平衡处理条件对人造板抗弯性能的影响

为考察试件平衡处理的必要性及处理条件参数的影响,比较不同平衡处理条件对中密度纤维板(MDF)和刨花板(PB)抗弯性能的影响。结果表明,随着相对湿度增大和温度升高,试板的抗弯性能呈降低趋势;单因素方差分析和t检验分析显示,高湿或高温处理条件,对板材的抗弯性能有显著影响;而低湿或低温处理条件,对不同厚度规格的板材影响程度有所不同。     

不同温湿度条件对人造板理化性能的影响

以强化木地板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板、浸渍胶膜纸饰面人造板等5类人造板为试材,研究标准、模拟夏季、模拟冬季等不同温湿度平衡处理条件对上述人造板内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率和表面结合强度值等理化性能检测指标结果的影响。结果表明,高温高湿平衡处理使人造板的力学强度增加,吸水厚度膨胀率降低;低温低湿平衡处理使人造板力学强度降低,吸水厚度膨胀率增加;不同平衡处理条件下强化木地板吸水厚度膨胀率差异较大;对饰面板表面结合强度的影响大于素板。     

水煮处理对松木树脂移动及分布影响研究

水煮处理是对木材进行预处理的一个重要方式。木材在水煮处理过程中,在高温高湿的条件下,松香受热软化,流动性增强,并移出木材。本研究通过分析不同水煮处理时间和不同后期处理条件下树脂脱除和分布规律,探讨研究简单和低成本的松木脱脂工艺。通过实验分析,得出木材水煮处理时间在8h以下时,试件中树脂分布呈芯层高表层低,随水煮处理时间延长,试件平均树脂含量显著降低。处理时间达到8h时,随着处理时间增加,树脂含量变化不明显。     

高温高湿处理对落叶松锯材树脂脱除及分布影响分析

对落叶松锯材进行高温高湿处理是其木材干燥中一个重要过程。通过高温高湿处理,可使落叶松锯材中所含的树脂固体成分受热软化,粘度降低,流动性增强,在热力作用下向表面移动进而从木材中溢出。本研究通过对落叶松锯材进行不同时间高温高湿处理和不同后期处理条件的干燥试验,分析被处理的落叶松锯材树脂脱除和分布规律,为探讨合理落叶松脱脂工艺提供基础依据。通过试验分析,得出对落叶松锯材进行高温高湿处理的时间在8h以内时,木材中树脂从芯部向表层移动和从表面溢出明显。处理时间达到8h后,树脂分布变化和溢出变化不明显。     

预处理条件和砂布磨损能力对家具漆膜磨耗量的影响

模拟3种室内环境条件,选取5种相同粒度的砂布,研究预处理温湿度和砂布磨损能力对家具表面漆膜磨耗量的影响。结果表明:模拟春秋季、冬季低温低湿以及南方夏季高温高湿的预处理温湿度对家具表面漆膜磨耗量影响很大,3种不同预处理温湿度条件下,试件磨耗量相差最大为19.7%。在相同温湿度预处理条件下,相同粒度砂布的磨损能力相差达36.6%,家具表面漆膜磨耗量相差达46.8%。除以修正系数后的磨耗量数据更稳定,波动更小。     

植物油涂饰处理对热改性落叶松耐候特性的影响

参考芬兰Thermo-Wood~?工艺规程,对落叶松板材分别在160、180和200℃常压过热蒸汽环境下进行高温热改性处理;随后对经过热改性后的板材及常规室干对照板材分别进行了天然植物油涂饰处理,分别使用商品化木蜡油(底油和面油)、自制木油(预聚合大豆油)。在人工模拟高湿环境下测试各类植物油涂饰后的木材相对吸湿率、平衡含水率及橫纹相对变形率等各项技术指标。结果表明,热改性木材经植物油表面涂饰处理后,天然植物油蜡成分有效地浸入木材细胞壁组织,木材表层组织对环境湿度变化的敏感性降低。三种涂饰处理方法中,涂饰商品化木蜡油底油、木蜡油面油的方案最为有效,其木材横纹相对变形率均较未涂饰木材显著降低;随着热改性温度的升高,各类涂饰试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率呈现总体下降趋势,加热温度对各类试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率存在显著影响。     

