Effect of the management of seed flows and mode of propagation on the genetic diversity in an Andean farming system: the case of oca (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oxalis tuberosa</Emphasis> Mol.)

The seed system is a major component of traditional management of crop genetic diversity in developing countries. Seed flows are an important part of this system. They have been poorly studied for minor Andean crops, especially those that are propagated vegetatively. We examine the seed exchanges of Oxalis tuberosa Mol. (oca), a vegetatively propagated crop capable of sexual reproduction. We studied the seed exchanges of four rural communities in Candelaria district (Cochabamba department, Bolivia) at the international and local levels, emphasizing the spread of new sexually-produced genotypes through these exchanges. Interviews with 44 farmers generated socioeconomic, agronomic, crop diversity and seed exchange information, and data on the potential incorporation of new sexually-produced genotypes in the crop germplasm. We interviewed merchants to evaluate the input and output of genetic diversity in the communities studied. Results showed a positive effect of the farmers’ wealth on the diversity cultivated and on seed exchanges. Most seed exchanges occurred at market, creating a distinction between cash and self-consumption landraces. Cash landraces were intensively exchanged; self-consumption landraces were isolated at the farmer level and prone to genetic drift and complete loss. Merchants exported seeds of cash landraces across Bolivia and into Peru and Argentina. New sexually produced genotypes are less incorporated into cash landraces than in self-consumed landraces. However, new genotypes incorporated into cash landraces are diffused faster and better, being more intensively exchanged. We propose conservation strategies that can be applied to other vegetatively propagated and minor Andean crops.     

Crop diversity in homegardens of southwest Uganda and its importance for rural livelihoods

Homegardens are traditional food systems that have been adapted over generations to fit local cultural and ecological conditions. They provide a year-round diversity of nutritious foods for smallholder farming communities in many regions of the tropics and subtropics. In southwestern Uganda, homegardens are the primary source of food, providing a diverse diet for rural marginalized poor. However, national agricultural development plans as well as economic and social pressures threaten the functioning of these homegardens. The implications of these threats are difficult to evaluate, because the structure and functions of the homegardens are not well understood. The aim of the study was to identify patterns and influencing factors in the diversity of homegardens by documenting the floristic diversity and its interactions with spatial, environmental and socio-economic factors. A geographically and socially focused assessment of floristic diversity in 102 randomly selected homegardens in three districts of southwest Uganda was conducted along a deforestation gradient following a human ecology conceptual framework and testing multiple quantitative hypotheses regarding the above mentioned factors. A merged mixed-method approach was followed to provide context and feedback regarding quantitative findings. Results show a high total richness of 209 (mean 26.8 per homegarden) crop species (excluding weeds and ornamentals) dominated by food species, which constituted 96 percent of individuals and 44 percent of all species. Forest-edge homegardens maintained higher plant diversity compared to homegardens in deforested areas and near degraded wetlands. Multiple linear regression models indicated elevation, location, homegarden size, distance to market, additional land ownership (outside the homegarden) and livestock ownership as significant predictors of crop diversity. Cluster analysis of species densities revealed four garden types: ‘diverse tree gardens’, ‘small forest-edge gardens’, ‘large, old, species-rich gardens’, and ‘large, annual-dominated herb gardens’, with 98% correct classification. Location, elevation, and garden size were also important determinants in the cluster assignment. We conclude that the diversity of the studied homegardens may be changing as part of adaptive traditional practices and in response to external drivers. The identified patterns illustrate the importance of homegardens for rural livelihoods and may offer some ways to support farmers to maintain these systems as relevant mechanisms for development in Uganda.     

