泰州地区致仔猪腹泻奇异变形杆菌鉴定及其毒力基因与耐药性检测

为了分析泰州地区致仔猪腹泻奇异变形杆菌致病性、毒力基因及耐药性,试验从泰州地区规模化养殖场采集腹泻仔猪粪便、肛拭子等114样品,分离得到42株奇异变形杆菌,采用PCR法和K-B药敏纸片法对分离的42株奇异变形杆菌进行毒力基因与耐药性检测。结果表明,42株奇异变形杆菌毒力基因zapA、pmfA检出率最高,检出率分别为95.2%、92.9%,毒力基因ureC、mrpA、atfC检测出率在40.5%～50.0%之间;42株奇异变形杆菌对阿莫西林、大观霉素、氨苄西林等11种药物耐药率在66.7%以上,对头孢噻呋、头孢噻肟、恩诺沙星等5种药物耐药率在11.9%～26.2%之间,说明了该地区分离的致仔猪腹泻奇异变形杆菌携带多种毒力基因,耐药性严重。本试验为该地区分离的致仔猪腹泻奇异变形杆菌感染的防控提供参考依据。     

河北省犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌致病性及耐药性分析

为确定河北省犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的致病性与耐药性,本研究对2018年1月至2019年6月期间从河北省石家庄、保定、承德、唐山、廊坊的部分肉牛场腹泻犊牛样品中分离到的50株大肠杆菌进行了致病性试验、药物敏感性试验、毒力基因和耐药基因检测。结果显示:50株分离菌均对小鼠具有致病性,致病菌占比100%(50/50)。毒力基因fyuA、irp2、eaeA、ler检出率分别为68.0%、66.0%、34.0%、34.0%。50株分离菌均对15种抗生素中的2种及以上表现为耐药,对10种及以上抗生素耐药的菌株占比达34%(17/50);分离菌对土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、替米考星4种药物表现为高度耐药,耐药率分别为90%、90%、94%、100%。除四环素类tetD基因检出率为0外,其它耐药基因均有检出,其中四环素类tetC、氨基糖苷类aadA1、喹诺酮类gyrA、gyrB基因检测率高达100%。试验的50株大肠杆菌均具有较强的毒力和多重耐药性。本研究为河北省大肠杆菌所致犊牛腹泻病的防治提供了实验依据。     

冀北地区致犊牛腹泻奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性研究

为鉴定冀北地区养殖场中引起犊牛腹泻的病原菌,本实验于2021年～2023年采集冀北地区养殖场中患腹泻病奶肉犊牛的肛拭子、粪便及肝脏等病料样品247份,采用细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化鉴定和ureR基因的PCR扩增等方法进行细菌的分离鉴定,结果显示,从采集的247份患腹泻病的奶肉犊牛病料样品中分离并鉴定到102株奇异变形杆菌(PM)。将分离菌人工感染小鼠(0.20 m L/只,含菌量为108cfu/mL),检测PM对小鼠的致病性。结果显示其中72株PM引起小鼠发病与死亡,为致病性PM,小鼠的死亡率在40%～100%。采用PCR方法及K-B药敏纸片法分别检测分离菌的毒力基因、相关耐药基因及耐药性,采用SPSS19软件中的Fisher确切概率法分析PM耐药表型与相关耐药基因之间的相关性。结果显示,毒力基因fliL、zapA、pmf A、atfA、rsb A、ureC、atfC在72株致病性PM中的检出率在63.4%～100%,其他毒力基因的检出率在2.7%～8.1%;72株致病性PM对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、安普霉素等12种药物耐药的菌株占51.4%以上,对其他药物耐药的菌株占6.9%～33....     

