Growth,Feed Utilization,and Glycemic Response in European Sea Bass,Dicentrarchus labrax,Juveniles Fed Carbohydrate of Different Complexities

The effect of dietary carbohydrate complexity on growth, feed utilization, and glycemia was studied in European sea bass juveniles. Four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (15% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 20% pregelatinized maize starch (PGS diet), dextrin (DEX diet), maltose (MAL diet), or glucose (GLU diet). No effect of dietary carbohydrate complexity on growth was noticed. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were lower in fish fed the GLU diet than in the other groups, whereas the opposite was observed for feed intake. Plasma glucose peaked 3–4 h after feeding in fish fed the MAL and GLU diets, whereas in fish fed the PGS and DEX diets the peak was reached 5–6 h after feeding. Peak plasma glucose concentration (13 mmol/L) was higher in fish fed the GLU diet than the other diets (9 mmol/L). Shorter hyperglycemia duration was observed in fish fed the MALT and GLU diets (6 h) than the PGS and DEX diets (10 h). Complex carbohydrates delayed plasma glucose concentration peak compared with simple sugars, whereas the opposite was observed for hyperglycemia duration. Overall, dietary maltose, dextrin, and starch were apparently better utilized as energy source than glucose by European sea bass juveniles.     

Growth performance and metabolic utilization of diets including starch,dextrin, maltose or glucose as carbohydrate source by gilthead sea bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>) juveniles

The effect of dietary carbohydrate complexity on growth, feed utilization and activity of selected key liver enzymes of intermediary metabolism were studied in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (16% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 20% of pregelatinized maize starch, dextrin, maltose or glucose. Triplicate groups of fish (117 g initial weight) were fed each diet to near satiation during 6 weeks. No effect of dietary carbohydrate on growth was noticed. Feed efficiency was lower in fish fed the glucose diet than the maltose and dextrin diets. The lowest protein efficiency ratio was observed in fish fed the glucose diet. Six hours after feeding, glycemia was higher in fish fed the glucose diet than the maltose and starch diets. Liver glycogen content was unaffected by dietary carbohydrate complexity. Hepatic glucokinase (GK) activity was higher in fish fed the glucose and the maltose diets, while higher pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was recorded in fish fed the glucose diet than in fish fed the starch diet. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities were higher in fish fed the starch diet compared to dextrin and glucose diets. Data suggest that dietary glucose and maltose are more effective than complex carbohydrates in enhancing liver glycolytic activity. Dietary glucose also seems to be more effective than starch in depressing liver gluconeogenic and lipogenic activities. Overall, dietary maltose, dextrin or starch was better utilized than glucose as energy source by gilthead sea bream juveniles.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and wheat starch respectively. The results indicated that fish fed the wheat starch and dextrin diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio compared with those fed the other diets. However, fish fed the glucose diet had a significantly lower survival and condition factor than those fed the other diets. There were significant differences in the total plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different dietary carbohydrate sources. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and leucocytes were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources, while fish fed the glucose diet showed higher G6PD, PFK and FBPase activities than those fed the other diets. These data indicated that dextrin and wheat starch were the most optimal carbohydrate sources for juvenile cobia.     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). III. The protein-sparing effect of wheat starch-based carbohydrates

The ability of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to utilize dietary raw wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch and dextrin as energy sources to spare protein for growth was quantified. Energy utilization and protein sparing were assessed by comparing the weight gain, energy retention efficiency, protein retention and body composition of silver perch that had been fed a series of diets in which the basal diet (low carbohydrate) was systematically replaced with graded levels of each carbohydrate ingredient or an inert diluent, diatomaceous earth. The protein content decreased as the carbohydrate content increased, giving four different protein to energy ratios for each of the four carbohydrate sources (except for the 60% inclusion level, at which only three carbohydrate sources were tested). Silver perch were efficient at utilizing carbohydrate for energy to spare protein. Silver perch fed diets containing up to 30% wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch or dextrin exhibited similar growth, protein retention and energy retention efficiency to the fish fed the basal diet. Weight gain of silver perch fed diets containing wheat meal or carbohydrates at 45% inclusion content had significantly reduced weight gain when compared with fish fed the basal diet. However, protein retention and energy retention efficiency were similar or better. Whole‐body protein levels of silver perch remained constant regardless of carbohydrate sources, and there was no evidence of increasing whole‐body lipid concentrations for fish fed diets with up to 60% dietary carbohydrate. Silver perch were more efficient at utilizing processed starch (either gelatinized starch or dextrin) than wheat meal or raw wheat starch.     

