温度对毛蚶、文蛤和青蛤潜沙能力的影响

将壳长(1.00±0.09)cm的毛蚶Scapharca subcrenata、(1.50±0.08)cm的文蛤Meretrix meretrix和(1.00±0.09)cm的青蛤Cyclina sinensis置于粒径251~500μm的沙质中,水温控制在5℃、9℃、13℃、17℃、21℃和25℃,比较不同水温下这三种贝类的潜沙时间和12h的潜沙率。结果表明:随水温的升高,三种贝类潜入沙中所需的时间逐渐缩短,潜沙率升高。毛蚶、文蛤、青蛤分别在水温25℃、21℃和17℃时潜沙所需时间最短。不同水温下,毛蚶12h的潜沙率非常接近,为86.7%~100%。文蛤在21℃下12h的潜沙率最高(69.3%),25℃次之(61.7%),5℃最低(31.3%),5℃与17℃、21℃、25℃相比,潜沙率差异显著(P0.05)。21℃时青蛤的潜沙率最高(83.3%),17℃次之(72.4%),均显著高于5℃和9℃下(P0.05)。     

文蛤的底质选择性及潜沙能力研究

底质是底栖贝类完成生活史的主要生境,文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)是一种具有较高经济价值的海洋双壳贝类,为了进一步了解文蛤的生态行为学,揭示文蛤对不同类型底质的选择及其潜沙能力,在室内实验条件下,研究了大[(4.90±0.18)cm]、中[(2.72±0.12)cm]、小[(1.13±0.13)cm]3种规格的文蛤对4种底质类型(纯沙质底、3/4沙+1/4泥、1/2沙+1/2泥、1/4沙+3/4泥)的选择性并量化了其潜沙能力。结果表明:实验过程中未出现文蛤死亡,说明3种规格的文蛤在各个底质组合方式实验组中对底质均具有一定的选择性,沙质含量高的底质是各个规格文蛤的优先选择,且其选择能力随着个体规格的增加而增强;文蛤的潜沙率、下潜深度随着文蛤规格的减小而减小,且随着沙质含量的增加而增加,潜沙时间则随着文蛤规格的减小而增加,且随着沙质含量的增加而减小。综合分析认为,文蛤虽然能在不同沙质含量的底质中生存,但沙质含量高的底质是适宜文蛤生存的生境,可为更科学的文蛤增养殖提供数据支撑。     

毛蚶在南美白对虾综合养殖生态系统中的作用

以9个陆基围隔进行南美白对虾池塘不同密度(0g/m2、75 g/m2、150 g/m2)混养毛蚶实验,研究毛蚶对混养虾池的水质(总氮、氨氮、叶绿素α),底质(总氮、总磷)及养殖效益的影响。实验结果显示:混养毛蚶处理组底质总氮、总磷的积累量都低于对照组;毛蚶还促进了水体氨氮的积累,降低了水体叶绿素含量;混养带来毛蚶产量的同时不影响对虾产量,毛蚶密度为150 g/m2的处理组养殖效益最佳。滤食性贝类毛蚶对虾池悬浮物和沉积物的摄食一定程度上缓解了虾池有机物积累,有利于提高生态系统物质利用效率。     

毛蚶在南美白对虾综合养殖生态系统中的作用

以9个陆基围隔进行南美白对虾池塘不同密度(0g/m2、75 g/m2、150g/m2)混养毛蚶实验,研究毛蚶对混养虾池的水质(总氮、氨氮、叶绿素α),底质(总氮、总磷)及养殖效益的影响。实验结果显示:混养毛蚶处理组底质总氮、总磷的积累量都低于对照组;毛蚶还促进了水体氨氮的积累,降低了水体叶绿素含量;混养带来毛蚶产量的同时不影响对虾产量,毛蚶密度为150 g/m2的处理组养殖效益最佳。滤食性贝类毛蚶对虾池悬浮物和沉积物的摄食一定程度上缓解了虾池有机物积累,有利于提高生态系统物质利用效率。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾体内的残留规律研究