犊牛腹泻源大肠杆菌耐药情况及HPI相关基因的检测

本研究旨在明确犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌的耐药情况、强毒力岛(HPI)标志基因及相关基因的携带情况,以及大肠杆菌分离株与HPI携带的关系。采集犊牛病理性腹泻样本158份,采用麦康凯培养基和伊红美蓝培养基进行筛选,镜检符合大肠杆菌形态的进行VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定和PCR鉴定,采用K-B纸片法对大肠杆菌分离株进行药敏试验,应用PCR方法进行分离株HPI相关基因携带情况的检测。结果显示,共分离得到75株大肠杆菌,分离株对阿莫西林、哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、四环素的耐药率均90%,对头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均≥60.00%,对阿米卡星较敏感,耐药率为9.33%;75株大肠杆菌全部耐3种以上药物,多重耐药(≥10)的菌株占85.33%,耐药谱集中在耐14～17种药物,5株对19种药物全部耐药。HPI标志基因irp2的阳性率为100%,其他相关基因fyuA、irp3、irp5、irp8和ytbA的检出率在66.00%以上。综上所述,宁夏地区犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌耐药普遍,多重耐药现象严重。     

羊源大肠杆菌血清型鉴定、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为分析内蒙古扎兰屯地区羊源大肠杆菌血清型分布、毒力基因及耐药性流行情况,采集患羊鼻腔拭子150份,分离大肠杆菌,并采用O血清型玻板凝集试验、PCR法和K-B药敏纸片法对分离的大肠杆菌致病菌株进行血清型、毒力基因及耐药性检测。结果显示, 45株大肠杆菌致病菌株分属10种血清型,以O111、O127、 O38为流行的优势血清型,分别占致病菌株的26.7%、22.2%和17.8%;分离菌株毒力基因irp2、fyuA、hlyA、hlyE、Ler、eaeA、Ehly检出率在33.3%以上,其他毒力基因检出率在4.4%～14.3%之间;分离菌株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、新霉素9种药物耐药率在53.3%以上,对其他药物的耐药率在13.3%～26.7%之间。研究表明,内蒙古扎兰屯地区羊源大肠杆菌血清型复杂,携带多种毒力基因,耐药性严重。     

牛冠状病毒、牛轮状病毒和致病性大肠杆菌混合感染致犊牛腹泻的研究

为了明确新疆石河子某规模化奶牛场犊牛腹泻病死率较高的原因。本研究对腹泻犊牛的粪样及病死犊牛肠道内容物进行病原检测,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因检测、耐药基因检测、动物致病性试验及药敏试验。最终明确病因主要由牛冠状病毒(BCoV)和牛轮状病毒(BRV)和大肠杆菌混合感染引起。药敏试验表明,分离到的大肠杆菌对28种抗生素产生了严重的耐药,仅对多粘菌素和呋喃妥因敏感,并且发现该菌同时携带2种毒力基因和10种耐药基因。本研究分离的一株大肠杆菌携带有丰富的耐药基因,具有多重耐药性,为该奶牛场上临床治疗加大了难度。而本试验结果为该养殖场提供科学的临床药物指导,为该牛场治疗此次犊牛腹泻提供了依据,同时为新疆犊牛腹泻混合感染的防控提供了病例参考和技术资料。     

临床腹泻肉羊源大肠杆菌流行病学调查及耐药性分析

为了了解江苏省肉羊腹泻源致病性大肠杆菌毒力基因分布情况,并与相应的大肠杆菌O抗原型进行比较和分析其耐药性,试验采集江苏省部分地区24个肉羊养殖场临床腹泻样品75份,运用PCR技术、玻板凝集试验和药敏纸片琼脂扩散法对56株致病性大肠杆菌分离株进行毒力基因、血清型及耐药性分析。结果表明:56株分离株可分为11种不同毒力因子组合,O73为优势血清型。致病性大肠杆菌分离株对磷霉素、多黏菌素B比较敏感,敏感比例分别为85.71%、76.79%。耐药性最强的是强力霉素,耐药比例为94.64%;其次是四环素,耐药比例为78.57%。说明目前江苏省规模化肉羊养殖场致病性大肠杆菌的毒力基因检出率较高且基因型复杂,耐药性严重。     