饲料中三种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能和肝脏糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加3种不同的碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能、饲料利用以及糖代谢关键酶活性的影响,进行为期8周的生长实验和持续24 h的饥饿实验。以葡萄糖、小麦淀粉和糊精这3种碳水化合物作为糖源,设计3组等氮等脂(48%粗蛋白和12%粗脂肪)的饲料。选用初始体质量为(8.51±0.02)g的大黄鱼450尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾)。养殖实验结束后进行饥饿实验,分别在饥饿实验开始后的0、1、3、5、7、9、11和24 h取样。结果显示,小麦淀粉组和糊精组大黄鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于葡萄糖组,且这2个饲料组的饲料系数显著低于葡萄糖组。糊精组大黄鱼的肝体比显著高于其余2组大黄鱼的肝体比。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼成活率、脏体比和肥满度无显著性影响。葡萄糖组和小麦淀粉组大黄鱼血糖含量在饥饿1 h后都开始显著上升,葡萄糖组高血糖水平持续至少10 h;小麦淀粉组3 h显著下降至初始水平左右,未达到高血糖水平;糊精组大黄鱼血糖含量随着时间的推移持续升高,在11 h达到最大值,高血糖水平持续4 h。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血清胰岛素和肝糖原含量有显著性影响。小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)活性的升高有诱导作用。大黄鱼摄食3种不同碳水化合物饲料后鱼体血糖水平升高,但糖异生关键酶如葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的活性并不降低。饲料中添加葡萄糖和小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性有显著性影响。研究表明,大黄鱼利用结构复杂的多糖(如小麦淀粉和糊精)的能力要高于单糖(如葡萄糖),3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血糖调节及糖酵解和糖异生途径关键酶活性的影响存在差异。     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance and utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The nutritional function of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides for omnivorous gibel carp and carnivorous Chinese longsnout catfish were investigated and the ability of these two species to utilize carbohydrates was compared. For each species, triplicate groups of fish were assigned to each of five groups of isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets with different carbohydrate sources: glucose, sucrose, dextrin, soluble starch (acid‐modified starch) and α‐cellulose. The carbohydrates were included at 60 g kg^?1 in Chinese longsnout catfish diets and at 200 g kg^?1 in gibel carp diets. A growth trial was carried out in a recirculation system at 27.8 ± 1.9 °C for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish with different food habits showed difference in the utilization of carbohydrate sources. For gibel carp, better specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were observed in fish fed diets containing soluble starch and cellulose, but for Chinese longsnout catfish, better SGR and FE were observed in fish fed diets containing dextrin and sucrose. Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADC_d) and apparent digestibility coefficient of energy (ADC_e) were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate sources in gibel carp. ADC_d and ADC_e significantly decreased as dietary carbohydrate complexity increased in Chinese longsnout catfish except that glucose diet had medium ADC_d and ADC_e. In both species, no significant difference of apparent digestibility coefficient of protein was observed between different carbohydrate sources. Dietary carbohydrate sources significantly affected body composition, and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) activities also varied according to dietary carbohydrate complexity. Fish with different food habits showed different abilities to synthesize liver glycogen, and the liver glycogen content in gibel carp was significantly higher than in Chinese longsnout catfish. The influence of carbohydrate source on gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis was also different in the two fish species.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Source and Level on Growth,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of the Humpback Grouper,Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes)

Six diets were formulated to contain corn starch, tapioca starch, or dextrin at 10% and 20% inclusion levels and fed to humpback grouper fingerlings to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Growth and feed utilization efficiency of humpback grouper were not affected by dietary carbohydrate source and level. Only slightly higher growth was observed in fish fed 20% dietary carbohydrate compared to the fish fed 10% carbohydrate irrespective of carbohydrate source. Body indices and whole body proximate composition of fish in the present study were generally independent of diet, except that muscle lipid of fish fed diets with 7.6% lipid and 20% carbohydrate was significantly lower than the other groups. In view of the lower price and local availability of tapioca starch compared to corn starch and dextrin, tapioca starch is the preferred source of starch in practical diets for humpback grouper.     

