硝普钠对低温胁迫下枇杷幼果线粒体AsA-GSH循环代谢的影响

探讨外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理对低温胁迫下"早钟6号"枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.cv.Zaozhong No.6)幼果线粒体抗氧化系统的影响。以不同浓度的SNP处理"早钟6号"枇杷幼果后再经-3℃低温胁迫处理,测定幼果线粒体的抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫下,经0.2和0.5 mmol/L SNP处理的枇杷幼果线粒体过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照(CK),而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX,EC 1.11.1.11)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR,EC 1.6.4.2)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR,EC 1.8.5.1)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR,EC 1.6.5.4)活性均高于CK,但采用1.0 mmol/L较高浓度的SNP处理对提高枇杷幼果抗氧化能力的作用不明显。适当的外源NO处理可提高枇杷幼果线粒体GSH和AsA抗氧化剂的含量以及APX、GR、DHAR和MDHAR酶的活性,降低H2O2和MDA含量,减轻细胞的氧化损伤,增强枇杷幼果在低温胁迫下的抗寒能力。     

水杨酸对低温胁迫下枇杷幼果若干生理生化指标的影响

以3年生枇杷容器苗为试验材料,研究在低温胁迫下水杨酸(SA)处理后枇杷幼果若干生理生化指标的变化.结果表明:SA能增强枇杷幼果的抗寒性,其中以70mg/L SA处理枇杷幼果的效果最好;SA处理枇杷幼果,能增强过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,提高还原型谷胱甘肽(CSH)和类胡萝卜素(Caro)的含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,抑制叶绿素的降解.     

NaCl胁迫对大麦籽粒抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为探讨NaCl胁迫对大麦籽粒抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环的影响,以耐盐品系11pj-173和盐敏感品系11pj-033为试验材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,大麦籽粒灌浆期AsA-GSH循环的变化规律。结果显示,随着NaCl胁迫天数的增加,2个大麦品系的H_2O_2含量均逐渐增加,但11pj-173较同期对照的增幅均小于11pj-033;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、AsA、氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)、GSH、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量以及AsA/DHA比值均呈先升后降趋势。11pj-173的GSH/GSSG比值呈先升后降的趋势,而11pj-033呈波状变化,即先升后降又略增。与同期对照比,11pj-173的APX和GR活性、AsA和GSH含量及AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的增幅均高于11pj-033,降幅均小于11pj-033;DHA和GSSG含量则与之相反,表明11pj-173籽粒在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H_2O_2的积累。     

低温胁迫对枇杷幼果细胞超微结构及膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

以解放钟枇杷（Eriobotrya japonico Lindl．）幼果为试验材料，采用人工降温的方法，研究低温胁迫下枇杷幼果超微结构及膜透性和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明，6和3℃低温胁迫时，枇杷幼果果肉细胞质膜、液泡膜清晰，叶绿体、线粒体结构没有明显的变化，PMP（Plasma Membrane Permeablity，细胞膜透性）、MDA（Malondialdehyde，丙二醛）含量先增加后减少，保护酶活性先增大后减小，且一直维持较高水平，表明有一定的低温适应能力：0℃低温处理原生质膜结构完整，少数叶绿体出现部分解体，双层膜有部分破裂现象，线粒体结构仍清晰可见，PMP、MDA含量、酶活性变化同6和3℃低温胁迫相类似，表明枇杷幼果对0℃低温有一定的适应能力：-3℃低温胁迫下，原生质膜、液泡膜均破裂，原生质体浓缩，叶绿体扭曲变形、相互融合，线粒体膜结构受损，脊消失，PMP、MDA含量均达到最高，保护酶活性受到极为严重的抑制，表明枇杷幼果已经受到冻害。     

冰核细菌对枇杷幼果中内源激素的影响

用冰核细菌(INA细菌)接种早钟6号枇杷,经不同低温和不同时间处理后,检测IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT 4种内源激素的含量变化.结果表明:在低温胁迫下,感染INA细菌后枇杷幼果中IAA含量一直处于较低水平;GA3和ZT含量无明显规律性;ABA含量与ABA/GA3比值试验组的峰值均高于对照,但出现峰值之后,两者均迅速下降,且试验组的下降趋势明显快于对照.     