犊牛腹泻源大肠杆菌耐药情况及HPI相关基因的检测

本研究旨在明确犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌的耐药情况、强毒力岛（HPI）标志基因及相关基因的携带情况，以及大肠杆菌分离株与HPI携带的关系。采集犊牛病理性腹泻样本158份，采用麦康凯培养基和伊红美蓝培养基进行筛选，镜检符合大肠杆菌形态的进行VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定和PCR鉴定，采用K-B纸片法对大肠杆菌分离株进行药敏试验，应用PCR方法进行分离株HPI相关基因携带情况的检测。结果显示，共分离得到75株大肠杆菌，分离株对阿莫西林、哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、四环素的耐药率均>90%，对头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均≥ 60.00%，对阿米卡星较敏感，耐药率为9.33%；75株大肠杆菌全部耐3种以上药物，多重耐药（≥ 10）的菌株占85.33%，耐药谱集中在耐14~17种药物，5株对19种药物全部耐药。HPI标志基因irp2的阳性率为100%，其他相关基因fyuA、irp3、irp5、irp8和ytbA的检出率在66.00%以上。综上所述，宁夏地区犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌耐药普遍，多重耐药现象严重。     

仔猪腹泻致病性大肠杆菌分型鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解贵州省规模化养猪场腹泻仔猪致病性大肠杆菌流行情况及耐药性变化,本研究运用凝集试验、PCR和药敏纸片琼脂扩散法等方法对分离的78株致病性大肠杆菌进行血清型、毒力基因及耐药性分析。结果显示,78株致病性大肠杆菌以O138、O87血清型为主,占定型菌株的60.8%;其中62株致病性大肠杆菌检出毒力基因,检出率为79.5%,可分为8种毒力基因类型,分属肠致病性大肠杆菌（EPEC）、肠产毒性大肠杆菌（ETEC）和肠聚集性大肠杆菌（EAEC）,毒力基因eaeA、elt和escV检出率较高,分别为38.5%、28.2%和21.8%;分离到的致病性大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类药物高度耐药,均为多重耐药株,耐药种类可达8种以上。结果表明,当前贵州省规模化养猪场腹泻仔猪致病性大肠杆菌的毒力基因检出率较高且基因型复杂,耐药性严重。本试验结果可为规模化养猪场防控仔猪腹泻提供基础资料及理论依据。     

桂林地区致仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌血清型鉴定与耐药性分析

为了了解桂林地区致仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌血清型分布与耐药性,从桂林地区不同养猪场中采集患腹泻仔猪肝脏、肛拭子及粪便等病料中分离到67株大肠杆菌。致病性试验结果显示,在67株大肠杆菌中52株为致病性大肠杆菌。采用玻板凝集法和K-B药敏纸片法对52株致病性大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定和耐药性分析,结果表明,52株致病性大肠杆菌共属于12个血清型,以O149、O109和O9为流行的优势血清型;52株致病性大肠杆菌呈现多重耐药,对阿莫西林、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、新霉素3种药物的耐药率高达100%,对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氨苄西林等9种药物的耐药率在51.9%～98.1%之间;对其他药物的耐药率在23.1%～48.1%之间。本试验为该地区致仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌防控提供了参考依据。     

致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌对小鼠致病性及药物敏感性试验

为探讨近年来新疆地区犊牛腹泻的发病原因,于2009年4月至2010年8月,对新疆地区部分集约化奶牛场110头严重腹泻犊牛及11头病死犊牛进行病料采集,从121份病样中分离出102株大肠杆菌;分离菌株进行小鼠腹腔注射均能造成小鼠发病,LD50从3.7768×108到1.888×107之间;所分离的大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、氯霉素、环丙沙星敏感性分别为22.5%、30.4%、40.2%、41.2%、46.1%,对阿米卡星、头孢噻吩、头孢孟多、头孢他啶、头孢西叮的敏感性分别为70.6%、75.5%、84.3%、98%、100.0%。表明新疆地区近两年来犊牛腹泻主要是由致病性大肠杆菌引起,其对头孢西叮敏感性较高,对其它抗生素均率产生不同程度的耐药性。     

Longitudinal prevalence study of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in dairy calves

