Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System

The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

长期有机无机配施黑土土壤有机碳对农田基础地力提升的影响

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥方式对提升东北黑土土壤有机碳和农田基础地力的差异。【方法】以国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期监测试验（1989-2011年）资料为基础,采用 DSSAT ver.4.0作物生长模型模拟：（1） CK（对照,不施肥）;（2）NPK（施氮磷钾肥）;（3）NPKM（有机肥+NPK化肥,M指有机肥）;（4）l.5NPKM（NPKM处理的1.5倍）;（5）NPKS（秸秆+NPK化肥,S指玉米秸秆）5种施肥方式下东北黑土区春玉米20年的农田基础地力产量,在分析长期不同施肥措施下基础地力与土壤有机碳的演变规律的基础上,进一步探讨两者之间的数量化关系。【结果】经过20年施肥管理,NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM和NPKS施肥处理春玉米农田基础地力产量分别增长了53.4%、78.0%、101.2%和69.4%,而CK处理的基础地力产量随时间延长呈下降趋势。到2008年,1.5NPKM、NPKM、NPKS、NPK 4个处理的土壤有机碳含量分别比CK处理的土壤有机碳含量增加了65.6%、65.1%、26.0%和21.7%,土壤有机碳储量分别提升了69.9%、44.2%、25.2%和16.7%。土壤有机碳含量与春玉米基础地力产量呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）,土壤有机碳含量每增加1 g?kg^-1,春玉米农田基础地力产量大约提高220 kg?hm^-2。【结论】土壤有机碳是黑土区基础地力的主要驱动因素,有机肥或秸秆与化肥配施提升了土壤有机碳,因而能有效提高春玉米农田基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率。增加有机物料投入是黑土区农田基础地力培育的最佳施肥措施。     

不同施肥方式对农田有机碳含量的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥方式对农田有机碳（SOC）含量的影响,为制定农田管理措施以减少碳排放提供科学依据。[方法]收集我国37个试验站资料,分析不同施肥处理下SOC变化。[结果]对照（CK）、有机肥（M）、无机肥（NPK）、无机肥＋秸秆（NPKS）和无机肥＋厩肥施肥（NPKM）处理方式下,SOC含量上升的样本比例分别为37.86%、89.96%、72.24%、97.87%和94.43%。不同施肥处理下SOC的增长量与施肥时间呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。SOC初始值与不同施肥方式下的SOC含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,但与SOC年增长率呈明显或极显著负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。[结论]有机肥和无机肥配施,有助于提高SOC含量,增强土壤养分供贮能力,有利于维持土壤有机质的平衡。     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

Long-Term Manure Amendments Enhance Soil Aggregation and Carbon Saturation of Stable Pools in North China Plain

Organic amendment is considered as an effective way to increase soil organic carbon （SOC） stock in croplands. To better understand its potential for SOC sequestration, whether SOC saturation could be observed in an intensive agricultural ecosystem receiving long-term composted manure were examined. Different SOC pools were isolated by physical fractionation techniques ofa Cambisol soil under a long-term manure experiment with wheat-maize cropping in North China Plain. A field experiment was initiated in 1993, with 6 treatments including control （i.e., without fertilization）, chemical fertilizer only, low rate of traditional composted manure （7.5 t ha-h）, high rate of traditional composted manure （15 t ha-~）, low rate ofbio-composted manure （7.5 t ha-h） and high rate of bio-composted manure （15 t ha-h）. The results showed that consecutive （for up to 20 years） composted manure amendments significantly improved soil macro-aggregation, aggregate associated SOC concentration, and soil structure stability. In detail, SOC concentration in the sand-sized fraction （〉53 ~tm） continued to increase with manure application rate, while the silt （2-53 I.tm） and clay （〈2 ~tm） particles showed no further increase with greater C inputs, exhibiting the C saturation. Further physical separation of small macro-aggregates （250-2 000 tam） into subpools showed that the non-protected coarse particulate organic matter （cPOM, 〉250 pro） was the fraction in which SOC continued to increase with increasing manure application rate. In contrast, the chemical and physical protected C pools （i.e., micro-aggregates and silt-clay occluded in the small macro- aggregates） exhibited no additional C sequestration when the manure application rate was increased. It can be concluded that repeated manure amendments can increase soil macro-aggregation and lead to the increase in relatively stable C pools, showing hierarchical saturation behavior in the intensive cropping system of North China Plain.     