低磷和铝毒耦合胁迫对杉木叶片抗坏血酸——谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为揭示抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(As A-GSH)循环在杉木适应低磷和铝毒胁迫中的作用,以耐低磷和铝毒胁迫的杉木家系YX3及对低磷和铝毒胁迫敏感的杉木家系YX12为试验材料,研究不同处理下[对照处理(CK)、低磷处理(-P)、铝处理(Al)和低磷加铝处理(-P+Al)]2个杉木家系叶片中As A-GSH循环代谢关键酶的变化规律。结果表明:不同胁迫处理下(-P、Al和-P+Al),2个杉木家系的丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著高于各自对照(-P处理下YX12叶片MDA含量除外),而且在Al和-P+Al处理下,耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中MDA含量均小于敏感型杉木家系YX12。进一步分析表明,与各自对照相比,不同胁迫处理增加了2个杉木家系叶片中的As A和DHA含量,同时提高了其叶片中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,而且除DHA含量外,在-P、Al和-P+Al处理下耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中APX、GR、MDHAR、DHAR和As A含量均高于敏感型杉木家系YX12。此外,耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及As A/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值均高于敏感型家系YX12。因此,上述结果表明在不同胁迫条件下,杉木幼苗通过提高叶片抗氧化物质含量和As A-GSH循环关键酶活性来清除过量的活性氧,减轻胁迫诱导的氧化损伤;不同胁迫处理下,2个杉木家系叶片抗氧化物质含量及As A-GSH循环中关键酶活性响应的差异表明耐性杉木家系YX3具有较高的As A—GSH循环效率和抗氧化物质再生能力,从而有效抑制胁迫诱导的氧化损伤,这可能是其具有较强耐性的重要原因之一。     

茉莉酸对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究茉莉酸对玉米幼苗叶片抗镉性的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫显著提高玉米叶片丙二醛(MDA)、H_2O_2含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性,降低过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,降低叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及生物量。与单独镉胁迫相比,外源茉莉酸处理可显著提高镉胁迫下叶片CAT、POD、APX和GR活性,显著提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及生物量,显著降低镉胁迫下叶片MDA和H_2O_2含量,从而缓解其造成的伤害。结果表明,外源茉莉酸可明显提高玉米幼苗叶片的抗氧化能力和光合色素含量,从而增加生物量的积累,缓解镉胁迫造成的伤害。     

6个枇杷品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

为探究枇杷对低温胁迫的生理响应,综合评价不同枇杷品种的抗寒能力,本研究以6个枇杷品种为试验材料,研究了低温胁迫对枇杷幼果种胚相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明：随处理温度的降低,各枇杷品种幼果种胚相对电导率REC呈现“小-大-小”的“S”型曲线变化,结合Logistic方程得出不同枇杷品种种胚的半致死温度介于-4.759 ~ -2.73 ℃之间,其中,WT（白肉芽变）幼果种胚的半致死温度最低,大五星幼果种胚的半致死温度最高;6个枇杷品种的脯氨酸（Pro）含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量随低温胁迫均呈现出先升高后降低的倒“V”型变化趋势,但增幅和达到峰值的时间点不同;可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,均在-5 ℃时达到最大值;通过隶属函数综合分析,得出6个枇杷品种材料的抗寒能力表现为WT（白肉芽变）>冠玉>宁海白>龙泉5号>早钟6号>大五星。综上所述,WT（白肉芽变）对低温的胁迫具有较强的适应性,抗寒能力强;半致死温度LT₅₀结合隶属函数法的综合评价能准确鉴定枇杷品种的抗寒性。本研究为枇杷抗寒种质的筛选及寻找提高抗寒性的新途径提供理论依据。     

铬(Cr~(6+))胁迫对不同基因型小麦种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化和渗透调节的影响

为明确小麦种子萌发对Cr~(6+)胁迫响应的品种间差异及其Cr~(6+)耐性差异的生理机制,以耐Cr~(6+)品种扬麦16和Cr~(6+)敏感品种豫麦51为材料,研究了不同浓度的Cr~(6+)(0、10、50、100、150μmol·L~(-1))处理对种子萌发、α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗生长、活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,10mol·L~(-1) Cr~(6+)处理下,小麦种子的萌发过程未受到明显影响。随着Cr~(6+)处理浓度的进一步增加,小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、根长逐渐下降,扬麦16受抑制的程度较豫麦51轻;种子α-淀粉酶活性、根系可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量呈现先升后降的趋势;根系游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、O_2~和H_2O_2含量逐渐升高。相同浓度Cr~(6+)处理下,扬麦16的种子α-淀粉酶活性、根系可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量显著高于豫麦51,而根系丙二醛、O_2~和H_2O_2的含量显著低于豫麦51。在Cr~(6+)胁迫下,小麦根系SOD、POD、APX和GR的活性总体上呈现先升后降的趋势。在高浓度Cr~(6+)(150mol·L~(-1))处理下,扬麦16的种子α-淀粉酶、根系SOD、POD、APX和GR活性受抑制程度均明显小于豫麦51。     

低温下外源水杨酸对玉米幼苗保护酶活性的影响

0.5mmol/L水杨酸(SA)预处理玉米幼苗降低了低温胁迫期间玉米幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧阴离子(O2-.)的产生速率。酶活性分析表明,SA预处理后玉米幼苗在低温胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较低温对照高。常温下用0.5mmol/LSA预处理玉米幼苗,提高了保护酶的活性,从而提高了玉米幼苗的抗寒性。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.