基质与植物生长调节剂对4个朱槿品种扦插繁殖的影响

以‘白光’、‘大满红旗’、‘贵妃’和‘黄油球’4个朱槿品种为研究对象,研究扦插基质与植物生长调节剂处理对朱槿扦插生根的影响。结果表明,基质是影响朱槿扦插成活的主要因素,‘白光’、‘大满红旗’和‘贵妃’的最佳扦插基质为椰糠,‘黄油球’的最佳扦插基质为河沙︰椰糠(1︰1);植物生长调节剂是影响朱槿扦插成活的次要因素,IBA 400 mg/L浸泡12 h为最佳植物生长调节剂处理。      

上海地区‘露西’木槿扦插繁殖技术研究

[目的]加快‘露西’木槿的园林运用推广,为‘露西’木槿的繁育、生产提供技术指导。[方法]从不同插穗、不同浓度的激素、不同的扦插基质等方面对‘露西’木槿的扦插繁殖技术进行了较为系统的研究。[结果]1年生插穗与2年生插穗相比,并无显著差异。激素IBA和NAA均能促进木槿的扦插生根,IBA更有利于木槿根的增长。扦插基质珍珠岩和椰糠对木槿扦插生根率、生根数量没有影响,而草炭对生根的长度有显著的影响。[结论]1 750 mg/L IBA对‘露西’木槿的生根最有利;最适合‘露西’木槿的基质配比为8份珍珠岩+2份草炭+4份椰糠。     

大理多花山矾扦插繁育技术研究

[目的]研究提高多花山矾（Symplocos ramosissima）插穗生根率和生根质量的方法。[方法]以大理多花山矾枝条为材料,探讨不同生长调节剂、育苗基质对扦插苗生根和移植生长的影响,并筛选出扦插苗苗期适宜基肥施用量,以提高扦插苗移植的成活率。[结果]扦插前将穗条在ABT 400 mg/L+IAA 200 mg/L的混合溶液中浸蘸30 s,可以获得较好的成活率和生根效果。选取66.7%园土+33.3%椰糠混合基质进行移植,可促进多花山矾扦插苗的成活以及生长。适合多花山矾扦插苗的基肥施用最佳方案为复合肥2 g/株+复合生物菌剂1 g/株。[结论]研究得出适宜多花山矾扦插苗成活及生长的生长调节剂、育苗基质及基肥,可为多花山矾苗木生产提供良好的技术支撑。     

海南粗榧扦插繁殖研究

报道了海南粗榧扦插繁殖的初步结果。试验表明，ＩＢＡ促进海南粗榧半木栓化枝条生根有效，１０００￣１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ处理２ｈ，插条生根率可达７０．０％￣８３．３％，平均发根条数为４．０￣３．８，扦插基质以椰糠为好，其生根率分别是河沙和沙混土的１６１．７％和３００％。侧枝扦插较直生枝易生根。     

不同激素种类、浓度及浸泡时间对金蒲桃扦插生根的影响

以金蒲桃半木质化枝条作为插穗,以黄心土+砂（1∶1）为基质,通过正交试验针对不同激素种类、浓度以及浸泡时间等因素研究金蒲桃扦插生根的效果,从而获得最适宜金蒲桃扦插生根的处理,为其扦插繁殖提供理论基础和技术支持。结果表明:金蒲桃以皮层组织生根为主,较好的处理插穗成活率超过90%,激素浓度是影响金蒲桃扦插生根最主要的因素,其次是激素种类,浸泡时间的影响最小。极差分析结果发现,扦插生根率最适合的因素组合A₂B₂C₃（500 mg/L IBA浸泡2 min）或A₂B₃C₁（200 mg/L IBA浸泡30 min）,扦插生根数量最适合的因素组合为A₁B₁C₁（1000 mg/L NAA浸泡30 min）,扦插生根平均根长最适合的因素组合为A₃B₃C₂（200 mg/L“根太阳”生根剂浸泡10 min）,最适合扦插生根最长根长的因素组合为A₂B₁C₂（1000 mg/L IBA浸泡10 min）,最适合扦插生根效果指数的因素组合为A₁B₁C₁（1000 mg/L NAA浸泡30 min）。主成分分析联合生根效果指数指标极差分析结果表明,A₁B₁C₁（1000 mg/L NAA浸泡30 min）和A₁B₂C₂（500 mg/L NAA浸泡10 min）是适宜金蒲桃扦插较好的组合。总之,金蒲桃是一种扦插相对比较容易的植物,该研究结果可为生产中金蒲桃的扦插繁殖提供参考。     

