鸡传染性贫血病毒vp3基因在真核细胞中的表达与功能分析

为研究鸡传染性贫血病毒(CIAV)VP3蛋白在宿主细胞中的作用,本研究采用PCR技术从CIAV DNA中扩增出vp3基因,并将该基因克隆到p MD18-T simple vector中。经测序证实所克隆的vp3基因与CIAV CUX-1标准株相同。并将vp3基因亚克隆到真核表达载体p EGFP-N1中,构建了重组真核表达质粒p EGFP-vp3与p CMV-Myc vp3,转染BHK-21和293 T细胞,经RT-PCR、荧光显微镜以及Western Blot证实转染的真核细胞能够表达VP3蛋白。以台盼蓝染色法检测细胞死亡,结果表明,VP3蛋白具有较强诱导细胞死亡的作用。该结果为深入研究CIAV的致病机理奠定了基础。     

鸡贫血病毒vp1和vp2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及产物免疫学特性的初步研究

利用特异性引物从pBluemCAV中PCR扩增得到鸡贫血病病毒（CAV）vp1、vp2基因,经EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切处理,纯化后,克隆至EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切处理的表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了真核表达质粒pPIC9K-VP1和pPIC9K-VP2。将pPIC9K-VP1和pPIC9K-VP2转化至毕赤酵母SMD1168中,在0.5%甲醇诱导下表达CAV-VP1、CAV-VP2蛋白,运用Westernblot和Dot-ELISA鉴定表达蛋白。结果表明,重组酵母菌株表达出约54ku和24ku的目的蛋白,与针对鸡贫血病毒的单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。将表达产物乳化后免疫6周龄BALB/c小鼠,用ELISA、IFA检测免疫小鼠血清,均检测到抗体。     

伪狂犬病病毒Bartha株gC膜外区部分基因的原核表达及纯化

构建伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gC膜外区部分基因的重组质粒,原核表达并纯化目的蛋白.根据GenBank已发表的伪狂犬病病毒Bartha(PRV Ba)株gC基因的序列(NC EU719641),设计并合成了1对引物,以PRV Ba株为模板,PCR扩增出PRV gC膜外区部分基因片段;将该基因片段克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a上,转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,获得大小为35 ku的重组蛋白,命名为pET-gCN813.按照His-Bind纯化试剂盒说明书纯化表达产物,获得融合蛋白的纯化产物.     

赤羽病病毒核衣壳蛋白基因的表达纯化及活性鉴定

为获得赤羽病病毒（Akabane virus, AKAV）核衣壳蛋白重组抗原,经RT-PCR扩增了OBE-1株的S节段,将其插入到pMD 18-T载体,然后用带有酶切位点的引物从该重组载体亚克隆出表达核衣壳蛋白的N基因,用BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后与同样处理的表达载体pET-28a（＋）进行连接,转化感受态细胞BL21（DE3）.将筛选出的阳性克隆进行测序、IPTG诱导表达和融合蛋白纯化及活性鉴定.结果表明,N基因含有1个全长702 bp的ORF,编码233个氨基酸,通过SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析,证实重组菌株可高效表达有免疫活性的分子质量约27 ku的可溶性融合蛋白,用薄层扫描仪分析,其最高表达量占可溶性菌体蛋白总量的58.5%.工程菌经超声波裂解高速离心后,上清液在ProBondTM Purification System（含Ni2＋）天然状态下纯化,可获得高纯度的融合蛋白.     