不同施肥处理下我国典型农田土壤对可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

为分析不同施肥处理下我国典型农田土壤对可溶性有机碳(DOC)的吸附特征及其影响因素,选取黑土、灰漠土、潮土、红壤4种典型农田土壤,在不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施氮磷肥(NP)、施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机肥配施化学氮磷钾肥(NPKM)5种施肥处理下,运用平衡吸附法测定DOC的吸附量.结果 表明,不同土壤类型在同一平衡浓度下对DOC的吸附量有较大差异,整体表现为灰漠土、红壤>黑土>潮土.最大吸附量(Qmax)在各类土壤中表现为红壤>灰漠土>黑土>潮土.其中,各土壤类型的吸附特征在不同施肥处理下具有较大差异:灰漠土和潮土Qmax总体表现为NPKM>NPK>NP>N>CK;红壤Qmax总体表现为NPKM>N>NPK>NP>CK;黑土表现为NPKM、NPK处理大于其他处理,其中NPKM处理的Qmax比CK增加15.2％.4种土壤的吸附亲和力常数(K)在不同施肥处理下均表现为CK处理大于其他处理.4种土壤的解吸势(b)随着初始有机质含量的增加而增加,其中黑土的解吸势远大于其他3类土壤.通过冗余分析发现,土壤性质能解释DOC吸附特征参数全部变异的90.61％.第一冗余因子解释了DOC吸附特征参数全部变异的82.79％,主要与粉粒含量、黏粒含量、pH等有关;第二冗余因子解释了全部变异的7.82％,主要与土壤有机质含量有关.研究表明,不同类型土壤中,黏粉粒含量较高的土壤对DOC的吸附量更大,同一土壤类型下,有机质含量较高的土壤对DOC的吸附量更大.     

长期施肥下灰漠土易氧化有机碳的变化特征研究

以长期定位施肥下灰漠土易氧化有机碳变化特征为研究对象,于2013年采集不同施肥处理的对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、化肥平衡配施（NPK）、化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）、化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）、撂荒（CK0）的土样,分析测定土壤易氧化有机碳及总有机碳含量.结果表明,24 a 后,化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理土壤有机碳含量达到17．42 g/kg,比1990年的基础值增加了80％;对照（CK）处理土壤有机碳含量最低,仅为6．46 g/kg 左右,比1990年下降了48％;单施氮肥（N）、化肥平衡配施（NPK）的土壤有机碳下降了30％;化肥配秸秆（NPKS）的土壤有机碳下降了10％;撂荒（CK0）处理的土壤有机碳增加了11％.配施有机肥（NPKM）处理土壤易氧化有机碳含量显著增加了188％;除化肥平衡配施（NPK）处理以外,CK、N、NPKM、NPKS、CK0处理的易氧化有机碳含量均有所增加,但与基础值差异不显著（P ＞0．05）,NPK处理比基础值下降了28％.各处理的活度、碳库管理指数和活度指数都较基础土壤值高（除 NPK处理）,NPKM处理明显提高了土壤碳库管理指数.易氧化有机碳与土壤有机碳的相关性达极显著水平（P ＜0．01）,与作物产量的相关性达显著水平（P ＜0．05）.长期化肥配施有机肥有利于土壤有机碳的积累.土壤易氧化有机碳是反映土壤碳素动态变化灵敏而有效的指标,该指标为培肥地力、增加土壤活性有机质含量提供了量化依据.     