Utilization of different carbohydrate sources and starch forms by bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus) (Cuv & Val)

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the utilization of different carbohydrate sources and different forms of starch present in bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus) fry. The nutritional quality and starch forms of cornstarch, dextrin, broken rice, and sago flour were evaluated in a 4 × 2 factorial design. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (400 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isolipidic (150 g kg^?1 crude lipid), fed to triplicate groups of bagrid catfish fry (initial weight 6.04 ± 0.04 g). Growth studies, enzymatic response and postprandial plasma glucose were observed. A two‐way anova (P > 0.05) analysis of the data obtained showed that the final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly affected by carbohydrate source, but not significantly affected by starch form. Fish fed broken rice and corn starch had similar SGR and FCR compared to fish fed with dextrin and sago flour. The postprandial plasma glucose trend in fish fed with corn starch and broken rice showed a gradual increase while sago flour and dextrin‐fed fish peaked at 2 and 3 h, respectively. Lipogenic enzyme (G6PDH) activity were more pronounced than gluconeogenic enzyme (ME) in M. nemurus irrespective of carbohydrate source and starch form. Therefore, we suggest that raw broken rice and corn starch are suitable carbohydrate sources in the M. nemurus diet.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.)

Glucose, sucrose, dextrin, starch and a-cellulose were incorporated into experimental rations at three levels (10%, 25% and 40%) and fed to juvenile O. niloticus for 63 days. Inclusion level was adjusted with polypropylene powder. Growth improved as the level of glucose, sucrose, dextrin and starch was increased from 0% to 40%. Carcass fat similarly increased with the addition of assimilable carbohydrate (maximum level 8.2% liveweight). At the 40% level, net protein retention (NPR) was highest on the dextrin diet and lowest on the glucose diet. At 10%, glucose spared more, and at 40%, spared less protein energy in the diet than dextrin, starch or sucrose at corresponding levels. The value of these carbohydrates for replacing protein energy in rations for tilapia is discussed.As a-cellulose was increased from 0% to 40%, growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE), NPR, carcass fat and condition factor were reduced. Growth and FCE on the 25% and 40% a-cellulose diets was lower than the control. The use of a-cellulose as an inert bulker in experimental diets for fish is discussed.     

饲料中不同种类的碳水化合物对大菱鲆生长性能和代谢反应的影响

为探讨在低蛋白水平(40%)下,饲料中不同种类的碳水化合物(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆幼鱼[(8.12±0.04)g]生长、成活、饲料利用、体组成和血液生理生化指标等的影响,实验在对照组饲料中未添加可消化碳水化合物,含40%的蛋白质和18%的脂肪,然后在对照组饲料的基础上,调节脂肪水平为12%,分别添加15%的葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精配制3组实验饲料。在流水式养殖系统中进行9周的大菱鲆生长实验。结果显示,各处理组大菱鲆成活率均高于95.24%,并且各组间无显著差异;对照组和糊精组大菱鲆的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组。各组间的日摄食率(DFI)没有显著差异。对照组和糊精组饲料效率(FE)显著高于蔗糖组,但葡萄糖组FE与其它各组无显著差异;各处理组间蛋白质和脂肪表观消化率(ADC)未受碳水化合物种类的显著影响,而可消化碳水化合物的ADC依次为:葡萄糖组>糊精组>蔗糖组(。葡萄糖组的能量ADC最高,蔗糖组的最低;除对照组肌肉脂肪含量显著高于其它各组外,碳水化合物的种类对大菱鲆肌肉常规组成及糖原含量无显著影响,但显著影响了肝脏的脂肪和糖原含量。大菱鲆肝脏脂肪含量依次为对照组>糊精组>蔗糖组>葡萄糖组,肝脏糖原含量依次为葡萄糖组>蔗糖组>糊精组>对照组;不同碳水化合物种类对大菱鲆幼鱼血浆葡萄糖含量没有显著影响,但显著影响血浆总氨基酸、胰岛素、总胆固醇(CHO)和甘油三酯(TAGs)的含量。结果表明,本实验条件下,大菱鲆对糊精的利用效率优于葡萄糖和蔗糖,并且不同种类的碳水化合物通过糖脂关联代谢等途径对大菱鲆幼鱼的体组成和血液生理生化指标造成一定的影响。     

Growth,feed conversion,body composition and nutrient retention efficiencies in fingerling catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), fed different sources of dietary carbohydrate