高温热处理对色木尺寸稳定性的影响

采用高温高湿-干燥-炭化工艺,以处理温度、处理时间、汽蒸时间和干燥基准为因素,L9(34)设计实验方案研究色木炭化材尺寸稳定性。结果表明:热处理可以明显降低木材的线性湿涨率和体积湿涨率,提高木材的尺寸稳定性;随着处理温度的升高、处理时间和汽蒸时间的延长,色木的体积湿涨率均降低;其中处理温度的影响程度最大。在本次试验中,与对照材相比,通过高温高湿处理可以使色木的弦向湿涨率降低26%～59%,径向湿涨率降低22%～66%,体积湿涨率降低31%～67%。     

白橡锯材热压干燥特性与工艺研究

以白橡锯材为研究对象,采用热压机对其进行热压干燥处理,系统研究了热压温度、热压压力和试件宽度等因素对白橡木材干燥特性、颜色、吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响规律,获得了优化的热压干燥工艺。研究结果表明:采用热压干燥法可以实现白橡木的快速高效干燥,随着热压温度的升高,木材干燥速度显著加快,颜色逐渐加深,热压压力和试件宽度对干燥速率和颜色的影响不明显;热压干燥可以显著减小白橡木材的平衡含水率(EMC)和湿胀率,提高其尺寸稳定性,且随着热压温度的升高,白橡木材EMC和湿胀率降低,热压压力和试件宽度对木材EMC和湿胀率无明显影响;与对照材相比,热压干燥白橡木材的EMC降低9.97%~33.67%,径向和弦向湿胀率分别降低8.54%~33.96%、11.26%~30.02%;白橡木材的优化热压干燥条件为:热压温度为140~150℃热压压力为0.1 MPa,板材宽度为自然宽。     

高温预处理对足尺胶合木梁力学性能的影响

【目的】研究高温预处理对足尺胶合木梁力学性能的影响,明确高温热改性和环境湿度对木材平衡含水率、木材顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗拉强度的影响规律,揭示高温预处理对胶合木梁抗弯性能影响的作用机制,为高温热改性技术在木结构领域中的应用提供参考。【方法】以高应力等级的兴安落叶松为研究对象,采用工业化热处理技术对落叶松木材进行高温热改性,以高温热改性后的落叶松木材为层板,制备12个足尺胶合木梁。基于EN 408标准四点弯曲方法,分析高温热改性和环境湿度对胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、破坏模式、跨中截面荷载-应变曲线和跨中截面应变分布规律等抗弯性能的影响。【结果】高温热改性会在一定程度上降低胶合木梁的抗弯强度,但可明显提高高湿度条件下胶合木梁的抗弯弹性模量,与90%环境湿度下未处理胶合木梁相比,高温热改性后,同湿度下胶合木梁的抗弯强度降低29. 79%,抗弯弹性模量提高23. 71%;高温热改性可降低胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量对环境湿度的敏感性,环境湿度从60%提高到90%,未处理胶合木梁的抗弯弹性模量降低23. 27%,经高温热改性预处理的胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量降低7. 55%; 60%和90%环境湿度下的荷载-位移曲线和跨中截面应变分布曲线表明,胶合木梁在高湿环境中具有更明显的非线性特性,高温预处理后的胶合木梁表现为线弹性。环境湿度对胶合木梁的抗弯性能具有较为明显的劣化作用,90%湿度下胶合木梁抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为43. 98 MPa和12. 191 GPa,比60%湿度下未处理胶合木梁低17. 07%和23. 27%;环境湿度对木材平衡含水率影响明显,高温热改性是降低木材平衡含水率的有效措施,环境湿度从60%提高到90%,高温热改性处理后落叶松木材平衡含水率分别从10. 74%和20. 62%降至4. 76%和11. 18%。【结论】60%和90%环境湿度条件下,未处理胶合木梁为拉伸破坏,高温热改性构件为拉剪联合破坏,高温热改性后材料的顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗拉强度降低是材料破坏模式改变的根本原因。高温热改性后胶合木梁在高湿环境条件下抗弯弹性模量明显改善。     

高温过热蒸汽处理木材的吸湿解吸特性

以日本柳杉为试材,经温度为140,160,180℃,相对湿度为0,60%,100%过热蒸汽处理后,考察并分析其在不同环境温度和相对湿度条件下的吸湿解吸特性和吸湿滞后现象.结果表明:高温过热蒸汽处理木材的水分吸着等温线的类型没有发生变化;吸湿、解吸过程中,在同一环境湿度下,高温高湿处理后木材的水分吸着量低于低温处理后木材的水分吸着量;水分吸着量随处理木材温度和相对湿度的增高呈减少趋势;处理前后的木材均有吸湿滞后现象;高温高湿处理后木材的吸湿滞后现象比低温条件处理木材的吸湿滞后现象明显.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。