不同经营措施桉树林下灌木物种多样性研究

对不同经营措施桉树林下灌木物种多样性进行研究,结果表明:不同经营措施对桉树林下灌木多样性影响显著。粗放经营桉树林下灌木层物种丰富度、Simpson生物多样性指数和生产力分别是对照黑荆林(CK)的59.1%、79.76%、70.3%;一般经营为CK的90.9%、98.81%、89.2%;中等集约经营为CK的77.3%、85.71%、81.1%;高度集约经营的措施可以有效缓解物种丰富度、Simposon多样性指数和生产力下降,其值分别为CK的90.9%、97.62%和94.6%。采用抚育和施肥结合的高度集约经营措施可以有效提高桉树人工林林下灌木物种多样性。     

Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes

The species richness (diversity) of local plant and animal assemblages-biological communities-balances regional processes of species formation and geographic dispersal, which add species to communities, against processes of predation, competitive exclusion, adaptation, and stochastic variation, which may promote local extinction. During the past three decades, ecologists have sought to explain differences in local diversity by the influence of the physical environment on local interactions among species, interactions that are generally believed to limit the number of coexisting species. But diversity of the biological community often fails to converge under similar physical conditions, and local diversity bears a demonstrable dependence upon regional diversity. These observations suggest that regional and historical processes, as well as unique events and circumstances, profoundly influence local community structure. Ecologists must broaden their concepts of community processes and incorporate data from systematics, biogeography, and paleontology into analyses of ecological patterns and tests of community theory.     

Root crops diversity and agricultural resilience: a case study of traditional agrosystems in Vanuatu (Oceania)

In Vanuatu (Oceania), small-scale farmers’ subsistence still largely relies on the sustainable use and maintenance of a wide-ranging biodiversity out of which root and tuber crops provide the bulk of daily subsistence. In neighboring countries, foreign influence since the first European contacts, further associated changes and the introduction of new crop species have induced a loss of cultivated diversity. This paper presents a baseline study of the diversity of root and tuber crops in ten communities throughout Vanuatu. In a context where the smallholders’ agrosystems are increasingly considered as key components for the global conservation of crop genetic resources, this study provides clues to better understand the effective roles of biodiversity in traditional agrosystems. It also provides insights on the rationale behind the constitution of agricultural portfolios and discusses how the cultivated diversity allows communities to cope with changes and pressures. The paper also shows that recently introduced crops neither seem to have compromised agricultural diversity nor drastically changed the agrosystems in Vanuatu. On the contrary, such crops are used by farmers to strengthen the resilience of their agrosystems. A discussion then presents the idea of continuity through change and novelty as a critical factor for resilience. The paper concludes by discussing the role of indigenous agriculture and culture in ensuring food security and in development strategies in a larger context.     

覆盖作物多样性对猕猴桃园土壤微生物群落功能的影响

以丹江口水源涵养区猕猴桃园为研究对象,运用Biolog微平板技术,研究不同种类覆盖作物处理(2、4、8种和清耕对照)下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的差异。结果表明,覆盖作物处理土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于清耕对照。覆盖作物及清耕对照处理土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有机碳、pH、微生物量碳氮呈显著正相关关系。主成分分析与碳代谢图谱分析表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物种类提高了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,且对D-甘露醇、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-苯丙氨酸、γ-羟丁酸、α-丁酮酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、吐温40的利用能力显著高于清耕对照。此外,4种覆盖作物处理对猕猴桃园土壤生态环境的影响优于2种和8种。研究表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物多样性改变了土壤环境因子,影响了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性。     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Maize Landraces from the South Maize Region of China

Understanding genetic diversity and population structure of landraces is important in utilization of these germplasm in breeding programs. In the present study, a total of 143 core maize landraces from the South Maize Region （SR） of China, which can represent the general profile of the genetic diversity in the landraces germplasm of SR, were genotyped by 54 DNA microsatellite markers. Totally, 517 alleles （ranging from 4 to 22） were detected among these landraces, with an average of 9.57 alleles per locus. The total gene diversity of these core landraces was 0.61, suggesting a rather higher level of genetic diversity. Analysis of population structure based on Bayesian method obtained the samilar result as the phylogeny neighbor-joining （N J） method. The results indicated that the whole set of 143 core landraces could be clustered into two distinct groups. All landraces from Guangdong, Hainan, and 15 landraces from Jiangxi were clustered into group 1, while those from the other regions of SR formed the group 2. The results from the analysis of genetic diversity showed that both of groups possessed a similar gene diversity, but group 1 possessed relatively lower mean alleles per locus （6.63） and distinct alleles （91） than group 2 （7.94 and 110, respectively）. The relatively high richness of total alleles and distinct alleles preserved in the core landraces from SR suggested that all these germplasm could be useful resources in germplasm enhancement and maize breeding in China.     