Growth, conversion efficiency, body composition, nutrient retention and plasma glucose concentration were evaluated in fingerling catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), (3.25 ± 0.1 g) fed iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-caloric (4.7 kcal g^–1 gross energy) test diets containing different sources of carbohydrates (i.e. glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin, pre-cooked corn-starch or α- cellulose) at the 20% level of inclusion. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 20 fish each. The growth trial was conducted in 70-L high-density polyvinyl flow-through (1–1.5 L min^–1) indoor circular troughs (water volume = 55 L). The catfish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 days a week over ≈ 8 weeks. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were noted in the growth and feed conversion efficiencies when fish were fed the sucrose, dextrin and corn-starch diets. Similarly, growth and conversion efficiencies were similar (P > 0.05) in fish fed the glucose, fructose and maltose diets. The minimum growth and conversion efficiencies were found in fish fed the α-cellulose diet. Post-feeding glucose or maltose resulted in the maximum increase in plasma glucose, followed by sucrose, dextrin, fructose or corn-starch diets, over the 8-h sampling period. Post-feeding α-cellulose produced a relatively low (P > 0.05) variation in the plasma glucose level. Compared to the initial values, higher values of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and body energy, and lower percentages of ash were recorded in catfish fed different sources of carbohydrate. The maximum protein retention rate was seen in fish fed the dextrin diet, while a higher energy retention rate was observed in fish fed the sucrose-based diet. Dietary α-cellulose produced significantly (P < 0.05) lower values of protein and energy retention in fish. The present study indicates that utilization of complex carbohydrates in catfish is more successful with di- and monosaccharides, while dietary α-cellulose is poorly utilized.     

饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响

用分别含20%（低）、40%（高）葡萄糖和糊精的等氮（粗蛋白为35%干物质）,等能（16.4 kJ/g）饲料分别饲养青鱼（Mylopharyngodn piceus）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）8周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼和鲫的生长、体成分的影响.青鱼和鲫鱼平均体质量分别为2.14 g和6.75 g.结果表明,两种鱼都是糊精组增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著高于葡萄糖组,提示两种鱼对糊精利用效率比葡萄糖高.饲料糖含量低时增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率相对高,提示两种鱼对脂肪作为能源的利用效率高于糖.两种鱼糊精组脂肪蓄积率显著高于葡萄糖组,体脂、肝脂、肌脂含量也高于葡萄糖组,提示糊精比葡萄糖更容易以脂肪形式积累在体内.青鱼对实验饲料的利用效率高于鲫鱼,推测这与能量代谢有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：452-459]     

Effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,feed utilization,digestive enzymes,and postprandial metabolic responses in juvenile obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus

The effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin (AM/AP) ratio on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, plasma parameters, and postprandial blood glucose responses was evaluated in juvenile obscure puffer, Takifugu obscurus. Five isonitrogenous (430 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isolipidic (90 g kg^?1 crude lipid) diets containing an equal starch level (250 g kg^?1 starch) with different AM/AP ratio diets of 0/25, 3/22, 6/19, 9/16 and 12/13 were formulated. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups (25 fish per tank), twice daily during a period of 60 days. After the growth trial, a postprandial blood response test was carried out. Fish fed diet 6/19 showed best growth, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Hepatosomatic index, plasma total cholesterol concentration, liver glycogen and lipid content, and gluconokinase, pyruvate kinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities were lower in fish fed highest AM/AP diet (12/13) than in fish fed the low-amylose diets. Activities of liver and intestinal trypsin in fish fed diet 3/22 and diet 6/19 were higher than in fish fed diet 9/16 and diet 12/13. Activities of liver and intestinal amylase and intestinal lipase, and starch digestibility were negatively correlated with dietary AM/AP ratio. Fish fed diet 3/22 and diet 6/19 showed higher plasma total amino acid concentration than fish fed the other diets, while plasma urea nitrogen concentration and activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase showed the opposite trend. Equal values were found for viscerosomatic index and condition factor, whole body and muscle composition, plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and activities of lipase and hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver. Postprandial plasma glucose and triglyceride peak value of fish fed diet 12/13 were lower than in fish fed the low-amylose diets, and the peak time of plasma glucose was later than in fish fed the other diets. Plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations showed a significant difference at 2 and 4 h after a meal and varied between dietary treatments. According to regression analysis of weight gain against dietary AM/AP ratio, the optimum dietary AM/AP ratio for maximum growth of obscure puffer was 0.25. The present result indicates that dietary AM/AP ratio could affect growth performance and feed utilization, some plasma parameters, digestive enzyme as well as hepatic glucose metabolic enzyme activities in juvenile obscure puffer.     