长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量和有机质结构的影响

为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥（NPKM1）、50%化肥配施50%有机肥（NPKM2）、30%化肥配施70%有机肥（NPKM3）,采用固体¹³C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳（SOC）分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施（NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3）提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%~7.7%（P>0.05）,中低有机肥配施比例（30%和50%）稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%~71.1%和104.1%~267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳（甲氧基/含氮烷基碳）含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中碳氮特征对长期施肥的响应

【目的】研究长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中有机碳（OC）、全氮（TNOIC）特征的影响,为红壤性水稻土管理和培育土壤肥力提供依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥试验的红壤性水稻土为研究对象（始于1984年）,选取CK（不施肥）、PK（施磷钾肥）、NPK（施氮磷钾肥）、NPKM（施70%氮磷钾肥+30%有机肥）4个处理。采集0—20 cm土层土样,分析各粒级（<2、2—10、10—20、20—50和50—250μm）有机无机复合体的分布,并探讨施肥对复合体中有机碳（OC）和全氮（TNOIC）含量、储量和碳氮比（C/N）的影响,以及有机无机复合体中OC和TNOIC对红壤性水稻土有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）贡献率的影响。【结果】与不施肥CK相比,施肥处理显著提高了20—50μm粒级复合体的比例,降低了<10μm粒级复合体比例,而NPKM处理与其他施肥处理相比,50—250μm粒级复合体的比例增加更显著;不同施肥对各粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC含量影响不同,与PK相比,NPK处理的50—250μm粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC分别增加了36.3%、80.6%;与NPK相比,NPKM...     

不同施肥年限下作物产量及土壤碳氮库容对增施有机物料的响应

【目的】研究不同年限下增施有机肥及秸秆还田对作物产量及剖面土壤碳氮库容的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量提供依据。【方法】以农业部昌平潮褐土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站为平台,分别在长达11年和27年的2个不同施肥年限试验区采集4个施肥处理,即氮磷钾（NPK)、氮磷钾+22.5 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷钾+33.75 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM+）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）不同土层深度的土壤样品,分析冬小麦-夏玉米产量和土壤碳氮库容剖面分布特征。 【结果】（1）增施有机肥及秸秆还田处理对作物的增产效应随施肥年限的延长而逐渐增强。与NPK处理相比,施肥11年限的NPKM、NPKM+和NPKS处理分别提高小麦和玉米产量为18.6%、15.8%、3.5%和39%、42%、35%;而27年的各施肥处理对小麦和玉米产量的增产幅度分别为41%、51.5%、23%和31%、33%、58%。（2）随着施肥年限的延长,增施有机肥及秸秆还田均能持续提升土壤碳、氮库容。连续施肥11年后,土壤碳、氮库容分别为25—114 Mg·hm ^-2、2.2—9.0 Mg·hm ^-2;而27年后土壤碳、氮库容分别为29—146 Mg·hm ^-2、2.5—12.1 Mg·hm ^-2。随着土壤剖面的加深,不同施肥年限中土壤碳、氮库容均表现为先逐渐增加后逐渐降低的趋势,均在80 cm处达到峰值。在80 cm土层峰值处,27年施肥处理中NPK、NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS土壤碳库和氮库分别为102、128、146、123 Mg·hm ^-2和8.3、9.7、12.1、9.1 Mg·hm ^-2,而11年施肥年限内各处理土壤碳、氮库均表现为差异不显著（P>0.05）。和NPK相比,不同年限中增施有机肥及秸秆还田均降低了不同土层的土壤碳氮比。同时,随着施肥年限的延长,土壤碳氮比越稳定。（3）随着施肥年限的延长,各处理土壤累积碳、氮库均呈现增加趋势。连续施肥11年后,NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为5.2%、11.2%、9.2%和21.2%、26.6%、38.8%;连续施肥27年后NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为26.3%、41.1%、21.8%和26.2%、44.9%、4.0%,且随着施肥年限的延长,施用有机肥对土壤累积碳库容的提升高于秸秆还田的趋势愈加明显,而对土壤累积氮库容的提升效果低于秸秆还田。 【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥及秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤碳氮库容、提升土壤肥力,且随着施肥年限的延长,效果愈加明显。同时,施用有机肥对作物产量、碳库的增强效应强于秸秆还田,而对氮库的提升效果低于秸秆还田。     