模拟水产养殖实际,每天以剂量为50μg/g(鱼体重)的恩诺沙星分别给吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾投喂药饵,周期为7d,研究恩诺沙星在罗非鱼和对虾体内的残留与代谢规律,制定停药期。实验结果发现,恩诺沙星在鱼、虾体内均代谢为环丙沙星。在停药的"零"时,鱼肌肉、肝脏和血液中恩诺沙星的含量分别为(3 61±1 02)μg/g、(5 96±2 12)μg/g、(1 25±0 23)μg/mL,消除半衰期分别为15 61,16 83,17 19h。鱼肌肉中代谢物环丙沙星的最高含量为(0 22±0 06)μg/g,消除半衰期67 3h;中国对虾体内恩诺沙星与环丙沙星的最高含量分别为(1 68±0 41)μg/g、(0 066±0 03)μg/g,消除半衰期分别为27 9,33 6h。在本实验条件下,建议罗非鱼的停药期为22d,中国对虾为12d。     

两种罗非鱼的营养成分研究

本文以吉富罗非鱼和奥尼罗非鱼为研究对象，通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪检测其体内微量元素，我们发现奥尼和吉富罗非鱼肌肉中微量元素含量比较丰富且含量差异不明显。其中鱼类的必需微量元素含有八种，分别为Cu、Zn、Fe、Ni、Mn、Cr、Co、Mo。奥尼罗非鱼肌肉中Zn的含量最高。达0．744mg／L，而吉富罗非鱼肌肉中Fe的含量最高，达0．807mg／L。另外通过氨基酸自动分析仪分析检测其体内氨基酸组分并对其营养价值进行了分析评价。结果表明：两种罗非鱼样品均检测出17种氨基酸。干物质水解氨基酸总量分别为82．4％，86．61％。其中7种人体必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量分别为42．44％、46．61％（盐酸水解法）；4种呈味氨基酸含量丰富且占氨基酸总量分别为37．99％、36．82％。     

对虾池塘网箱养殖罗非鱼期间水体悬浮颗粒物的动态及对罗非鱼生长和存活的影响

于2010年8-10月在广东省茂名市电白县鸡打港实验探讨了对虾-罗非鱼网箱混养池塘养殖期间水体中悬浮颗粒物(TPM)、颗粒有机物(POM)的动态变化及POM含量对罗非鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明:(1)各池塘总颗粒悬浮物量(TPM)为(83.1±34.1)mg/L,变动于35.0~153.8 mg/L之间;颗粒无机物(PIM)含量为(34.3±11.8)mg/L,变化于19.0~54.0 mg/L之间,占总颗粒悬浮物的41.28%;浮游生物干重(PZ)波动在2.43~22.477 mg/L之间,平均值为(9.631±5.911)mg/L,其中浮游植物干重(DWP)为(8.987±5.983)mg/L,变动于2.298~22.105 mg/L之间,浮游动物干重(DWZ)为(0.645±0.607)mg/L,变动于0.018~2.724 mg/L之间;颗粒腐质与细菌量为(38.966±25.530)mg/L,变动于14.339~97.958 mg/L之间,占悬浮颗粒有机物的比例为81.77%。(2)407池网箱养殖吉丽罗非鱼的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于406、408池(P<0.05)。3口池塘罗非鱼的存活率没有显著性差异。本研究旨在为对虾-罗非鱼池塘网箱混养模式的优化提供科学依据。     

不同地理种群文蛤的营养成分研究

对辽宁、山东、江苏、广西4个不同地理种群文蛤的营养成分进行了研究分析。结果表明:蛋白质含量以山东文蛤种群最高(56.07%);粗脂肪和水分以及多糖含量以广西文蛤种群最高,分别为6.78%、7.00%、16.95%;灰分含量以江苏文蛤种群最高(19.79%)。氨基酸的组成非常全面,各地理种群文蛤干物质中必需氨基酸含量由大到小的变化顺序依次为广西(38.18%)、江苏(37.43%)、辽宁(37.38%)、山东(37.05%);各种群氨基酸总量由大到小的变化顺序为广西(495.815 mg/g)、江苏(495.305 mg/g)、山东(467.548 mg/g)、辽宁(463.752 mg/g)。呈鲜味的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸、呈甘味的甘氨酸和丙氨酸以及与甘味有关的脯氨酸和丝氨酸等6种氨基酸的含量较高,变化范围在209.8 mg/g~218.5 mg/g。     