A longitudinal study (cohort study) elaborating 1,224 rectal swabs from 221 calves aging between 1 and 12 weeks was conducted on 11 dairy farms (i) to ascertain associations between diarrhea and shedding of diarrheagenic E. coli and (ii) to facilitate the zoonotic potential assessment of E. coli strains shed by young calves. Calves were screened weekly by PCR of swab cultures for shedding of enterotoxigenic E coli [ETEC; by detection of heat stable (est) and heat labile enterotoxin genes (elt)], diffusely adhering E. coli [DAEC; diffuse adhesion (daa)], typical enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC; bundle-forming pili (bfpA) and intimin (eae)] as well as enterohemorrhagic E. coli [EHEC, intimin (eae) and Shiga toxin (stx)]. In addition, EHEC-hemolysin- (Hly(EHEC)) and alpha-hemolysin- (alpha-Hly) producing E. coli were detected by inoculation of blood agar plates. Within the 221 calves, prevalences were 69.7% (25.2% of the 1,224 samples) for Hly(EHEC)-producing E. coli, 55.3% (19.3%) for eae, and 18.2% (4.5%) for stx. E. coli strains exhibiting an alpha-Hly phenotype were detected in 66.5% of the calves and 21.9% of fecal samples. The est gene was detectable in 31.7% of the calves from only 9 of 11 herds and in 7.8% of the samples. Calves shedding DAEC or typical EPEC were not identified. The detection frequency of virulence traits significantly depended on the calves' age and shedding dynamics differed between the traits. A significant correlation between calf diarrhea and shedding of EHEC virulence traits was determined for several postnatal periods (1 week: Hly(EHEC); 1st & 10th week: eae; 4th week stx). Shedding of ETEC (est) was associated with diarrhea in newborn calves (1st week) only. Hly(EHEC)- and alpha-Hly-producing E. coli were shed significantly more frequently by diarrheic calves in 1st and 8th week of life, respectively. The knowledge gained in this study highlights the high prevalence of zoonotic E. coli already in calves.The age-dependent shedding dynamic of the various E. coli pathovars has to be considered regarding prophylaxis as well as planning intervention studies, both for calves and humans.     

The use of polymerase chain reaction for determination of virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs in Poland.

E. coli strains isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhea or edema disease were tested by phenotypic and genotypic methods for the presence of virulence antigens and genes, respectively. The slide agglutination and ELISA analyses were used for determination of F4, F5, F6, F17, and F41 fimbriae whereas the prevalence of fimbrial fedA and toxin eltI, estI, estII, stx1, stx2 and stx2e genes were recorded by the means of PCR. Only F4 antigen (ac variant) was found in strains of the serogroup O149:K91 isolated from pigs with diarrhea. PCR analyses showed that the fedA gene encoding F18 fimbriae was present in 61.9% of strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea and in 84.2% of strains isolated from pigs with edema disease. The eltI genes encoding heat-labile toxin I (LTI) were present only in 9 out of 21 strains recovered from pigs with diarrhea. Shiga toxin 2 variant (stx2e) genes were found in six isolates from edema disease and also in one strain from diarrhea. The PCR test used in the study was a sensitive and valuable method for determination of virulence factors of E. coli strains.     

Virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from calves in Turkey

Escherichia coli isolates from calves were investigated by multiplex PCR assays for the presence of genes encoding K99, F41, F17-related fimbriae, heat-stabile enterotoxin a (STa), intimin (eae) and Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2). A total of 120 E. coli isolates, 75 isolated from diarrhoeic or septicemic calves and 45 from clinically healthy calves aged between 1 day and 2 months were tested. Each isolate was obtained from different calves in different herds. Among the isolates from diseased animals, 12 (16%) isolates from 1- to 7-day-old diarrhoeic calves were detected as enterotoxigenic E. coli which possessed K99, F41 and STa in combination; F17-related fimbriae genes were detected in 33 (44%) isolates and they were found in combination with K99 + F41 + STa in two isolates. Of 120 isolates, 16 carried eae, eight stx1 and five stx2 genes alone or in combination. None of the eae- or stx-positive strains was identified as O157:H7. However, results indicate that calves may be carrier of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli which have potential as a human pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 75 isolates from diseased calves was determined by agar disk diffusion method for 14 antimicrobial agents. In 77.3% of the isolates, multiresistance was detected. Higher resistance rates were detected for cephalothin (72%), tetracycline (69.3%), kanamycin (69.3%), ampicillin (65.3%), nalidixic acid (53.3%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (52%) and enrofloxacin (41.3%), respectively. No resistance was found for ceftiofur and cefoxitin.     