Soil carbon sequestration under long-term rice-based cropping systems of purple soil in Southwest China

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is a complex process controlled by farming practices, climate and some other environment factors. Since purple soils are unique in China and used as the main cropland in Sichuan Basin of China, it is of great importance to study and understand the impacts of different fertilizer amendments on soil organic carbon(SOC) changes with time. A research was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil carbon sequestration and organic carbon input as affected by different fertilizer treatments at two long-term rice-based cropping system experiments set up in early 1980 s. Each experiment consisted of six identical treatments, including(1) no fertilizer(CK),(2) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers(NP),(3) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(4) fresh pig manure(M),(5) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers plus manure(MNP), and(6) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). The results showed that annual harvestable carbon biomass was the highest in the treatment of MNPK, followed by MNP and NPK, then M and NP, and the lowest in CK. Most of fertilizer treatments resulted in a significant gain in SOC ranging from 6.48 to 2 9.13% compared with the CK, and raised soil carbon sequestration rate to 0.10–0.53 t ha–1 yr-1. Especially, addition of manure on the basis of mineral fertilizers was very conducive to SOC maintenance in this soil. SOC content and soil carbon sequestration rate under balanced fertilizer treatments(NPK and MNPK) in the calcareous purple soil(Suining) were higher than that in the acid purple soil(Leshan). But carbon conversion rate at Leshan was 11.00%, almost 1.5 times of that(7.80%) at Suining. Significant linear correlations between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input were observed at both sites, signifying that the purple soil was not carbon-saturated and still had considerable potential to se questrate more carbon.     

长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征

【目的】土壤有机碳具有高度异质性,不同组分的有机碳由于化学性质和存在方式等不同,其生物有效性和肥力功能不同,并反映出不同的稳定机制,所以深入研究土壤有机碳的组分特征,对于更好地了解土壤有机碳的稳定性和肥力机制具有重要意义。本研究以黄壤性水稻土为对象,旨在研究揭示长期施肥对土壤有机碳组分特征的影响并探讨合理培肥模式。【方法】以中国黄壤性水稻土18年长期施肥定位试验为依托,通过田间取样和室内分析,采用土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳组分含量及分配比例的变化,并通过定量分析组分碳含量与年均碳投入量的关系,探讨土壤有机碳饱和现象。试验处理包括不施肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（0.5MNPK）和无机肥配施高量有机肥（MNPK）,碳投入梯度为0.87-6.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1。【结果】与不施肥（CK）相比,单施化肥（NPK）处理显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、化学保护粉粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组有机碳含量,总有机碳提升10%;有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳,增加幅度高于化肥处理,总有机碳提升24%-46%,其中以有机无机肥配施（MNPK）的提升幅度最大;与不施肥（CK）及单施化肥（NPK）处理相比,有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）土壤物理保护有机碳的分配比例显著升高;模型分析发现,长期施肥条件下土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳浓度与年均碳投入量呈显著的线性关系,而化学保护态有机碳浓度与生物化学保护态有机碳浓度以及土壤总有机碳含量,均与年均碳投入量呈显著的“饱和曲线效应”的对数函数关系。【结论】有机无机肥配施是提升黄壤性水稻土有机碳水平的最佳培肥措施,并以物理保护有机碳的提升幅度最大,强化了有机碳的物理稳定机制;黄壤性水稻土较稳定的有机碳组分（化学保护态、生物化学保护态）以及总有机碳存在饱和现象,在当前条件下出现饱和限制。     

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included: a non-amended control(CK), a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment(NPK); a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment(NPKM), and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment(NPKS). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term(NPKM, NPKS) significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only(NPK), and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness(S) and structural diversity(H). Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities(average well color development, AWCD) and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices(H' and E) indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated(NPKM, NPKS) could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis(PCA) based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that soil organic carbon(SOC) availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon(Cmic) and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China's soil resource.     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应