2004年舟山市水产养殖病害回顾与2005年趋势分析

一、2004年舟山市水产养殖病害回顾 2004年舟山市水产养殖以大黄鱼、三疣梭子蟹、对虾、贻贝作为四大主要养殖品种,辅以文蛤、蛏子、泥蚶、毛蚶、扇贝、紫菜以及淡水四大家鱼等的养殖。     

刺参-中国对虾复合养殖系统重金属分布特征

比较了刺参-中国对虾混养和刺参单养两种养殖模式下养殖池塘中底泥表层沉积物和水体悬浮颗粒物以及养殖刺参体组织中Mn、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、As等重金属的含量,并调查分析了两种养殖池塘水体中总悬浮颗粒物和颗粒有机物的变化,研究刺参-中国对虾混养模式对刺参生长环境及刺参体内重金属含量的影响。研究结果表明,刺参体组织中重金属Cu、As和Mn的含量在单养池塘和混养池塘变化趋势一致,且刺参体内Cu和As在混养池塘的含量要低于单养池塘。相比于单养模式,养殖池塘内悬浮颗粒物(TPM)和悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)的含量在混养模式下显著减少,这一结果表明刺参-中国对虾混养模式可显著改善刺参养殖水体的水环境状况。此外,在两种养殖模式下,悬浮颗粒物中不同重金属元素的含量均不相同且呈现出不同的变化趋势,悬浮颗粒物内Cr、Mn、Hg的含量在刺参-中国对虾混养模式下呈显著下降趋势,且含量低于单养池塘。表层沉积物中有机质含量具有一定的波动性,表现出先下降后升高的趋势,且混养池塘有机质含量比同期的单养池塘更高。表层沉积物的重金属含量与强热失量(LOI)的相关性分析结果表明,两种混养模式下,表层沉积物的Cd、Zn、Pb、Mn等重金属水平均与LOI呈正相关关系。     

Transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over-expressing growth hormone show reduced ammonia excretion

The growth of aquaculture has negatively affected the environment due to the high levels of nitrogen excreted by farmed fish. Here we propose that modifying the nitrogen metabolism of the fish themselves using transgenic technology might solve the pollution problem. Growth hormone (GH) is known to increase protein retention and absorption, and is thought to reduce ammonia excretion. Thus, we produced transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that over-expressed the GH gene throughout their bodies. Our findings showed that the food-conversion efficiency of the transgenic fish was 35% higher than that of their non-transgenic siblings. The rearing period required for the transgenic fish to reach a body weight of 20 g was about 75% of that required for non-transgenic fish that were fed the same type and quantity of food. The total amount of ammonium-nitrogen excreted by the transgenic fish was about 69% of that excreted by the wild-type fish over their lifetime. These results suggest that our transgenic approach has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrogen pollution caused by farmed fish. This strategy is a promising option for making aquaculture more ‘eco-friendly’.     

罗非鱼不同组织脂肪酸含量的分析

分别取罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的肉、脂肪、肝、眼和皮等组织,用氯仿-甲醇(2∶1,v/v)提取,以C17∶0为内标物,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)分析了各组织脂肪酸种类及含量。结果显示:罗非鱼各种组织中含有16种脂肪酸,富含多不饱和脂肪酸。脂肪组织中的脂肪酸含量最高,其次是眼睛、肝脏、鱼肉和鱼皮;各组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量为202~8869 mg/kg,主要为棕榈酸(C16∶0)和硬脂酸(C18∶0);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为293~11219 mg/kg,主要为棕榈油酸(C16∶1)和油酸(C18∶1);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为362~8293 mg/kg,主要是亚油酸(C18∶2)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22∶6);n-6/n-3为1.20~2.46。     

滨海型盐碱水域杂交青虾“太湖1号”肌肉营养成分分析

为研究杂交青虾"太湖1号"在滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的营养特点,采用常规生化成分测定法测定了该杂交青虾肌肉中的营养成分,并与野生青虾的肌肉营养成分进行比较。结果显示:杂交青虾肌肉(鲜重)中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分的含量分别为16.774%、0.927%、1.173%、81.367%;肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸(总量为85.680%,干重),其中8种必需氨基酸占31.024%;肌肉中含12种脂肪酸,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高,两者含量之和为1.247%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为1.753%;矿物元素种类丰富,常量元素中,钾含量最高(12.420 mg/g),微量元素中,锌含量最高(59.673μg/g)。研究发现,杂交青虾"太湖1号"蛋白含量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),脂肪、EPA+DHA含量极显著高于野生青虾(P0.01),氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量与野生青虾无显著差异(P0.05),必需氨基酸总量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),但两者氨基酸结构均符合FAO/WHO的标准要求。研究表明:滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的杂交青虾"太湖1号"氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素丰富,具有较高的营养价值。     