鸡贫血病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

鸡贫血病毒是鸡传染性贫血病的病原体，它广泛存在于世界各地，成为危害养禽业的主要病原之一。鸡贫血病毒基因组含有3个开放阅读框架，分别编码分子量为51.6kDa（VP1）、24kDa（VP2）和13．6kDa（VP3）的3种蛋白质。本文将克隆化VP2基因亚克隆到PET-32a（＋）载体上并进行原核表达，用PET-32a（＋）表达的VP2融合蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠，经过杂交瘤细胞的建立、融合细胞的筛选和克隆化培养，获得一株稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株，命名为3C5。腹水单克隆抗体的ELISA效价为1：409600，经Western—blotting证明单抗3C5为针对VP2融合蛋白的单抗。为VP2融合蛋白的纯化和鸡贫血病毒的检测、鉴定和奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性贫血病毒VP1基因的克隆表达及抗原性分析

参考已发表的鸡传染性贫血病毒（CIAV）VP1基因序列，设计并合成了2对引物，经PCR扩增获得了2个基因片段。将PCR产物克隆至pGEM—T Easy载体中，成功构建了克隆载体pGEM—CIAVVP1A和pGEM—CIAVVP1B。将上述重组质粒和原核表达载体pMXB10分别用NdPⅠ＋EcoRⅠ、NdeⅠ十X^0I双酶切，并将纯化的2个基因亚克隆至pMXB10中，构建出原核表达载体pMXB10-VP1A和pMXB10-VPIB。在0．3mmol／L IPTG诱导下，目的基因在大肠杆菌ER2566中以分泌型得到了大量表达。Western—blot分析发现，表达蛋白具有CIAV抗原性。表达蛋白经纯化后作为包被抗原，用间接ELISA鉴定，与CIAV阳性血清均能发生特异性反应。2组蛋白免疫SPF鸡后，用全病毒ELISA试剂盒检测血清呈阳性，表明2组蛋白均可诱发机体产生抗CIAV的抗体。     

鸡贫血病毒vp3基因克隆、序列分析和比较

克隆了从我国哈尔滨分离的一株鸡贫血病毒（CAV）的vp3基因，并对之进行了测序。该基因的开放读码枢由366bp组成，编码121个氨基酸，氨基酸组成具有已报道VP3的典型特点。本次克隆的基因与GenBank收录的CAV的vp3基因进行序列比较，同源性至少为98％。与国内报道的山东株SJ1的vp3基因有3个核苷酸的差异，表明国内的CAV毒株已经产生了一些分化。在EMBL中比较本次克隆的VP3蛋白一级结构，与之差异最大的是马来西亚分离株的VP3，有5个氨基酸残基不同，同源性为96％。同时收集EMBL中的CAV的VP3蛋白绘制进化树，我国哈尔滨分离的CAV毒株与CIA进化关系最近，而与Cux-1的2个衍生株QDWX1、QDWX3进化关系最远。这些结果进一步证明了CAV在遗传方面是较保守的病毒，来自哈尔滨的CAV不是CAV的一个独立分支。     

鸭源呼肠孤病毒DRV-GZ株S2基因的序列分析及其表达

采用RT-PCR方法从鸭源呼肠孤病毒DRV—GZ株中扩增出了S2基因片段,将其克隆到表达载体pET-28a（＋）中,测序验证后转化入表达宿主菌Rosetta^TM2（DE3）plysS,进行IPTG诱导表达。结果表明,重组菌可表达出相对分子质量约为50000的重组融合蛋白,在浓度为0．6mmol／L的IPTG诱导4h的情况下表达效果最好。表达的蛋白以包涵体的形式存在于菌体中。表达产物经Ni柱纯化后可得到纯度较高的目的蛋白。经Western-blot分析,所纯化的蛋白能与抗呼肠孤病毒DRV—GZ株阳性血清进行特异性的免疫印迹反应,证实表达的蛋白具有较好的反应原性。     

鸡传染性贫血病毒vp3基因的原核表达及其免疫学活性分析

将鸡传染性贫血病毒(CIAV)Vp3基因克隆入表达载体pET-28a中,然后转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经IPTG诱导,vp3基因以融合蛋白的形式高效表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示,表达的重组蛋白分子量约为18Ku。Westernblot分析表明,该蛋白可与CIAV阳性血清特异性反应。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.