1株多重耐药致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与分子分群

2017年1月,新疆博乐某牛场犊牛群出现腹泻疫情,本试验旨在调查病因并制定相应的防控措施。采集6头腹泻犊牛的肛拭子和新鲜粪便样本,先用Speed V-Diar4^TM试纸进行轮状病毒、冠状病毒、隐孢子虫和大肠杆菌F5(K99)的检测,再对样本进行病原菌的分离鉴定和分子分群,最后对分离菌进行致病力及耐药性的检测。结果显示,所有粪便样本的试纸检测结果均为阴性,从6份样品中共得到6株大肠杆菌和1株爱德华氏菌,分子分群PCR检测结果显示6株大肠杆菌中A群占83.3%(5/6),F群占16.7%(1/6)。半数致死量结果显示,只有1株大肠杆菌(菌株XJ-B1)具有致病性,可致小白鼠腹泻和死亡。药敏试验结果显示,7株分离菌对这18种抗生素产生不同程度的耐药性,其中致病性大肠杆菌XJ-B1耐药程度最严重,对β-内酰胺类、磺胺类和多肽类抗生素耐药,为多重耐药菌。由此可见,这株致病性大肠杆菌可能是引起本次犊牛腹泻的病因之一,也是本试验首次分离到牛源的F群大肠杆菌,该菌的多重耐药性增加了临床治疗的难度,而本试验结果为该牛场治疗此次犊牛腹泻提供了依据。     

新疆某牛场大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rRNA序列分析

为了调查新疆某规模化奶牛场犊牛腹泻的原因并确定病原,无菌采集15份腹泻犊牛粪样进行病原的分离培养,采用形态学观察、生化试验、血清学和致病性分析等方法鉴定分离菌株,利用大肠杆菌16S rRNA通用引物进行基因序列扩增并测序,使用DNAStar软件将分离菌株测序结果与GenBank中的其他菌株序列进行同源性比对,采用Mega 6.0软件依据16S rRNA序列构建分离株系统进化树并进行分析,同时对分离菌株的黏附性基因进行鉴定。结果从15份样品中分离获得2株分离菌株;试验显示,分离株均发酵葡萄糖,MR试验、吲哚和甲基红试验呈阳性,硫化氢、氧化酶、DNA酶、VP试验呈阴性。2株分离菌株血清型均为O78,且均具有致病性。药敏试验显示,分离菌株均对环丙沙星、卡那霉素、氟哌酸、庆大霉素、磺胺甲唑、头孢哌酮、壮观霉素、多黏菌素B、呋喃妥因敏感。分离株16S rRNA基因序列与大肠杆菌菌株NF738(GenBank登录号:MT649856)同源性为≥99.7%,且处于同一大分支。经PCR鉴定,分离菌株具有K88黏附性基因。本研究结果证实了引起新疆某规模化奶牛场犊牛腹泻的病原为致病性产肠毒素型大肠杆菌。     

犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性检测

为了分析南京地区奶牛场犊牛腹泻的原因,对犊牛腹泻病料进行细菌分离培养,获得了27株细菌。本试验对这些细菌进行了培养特性、染色特性、生化特性、血清型鉴定、药敏试验和TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-9型超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的检测。结果显示27株细菌均为大肠杆菌,只有1株细菌对头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉和头孢呋辛耐药,且此菌株检测出CTX-M-1型超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因。试验结果表明犊牛腹泻是由大肠杆菌引起的,犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌能产生CTX-M-1型超广谱β-内酰胺酶,导致对头孢类抗生素耐药性的发生。