长白山区阔叶红松林采伐林隙种子库研究

土壤种子库是森林植物种群动态和森林更新的一个重要环节,为森林植被恢复提供了重要的物质基础。该文通过对凋落物层和腐殖质层（0～10 cm）种子库取样并用物理挑选法进行分类,对长白山区阔叶红松林不同面积和年龄的采伐林隙内土壤种子库的特征进行研究。结果表明:阔叶红松林不同面积林隙内种子库的丰富度和种子密度存在较大差异;不同年龄林隙内种子库的丰富度差异不大,但种子密度差异显著;林隙内不同部位间种子库的丰富度和种子密度差异较大,且丰富度和种子密度分别主要由腐殖质层和凋落物层决定;红松和色木槭在林隙内外种子库中均占据主导地位,显示出红松有良好的更新潜力;随林隙形成时间的延长呈现出多样性增加但优势度下降的趋势;非林隙林分内土壤种子库的多样性和种子密度高于林隙,但优势度低于林隙;与非林隙相比,林隙内土壤种子库的物种组成与更新幼苗的相似性较低,且随着林隙形成时间的延长,种子库物种组成与幼苗的相似性越来越低。      

天津中新生态城水岸带植物群落多样性与土壤因子的关系研究

以天津中新生态城水岸带植物群落作为研究对象,运用植物生态学方法分析了近水岸、坡岸、岸上人工和自然植被带群落的的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数以及土壤理化性质,然后对各种指数与土壤因子的关系进行了相关分析,以期为天津中新生态城水岸带人工植被群落建立的植被配置和快速绿化材料选取提供科学依据.结果表明:坡岸和岸上人工植被带的植物群落的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数都较高;3个人工植被带植物群落的优势度指数和均匀度指数无明显差别;自然植被带的物种丰富度指数较人工植被带的相差较大.土壤pH值和全P含量与中新生态城水岸带植物群落多样性具有显著相关关系,是对植物群落多样性具有较大影响的土壤因子;而土壤有机质和全N含量与植物群落多样性并无显著关系.     

阿拉善高原植物区域物种丰富度格局及其环境解释

目的阿拉善高原境内分布着超过20万km2典型的温带荒漠生态系统,这些荒漠生态系统对全球气候与土地利用类型的变化极其敏感,然而水分、能量与生境异质性对该区植物区域物种丰富度的相对影响,以及这种影响在不同生活型植物间的差异还没有得到系统研究。方法本文利用阿拉善高原大尺度植物区域物种丰富度数据,并结合相关的气候与生境异质性数据,尝试系统地探讨阿拉善高原植物区域物种丰富度地理格局及其潜在的影响因素。结果（1）阿拉善高原植物区域物种丰富度存在显著的经纬度格局,全部物种、草本植物与木本植物区域物种丰富度均呈现出沿经度的升高而增加,沿纬度的升高而递减的变化趋势。（2）方差分解结果显示,水分与能量因子共同解释了全部物种、草本植物与木本植物区域物种丰富度60.7%、62.5%及42.6%的空间变异; 两者单独的解释率分别为15.2% ~ 19.6%与2.8% ~ 5.3%。生境异质性分别解释了3组植物区域物种丰富度17.2%、12.3%、29.3%的变异,其单独解释率分别为3.1%、1.0%和11.8%。气候因素与生境异质性对草本植物与木本植物区域物种丰富度的相对影响并不一致;草本植物物种丰富度主要由气候因素决定,而木本植物丰富度则受气候因素与生境异质性的共同控制。（3）气候与生境异质性三者共同解释了区域物种丰富度54.4% ~ 63.8%的变异,但仍然有36.2% ~ 45.6%的变异没有得到解释。结论阿拉善高原植物区域物种丰富度格局由水分与能量类气候因子共同决定,水资源可用性是阿拉善地区植物物种多样性维持最为关键的限制因子。生境异质性对阿拉善高原植物丰富度,尤其是木本植物丰富度有着不可忽略的作用,是干旱区植物多样性维持的重要影响因素。阿拉善高原不同生活型植物区域物种丰富度的影响因素可能并不一致,其他未知潜在因素对阿拉善植物区域物种丰富度亦存在着重要影响。      