人工选育中国对虾两个群体WSSV感染相关免疫与生化因子的变化

通过分析中国对虾人工选育两个群体WSSV感染相关免疫与生化因子的变化，研究选育的两个中国对虾群体对WSSV的敏感性和抵抗力。结果表明，两个群体感染WSSV后，总细胞数（THC）在24h达到最大，随后呈下降趋势；两个群体血淋巴蛋白在感染初期和中期变化不同，但在后期均呈下降趋势；相比而言2＇对虾群体比6＇对虾群体血蛋白含量和THC下降幅度稍慢；2＇对虾群体和6＇对虾群体感染24h后酸性磷酸酶（ACP）稍有下降，随后保持较高的活性，而碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的变化除2＇对虾群体在感染48h有显著增大外，6＇对虾群体变化不明显；过氧化氢酶（CAT）、活性氧（ROS）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与WSSV感染有密切的联系，两个群体抗氧化酶活性随WSSV增殖的变化略有不同；细胞内酚氧化酶（proPO）原变化趋势也表现出差异，斑点杂交结果显示6＇对虾群体比2＇对虾群体阳性反应较早，揭示不同群体间对WSSV感染的敏感性存在一些差异。     

Ammonia nitrogen excretion in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed practical diets: the effects of water temperature

To understand the actual production of fish culture about the utilization of dietary protein and excreta impact on the environment between mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), the study to investigate the effect of temperatures (19 ± 0.5°C, 24 ± 0.5°C and 29 ± 0.5°C) on ammonia‐N excretion in mandarin fish and grass carp under fed and fasted states was conducted. These two species were fed a practical diet containing 325.2 g kg^?1 crude protein at 3% body weight per day. The ammonia‐N excretion rate was significantly increased when temperature increased from 19 to 29°C, and a linear relationship between ammonia‐N excretion rate and temperature. The maximum ammonia‐N excretion levels of mandarin fish and grass carp were observed at 4–8 h and 2–4 h after feeding, respectively, and the minimum values for both species were observed at 24 h after feeding. Under the feeding condition, mandarin fish had a lower ammonia‐N excretion level compared to grass carp at 24°C and 29°C. The average amount of ammonia‐N excreted by mandarin fish at 24 h is significantly higher than grass carp under fasting conditions, except 19 ± 0.5°C. These results indicated that mandarin fish might make better use of protein at higher temperature than grass carp when fed practical diets in commercial production. These results of this study suggested that mandarin fish had a lower ammonia‐N excretion level compared with grass carp, making a less contribution to environmental loading in an intensive fish culture.     

The ammonia excretion of trout during a 24-hour period

Ammonia excretion of fed and starved rainbow trout was measured during a period of 24 h. Measurements were performed every 2 h. Fed fish excreted about four times as much as those which were starved for 12 days. Significant differences were noticed between highest and lowest 2-h values, indicating a possible circadian rhythm of ammonia excretion and nitrogen metabolism in fish.     

LMG在养殖水体中的残留及其在鱼肌肉中的积累

检测曾投放过孔雀石绿(MG)养殖池塘中水样MG和隐性孔雀石绿(LMG)含量,并以此数据为基础通过室内模拟实验研究了不同浓度LMG养殖水体中生长的罗非鱼(Tilapia)和淡水白鲳(Colussoma brachypomum)肌肉中的积累情况。结果显示:所选取的5个池塘中LMG平均含量为30.32 ng/mL,6个月前使用过孔雀石绿的5个鱼塘的养殖水体中仍有一定量LMG残留。室内模拟实验显示:在LMG初始浓度为1.00 ng/mL的养殖水体中,LMG在罗非鱼和淡水白鲳肌肉中积累浓度分别高达60.0 ng/g和70.8 ng/g;罗非鱼肌肉中脂肪含量为0.53%,淡水白鲳为0.75%,说明脂肪含量高的淡水白鲳更容易积累LMG。同时发现,罗非鱼和淡水白鲳积累LMG浓度与水体中LMG浓度成正相关。     