Effect of different sources and forms of dietary carbohydrates on growth performance,body indices and lipogenesis activity of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine a suitable carbohydrate source and form for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Ten isoenergetic, isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including five carbohydrate sources (dextrin, potato starch, wheat starch, corn starch and sago starch) and two carbohydrate forms (raw and cooked), were formulated. Results showed that specific growth rate, weight gain percentage, whole‐body lipid and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity of fish fed with cooked carbohydrates were significantly lower (p < .05) than those fed with raw carbohydrates (p < .05). Similarly, the fatty acid synthase enzyme activity of fish fed with the cooked form of carbohydrates was significantly lower (p < .05) than that fed with the raw form of carbohydrates except fish fed with cooked potato starch. The blood glucose level and malic enzyme activity of fish fed with cooked carbohydrate were significantly (p < .05) higher than those fed with raw carbohydrate. In summary, this study showed that cooked starch is an unsuitable dietary carbohydrate form for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings. The raw forms of dextrin starch and potato are suitable dietary carbohydrate sources for further scientific studies on the carbohydrate utilization of P. hypophthalmus.     

黄鳍鲷幼鱼对几种不同糖源的利用

本研究用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和预糊化玉米淀粉的利用。本试验饲料为6种等氮(粗蛋白:45%,干重)等脂(粗脂肪:9%,干重)的半纯化饲料,其中对照组糖源为纤维素。每种饲料设3个平行。试验鱼初始体重为(3.57±0.13)g(平均值±均差)。试验鱼饲养在含18个水族箱的循环系统中。水温保持在(27±1)℃。试验周期为8周。本试验用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中不同糖源利用的指标为生长指标、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和肝脏的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶。试验结果表明,黄鳍鲷幼鱼体增重、特定生长率、肝体比、肠系膜脂肪体比、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、肝脂肪合成有关酶活性和全鱼、肌肉、肝脏组成均受到饲料中不同糖源的显著影响。预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖组比其它糖源组显著具有更好的体增重和特定生长率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。黄鳍鲷幼鱼生长和体增重与饲料中糖源的复杂性没有相关性。饲喂预糊化淀粉和对照饲料鱼的饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著比其它组高。饲料中糖的添加增加了黄鳍鲷幼鱼的肝体比,但对照组肝体比与糊精组,玉米淀粉组没有显著性差异。预糊化玉米淀粉组肠系膜脂肪体比比其它饲料组要高。结论:基于体增重和特定生长率为指标,饲料中添加25%预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖可以提高黄鳍鲷幼鱼的生长。另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了黄鳍鲷对玉米淀粉的利用。     

The effect of dietary carbohydrates on the growth response,digestive gland glycogen and digestive enzyme activities of early spiny lobster juveniles,Jasus edwardsii

The effect of various carbohydrate sources (glucose, sucrose, agar, wheat, tapioca, maize, potato and dextrin), and inclusion levels of gelatinized maize starch (0, 70, 170, 270 g kg^?1), incorporated in semi‐purified diets on the performance [growth, survival, food consumption (FC), enzyme activity and glycogen content of the digestive gland (DG)] of spiny lobster juveniles was investigated in a 12‐week culture experiment. There was no difference in specific FC among diets (1.1% BW day^?1), but lobsters fed with fresh mussel grew significantly faster (specific growth rate = 1.8% BW day^?1) than on the formulated diets (0.9–1.1% BW day^?1). None of the carbohydrate supplements tested produced a significant improvement in growth or survival over a basal control diet. However, the diet containing 270 g kg^?1 native wheat starch resulted in the highest moulting (mean = 2.1 moults per lobster), glycogen (3.3 mg g^?1) and free glucose (1.1 mg g^?1) concentrations among lobsters fed with the formulated diets, suggesting a superior utilization of this source of carbohydrate. The greater glycogen (8.0 mg g^?1 tissue) and free glucose (2.0 mg g^?1 tissue) concentrations, as well as higher specific activity of α‐amylase (2.3 versus <0.7 U mg^?1 for other diets), found in the DG of lobsters fed with fresh mussel indicated a metabolism strongly directed to the utilization of glycogen.     