中国小麦品种资源Glu-1位点组成概况及遗传多样性分析

 分析了 5 12 9份中国小麦初选核心种质样品HMW GS的组成情况 ,其中地方品种 345 9份、育成品种(系 ) 16 70份。这些材料作为初级核心种质基本代表了保存在国家长期库中的普通小麦种质资源的遗传多样性 ,覆盖了中国小麦栽培的 10大生态区。总体来看 ,在Glu A1、Glu B1和Glu D13个位点上的主要等位变异分别为null、7+8和 2 +12。育成品种中 1、7+9、14 +15、5 +10和 5 +12亚基 (对 )的频率比地方品种有很大的提高。在Glu 1位点上 ,地方品种与育成品种的遗传丰富度差异甚微 ,但育成品种的遗传离散度指数却显著高于地方品种。在 3个位点中 ,Glu B1位点的多样性最丰富 ,其次为Glu D1位点 ,Glu A1位点的多样性最差。从生态区来讲 ,地方品种变异类型最丰富的 3个大区是黄淮冬麦区、西北春麦区和西南冬麦区 ;选育品种最丰富的 4个大区是西南冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区和北部冬麦区。由于广泛的引种、杂交、选择以及亲本选配中的偏爱 ,造成许多生态区遗传离散度指数高低与遗传丰富度出现相矛盾的现象 ,这点在长江中下游冬麦区材料中表现尤为突出。育成品种与地方品种间遗传分化系数分析表明 ,现代引种和杂交育种使我国小麦品种“群体”遗传组成和结构发生了质的变化。     

Traditional Mexican Agricultural Systems and the Potential Impacts of Transgenic Varieties on Maize Diversity

The discovery of transgenes in maize landraces in Mexico, a center of diversity for this crop, raises questions about the potential impact of transgene diffusion on maize diversity. The concept of diversity and farmers’ role in maintaining diversity is quite complex. Farmers’ behavior is expected to have a significant influence on causing transgenes to diffuse, to be expressed differently, and to accumulate within landraces. Farmers’ or consumers’ perceptions that transgenes are “contaminants” and that landraces containing transgenes are “contaminated” could cause these landraces to be rejected and trigger a direct loss of diversity. Mauricio R. Bellon is a human ecologist working in the Economics Program of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Texcoco, Mexico. He received his MSc and PhD in ecology at the University of California, Davis. His current research includes projects that deal with on-farm conservation of maize, gene flow in traditional farming systems, and the impact of improved germplasm in the livelihoods of poor farmers. Julien Berthaud is a population geneticist working for the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). He received his PhD in plant science at the University of Paris 11. His current research includes projects related with the dynamics of genetic diversity, especially in traditional maize farming systems.     

Disentangling the drivers of β diversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients

Understanding spatial variation in biodiversity along environmental gradients is a central theme in ecology. Differences in species compositional turnover among sites (β diversity) occurring along gradients are often used to infer variation in the processes structuring communities. Here, we show that sampling alone predicts changes in β diversity caused simply by changes in the sizes of species pools. For example, forest inventories sampled along latitudinal and elevational gradients show the well-documented pattern that β diversity is higher in the tropics and at low elevations. However, after correcting for variation in pooled species richness (γ diversity), these differences in β diversity disappear. Therefore, there is no need to invoke differences in the mechanisms of community assembly in temperate versus tropical systems to explain these global-scale patterns of β diversity.     