【目的】分析长期不同施肥下土壤有效磷含量、全磷含量、土壤磷素盈亏和磷素活化效率（PAC）的动态变化,探讨不同施肥下水稻土磷素演变特征及与磷平衡的响应关系。【方法】基于1982年开始的红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥定位试验,试验包括不施肥（CK）、有机肥（牛粪,M）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、氮磷钾肥＋有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）、氮钾肥＋有机肥（NKM）和磷钾肥＋有机肥（PKM）共7个处理。【结果】经过30年不同施肥,土壤有效磷含量均呈上升趋势。M、NKM、NPK、NPM、NPKM和PKM处理土壤有效磷含量变化速率分别为0.18、0.20、0.83、1.35、1.46和1.62 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。M、NPK、PKM、NPM和NPKM处理土壤全磷增加速率分别约为4.3、15.4、16.0、18.3和22.9 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。所有施肥处理,土壤中磷素均有盈余,磷素盈余量与土壤有效磷增加量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,M、NKM、NPM、NPKM、PKM和NPK6个处理的土壤有效磷含量分别增加0.4、0.7、1.9、2.1、2.2和3.2 mg·kg^-1。在土壤中磷素盈余量接近的情况下,单施化肥（NPK）的PAC显著高于单施有机肥（M）处理（P＜0.05）。【结论】化学磷肥和有机肥配施相比单施化肥或有机肥能够显著提高红壤性水稻土土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化效率。     

Long-term effect of fertilizer application on rice yield,potassium uptake in plants,and potassium balance in double rice cropping system

A 27 years field experiment was conducted on a Fe-Accumli Stagnic Anthrosol to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer, pig manure (PM), and rice straw (RS) on rice yield, uptake, and usage efficiency of potassium, soil K pools, and the nonexchangeable K release under the double rice cropping system in South Central China. Common cropping pattern in the study was early rice-late rice-fallow (winter). The field treatments included CK (no fertilizer applied), NP, NK, NPK, and NK + PM, NP + RS, NPK + RS. The pig manure and rice straw was applied in both the early rice and late rice cropping season. The ranking order of 27 years average annual grain yield were the CK<NK<NP<NK + PM<NP + RS<NPK<NPK + RS treatments. The negative yield change trends were observed in the CK and NP and NK treatments of unbalanced nutrient application in the case of omitted-K and P-omitted. The positive yield change trends were observed in balanced applications of NPK and combined application of fertilizer (NPK) with pig manure (NK + PM) or rice straw (NP + RS and NPK + RS). The application of K fertilizer (NPK) increased grain yield by 56.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ over that obtained with no K application (NP). The combined application of pig manure with fertilizer (NK + PM) increased by 82.2 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NK). The combined application of rice straw with fertilizer (NP + RS and NPK + RS) increased on the average of 34.4 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NP and NPK). In all fertilizer, pig manure and rice straw combinations, K uptake change trends in rice plants of the early rice was positive except for CK and NP treatments. The results showed that the total removal of K by the rice plants exceeded the amounts of total K applied to the soil in all treatments, which showed a negative K balance. This ranged from 106.3 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in CK treatment to 289.6 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in the NPK + RS treatment. Continuous annual application of 199.2 K kg·hm⁻² to rice resulted in an accumulation (58 kg·hm⁻²) of exchangeable K (1 mol NH₄OAc extractable K) in 0–45 cm soil depth over the study period, despite the higher average annual uptake of K by the system (225.7 kg·hm⁻²). However, nonexchangeable K increased substantially from 1090 kg·hm⁻² to 1113 kg·hm⁻² and 1140 kg·hm⁻² in the 0–45 cm soil layer in NPK + RS and NPK treatments after 27 years of the continuous double rice cropping system, respectively. Thus, long-term rational application of K fertilizer may increase sustainable K fertility of the continuous double rice cropped system.