Vitamin E sparing effect by dietary vitamin C in juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus

In order to investigate sparing effects of vitamin C on vitamin E for juvenile hybrid tilapia, fish were fed diets with or without vitamin E each supplemented with either adequate or a high (3× adequate) level of two ascorbate sources, -ascorbic acid (AA) and its derivative, -ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (C2MP-Mg). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish initially weighing a mean value of 0.54±0.01 g/fish in a closed-recirculated rearing system for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with adequate levels of either AA or C2MP-Mg were significantly lower (P<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Plasma and liver -tocopherol concentrations were lower in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets regardless of the level or source of supplemented ascorbate. Gill -tocopherolxxxxxxxx concentration was highest in fish fed vitamin E-adequate diets, intermediate in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets supplemented with a high level of AA or C2MP-Mg and lowest in fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg. Fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg had higher hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances than fish fed the other diets. These data suggest that the high supplementation level (3× adequate) of ascorbate could spare vitamin E in diets for hybrid tilapia and that both AA and C2MP-Mg exhibits the same sparing effect.     

Poor utilization of dietary free amino acids by white sturgeon

Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate the utilization of dietary free amino acids by white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus. In the first experiment, sturgeon were fed for 8 weeks with isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing either intact protein, an amino acid mixture, or a neutralized amino acid mixture of similar composition. Sturgeon fed the two amino acid diets grew significantly (p<0.05) less, mainly because of reduced feed intake. In the second experiment, postprandial changes in plasma free amino acids of sturgeon force-fed the above diets were monitored at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h Total plasma amino acids in sturgeon force-fed the intact protein diet showed a gradual increase and reached peak levels at 8 h. In contrast, plasma amino acids of fish force-fed the amino acid diets showed a rapid increase and reached maximal levels at 2 h. In the third experiment, free amino acid diets showed a urine of sturgeon force-fed the three diets was monitored at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h. In all dietary groups, peak excretion of indispensable amino acids was detected at 8 h after feeding but with significantly higher levels from fish force-fed the amino acid diets. Sturgeon force-fed the neutralized amino acid diet excreted 35% less amino acids compared to fish force-fed the non-neutralized diet. Sturgeon force-fed the intact protein diet excreted significantly higher amounts of ammonia. Under amino acid feeding conditions, sturgeon excreted more amino acids in its urine, but the urinary excretion of amino acids was not a major route in dealing with the rapid absorption of dietary free amino acids.     

Effects of dietary amino acid profile on growth performance, key metabolic enzymes and somatotropic axis responsiveness of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Juvenile gilthead sea bream were fed to visual satiety with isonitrogenous diets based on fish meal and different plant ingredients (33–35% replacement) supplemented with free amino acids to meet the desired indispensable amino acid (IAA) profile and dispensable amino acid (DAA) content. In diets M and WB, IAA profile and DAA content resemble that of the muscle or whole body, respectively. In diets MGlu and WBGlu, DAA content was increased by adding -glutamic acid (Glu) and thus the IAA/DAA ratio varied from 1.13 (diet M) to 0.80 (diet WBGlu). Growth rates were not significantly different among experimental groups, but feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention were impaired by the decrease of dietary IAA/DAA ratio. Postprandial ammonia excretion increased with the increase of dietary DAA content irrespective of IAA profile. Conversely, hepatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was lower in fish fed diet WBGlu than in fish fed diet M. Hepatic growth hormone (GH) binding was not significantly affected by the dietary treatment, but circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and GH were, respectively, down- and up-regulated in fish fed diet WBGlu, which suggests some defect in the transmission of GH receptor signal. Fat retention and hepatic activities of lipogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; malic enzyme, ME) were decreased in fish fed diet MGlu. Key metabolic enzymes of hepatic glycolysis (glucokinase, GK) and gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK) were also altered in this group of fish. Since soybean meal concentration was highest in diet MGlu, results on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism can be primarily attributed to this component of the diet. In contrast, data on growth performance, ammonia excretion and GH axis mainly reflect changes in the dietary amino acid profile, which reveals that a muscle IAA profile and a high IAA/DAA ratio are important in feeds for gilthead sea bream.