FB reduces the need for handling of animals as well as decreases the level of animal parasitism. Two separate trials were conducted using 400 +/- 19 kg Holstein steers (n=14 and 17) during the months of July and August. Each steer was tagged with a unique electronic identification (EID) ear tag and randomly allocated into one of two groups. The tags worked in conjunction with a mineral feeder equipped with a load cell by registering the steer's EID number every time the animal entered the electromagnetic field. Individual daily mineral intake and feeding times were determined over two 8-day periods of non-medicated mineral (no FB), separated by a 14-day period of medicated mineral (0.55% FB). Fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of each trial period and were analyzed for gastrointestinal nematode eggs and Giardia cyst. There was a consistently high level of attendance for the entire experimental period, with the exception of the first six days of the adaptation period. There were three preferential times for visiting the mineral feeder, approximately 07:00, 12:00 and 18:00 h. Individual daily mineral and FB intake was 229 +/- 27.21 g/day and 2 +/- 0.14 mg/kg BW/day, respectively, for the 14-day drug delivery period. The levels of fecal nematode eggs and Giardia cysts decreased significantly (<0.01) between pre- and post-sampling, with reductions of 92% for nematode eggs and 85% for Giardia cysts. Free choice medication for the control of gastrointestinal parasites is potentially effective, provided that the appropriate drug concentration, adaptation period, intake level and duration of treatment is utilized.     

Susceptibility and protection of naive and vaccinated racing pigeons (Columbia livia) against exotic Newcastle disease virus from the California 2002-2003 outbreak

The susceptibility, immune response, and protection to challenge after vaccination in racing pigeons (Columbia livia) was assessed with the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) virus responsible for the most recent major outbreak in Southern California. Immunologically na?ve pigeons appeared resistant to disease, regardless of dose, after a natural route of exposure. Twenty percent morbidity was observed in each group of birds receiving between 10(2.1) and 10(8.1) 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50) per bird, with one bird succumbing to challenge in the 10(8.1) EID50/bird group at day 12 postinoculation. Although resistant to disease, birds in all groups continued to shed virus from either oral or cloacal route at the end of the 14-day sampling period, and seroconversion was only observed in birds receiving > or =10(6.1) EID50. Single or double vaccination of juvenile and adult birds with pigeon paramyxovirus virus type 1 (PPMV-1) vaccine followed by END challenge with 10(6.1) EID50/bird decreased the duration, incidence, and viral load. A positive correlation was observed between the presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers at challenge and decreased viral shedding. Overt clinical signs of disease were not observed in any PPMV-1-vaccinated birds after challenge.