肇庆九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落植物物种多样性研究

以肇庆九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落的代表样地调查资料为基础,研究九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落不同样地、不同层次的植物物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度。结果表明:在群落垂直结构中,乔木层物种多样性的各项指标除物种丰富度以外,其他指标都是最小的,灌木层物种多样性的各项指标除Pielou均匀度指数以外,其他指标都是最大的。各样地间多样性指数测值变幅不大,物种多样性在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>藤本>乔木层。人为因子的干扰对黑桫椤群落的物种多样性有较大的影响。     

桉树工业人工林植物物种多样性及动态研究

以定位监测与时空互代相结合的方法，于1998—2003年，从不同连栽代数、层次的物种丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数等方面对桉树工业人工林群落的物种多样性及动态进行了研究。 结果表明:①从1998—2003年，第1代林分出现的物种数为78种，第2代林分只有39种，第2代林分出现的物种数比第1代减少了50%；以达到主伐时的林分监测结果比较，第2代林分的物种丰富度、Shannon_Wiener指数和Simpson指数分别比第1代林分下降39.39%、17.76%和5.45%。 ②在1个经营周期（6 a）内，桉树工业人工林的物种丰富度呈先快速增加，后稍下降，再增加的“S型”变化；Shannon_Wiener指数和Simpson指数呈先快后慢的逐渐递增趋势；由于在1个经营周期内，物种的恢复总是达不到原有（第1代）的水平，因此，连栽和短轮伐期经营必然导致物种多样性的降低。 ③灌木层的物种丰富度和多样性指数普遍高于草本层，连栽具有降低灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数，提高草本层物种丰富度和多样性指数的作用。      

唐山红小豆地方品种资源形态多样性研究

以66份唐山红小豆为材料,研究唐山红小豆地方品种资源的形态多样性,结果表明:①唐山红小豆地方品种生育期较长,为中晚熟品种,株型高大、分枝较多、单株结荚数多、百粒重较大,产量性状较好;②各性状变异系数的大小顺序为:主茎分枝数＞单株结荚数＞单株粒重＞主茎节数＞营养生长期＞生殖生长期＞百粒重＞单荚粒数＞全生育期＞株高＞荚长;...     

宁夏贺兰山种子植物区系垂直分布格局及其气候解释

根据我国种子植物区系地理划分,结合当地考察资料,探讨了宁夏贺兰山自然保护区种子植物及不同分布区类型的垂直分布格局,并利用SPSS软件对物种丰富度和气候因子进行了回归分析。结果表明,宁夏贺兰山种子植物以温带区系成分为主,约占73.9%,植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈单峰分布,在2 000 m左右达到峰值,在高海拔地区(2 600 m以上)物种丰富度变化不明显。回归分析结果表明,种子植物和温带区系成分垂直分布格局主要受年均温和年潜在蒸散量影响,世界分布垂直分布格局受年均温、年潜在蒸散量、年降水量和最冷月均温影响,热带区系成分垂直分布格局受年均温、年潜在蒸散量、年降水量、最冷月均温和最冷季降水量影响。     

浙江凤阳山自然保护区福建柏群落物种多样性

对浙江省凤阳山自然保护区福建柏Fokienia hodginsii群落的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析。结果表明:木本植物的物种丰富度(161种)和物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物(14种),而群落均匀度两者无显著差异。在群落垂直结构中,灌木层的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度均大于乔木层,但两者之间差异不显著。乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数均明显大于草本层。而乔木层、灌木层与草本层之间的群落均匀度差异不显著。表4参29     

中国高粱产业和种业发展现状与未来展望

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