Non-specific immunity parameters and the formation of advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed high levels of dietary carbohydrates

The effects of long-term hyperglycaemia (5 months), through feeding high levels of dietary carbohydrates, on the non-specific immunity parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was assessed. Fish were fed one of three diets composed of a basal diet containing ≈ 14% digestible carbohydrate which was progressively diluted with gelatinized potato starch in the following ratios of basal diet to supplemental carbohydrate (gelatinized potato starch): 65:00, 65:20, 65:35. The three diets were pair-fed based on the feed intake of the fish fed the diet containing the highest level of starch (65:35) and representing 100% intake. The other diets were then fed at different levels in a manner that allowed all the groups of fish in the same block to receive the same amount of the basal diet [e.g. the basal diet (undiluted, 65:00) was fed at 65% of the dietary intake of the 65:35 diet]. Blood glucose concentrations and relative liver-to-body size increased with increased dietary carbohydrate intake. Feeding supplemental carbohydrates resulted in a small increase in weight gain of the fish at both supplemental levels. Pronephros tissue lysozyme activity and pronephros macrophage superoxide production were not affected by the dietary treatments. The results suggest the presence of advanced glycosylation end-products in muscle tissue collagen, but were not significantly different between treatments. No substantial effect of long-term feeding of a high carbohydrate diet on the non-specific immunity of rainbow trout was observed. However, the results suggest that dietary carbohydrates may have a slight stimulatory effect on phagocytosis at low–moderate levels.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance,body composition,apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum L

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing graded levels of starch (1.3%, 6.5%, 12.5%, 18.4%, 24.2% and 30.4%) were fed to juvenile cobia. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with increasing dietary starch up to 18.4% (P<0.05), and thereafter SGR declined but FER and PER remained nearly the same. Apparent digestibility coefficient of starch reduced significantly when dietary starch up to 30.4%. Fish fed the diets with starch from 18.4% to 30.4% showed higher amylase activities in intestinal tract than those fed diets containing starch 1.3% and 6.5% (P<0.05). Significantly higher whole‐body lipid contents were observed in fish fed the diets containing higher starch. Whole‐body moisture content was inversely correlated with whole‐body lipid content, while protein and ash showed no significant differences. Plasma glucose, hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and liver lipid increased with an increasing dietary starch. Based on SGR and FER, the appropriate dietary starch supplementations of juvenile cobia were estimated to be 21.1% and 18.0 % of diet respectively.     

The specific dynamic action of southern catfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silurus meridonalis</Emphasis> Chen,fed diets containing either raw or precooked corn starch or glucose

The growth performance of carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) was lower when fed a diet containing glucose as a carbohydrate source than when fed one containing starch. To test whether this decreased growth performance was partly due to higher metabolic costs induced by the fast assimilation of dietary glucose, the postprandial metabolic responses of southern catfish juvenile (36.7 ± 1.9 g) fed diets containing either raw or pre-cooked corn starch and glucose were investigated at 27.5°C. The peak metabolic rate of fish fed a raw corn starch diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed precooked corn starch and glucose diets (P < 0.05). The specific dynamic action (SDA) coefficients (energy expended on SDA as a percentage of energy content of the meal) of fish fed raw or precooked corn starch diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed a glucose diet (P < 0.05). The postprandial metabolic rate of fish fed a raw starch diet displayed a classic response – increased metabolic rate immediately after feeding, followed by a decreased metabolic rate several hours after feeding – as has been documented earlier in this species. However, the postprandial metabolic rate of fish fed a glucose diet had two alternating cycles of increasing and decreasing metabolic rate, which has not been reported previously. This bimodal pattern of the SDA curve was also found in a subsequent experiment in which purified d-glucose (0.1 g dry mass) was packed into sections of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) intestine (0.05 g dry mass). The results suggest that the digestibility and absorption speed of the dietary carbohydrate has a significant effect on postprandial metabolic response in juvenile southern catfish. The results of this study may provide useful data in terms of the utilization of dietary carbohydrates by carnivorous fishes.     

Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions

SUMMARY: An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to examine the influence of fat and carbohydrate levels in a 40% protein level diet on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions. Five fish meal-based diets were prepared to include gelatinized potato starch at four levels (9, 18, 27, and 36%) and dextrin (34%). Dietary fat levels were isoenergetically reduced from 18 to 7% by the digestible carbohydrates. Each diet was fed to four replicate groups (28 g/fish, 20–23 fish/group) using self-feeders. Specific growth rate, percentage weight gain and percentage protein retention did not differ between the treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios were higher in the 18% starch (s18) and s27 diet groups, and decreased in higher fat or carbohydrate diet groups. Although gross energy intake (kJ/kg BW per day) decreased as the starch level increased, levels of digestible energy intake did not differ between the treatments. Fat levels in the carcass, viscera and liver decreased as dietary carbohydrate level increased. These results suggest that a 40% protein diet with either 15% fat and 18% starch or 11% fat and 27% starch is appropriate for juvenile rainbow trout under self-feeding conditions.