山苦茶扦插繁殖技术

以五指山野生的1～2年生的山苦茶木质化枝条为扦插材料,利用不同浓度(100、400、800 mg/L)的根旺、IBA、NAA、IAA浸泡3类插穗(长度都约为10 cm,直径分别为0.20～0.40、0.45～0.70、0.75～1.00 cm)基部,时间为0.5、2.0、8.0 h;扦插基质为河沙。结果表明,不同处理间扦插生根率和生根数与对照组相比,均存在显著差异,以直径为0.45～0.70 cm的插穗的插条的生根效果最好;单一生长调节剂的处理中,以根旺及IBA的效果最好,生根率达到50%以上;不同浓度的生长调节剂处理中以800 mg/L的IBA效果最好,生根率达到60%,生根条数13条;3种处理时间中以0.5 h的生根效果最好。     

牛樟扦插育苗技术研究

研究不同扦插基质类型、不同浓度生根粉、不同节段插穗对牛樟扦插繁殖成活率的影响。结果表明：选用黄心土＋河沙（1∶1）基质组合,插穗生根率较高,且原料来源方便、成本低,是较为优良的扦插育苗基质。绿枝插穗经浓度为800mg/L ABT6#的生根粉处理后扦插效果最佳,成活率高达80.6%。带顶芽节段插条成活率明显好于无顶芽节段的插条,前者成活率是后者的1.95倍。     

铁皮石斛组培快繁及移栽技术研究

以红杆铁皮石斛种子为外植体,进行组织培养快繁及移栽技术研究。采用对比试验研究不同培养基、激素浓度配比、基本培养基对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖、分化和生根壮苗的影响,并研究驯化时间与移栽基质对铁皮石斛移栽的影响。结果表明,MS+10％马铃薯泥+20％香蕉泥＋20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛原球茎增殖;MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+3.0 mg/L BA+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂+200 ml/L椰汁最适合原球茎分化;1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+15％香蕉泥+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛壮苗生根;驯化28 d的铁皮石斛移栽成活率最高,达96%;以松树皮∶椰糠∶石头=1∶1∶1为栽培基质,对其苗长势最佳。     

香草兰组培苗生根与移栽的研究

对香草兰组培苗进行生根与移栽试验。结果表明：香草兰组培苗生根培养基MS+6-BA 0.1mg/L与NAA 0.1mg/L,生根率达100%。移栽基质为椰糠＋细沙＋苔藓(体积比1∶1∶1),移栽成活率达82%。无主根组培苗在NAA 500 mg/L激素中速沾10 s后移栽成活率达60%以上。     

不同轻基质配方对油茶全光照扦插生根的影响

以10种轻基质材料为原料配置16种配方,并在全光照间歇喷雾条件下研究这16个配方对普通油茶优良无性系‘岑软3号’扦插生根的影响。结果表明,不同配方轻基质对油茶扦插生根有明显的影响,生根率从6.67%到100%不等,含有椰糠的轻基质配方生根情况明显优于不加入椰糠的配方。在含有椰糠的5种配方中,配方12(椰糠∶菌渣∶泥碳土体积比为4∶2∶1)的生根率最高,达100%,且成本在5个配方中从高到低位列第4,成本较低,最适合作油茶全光照喷雾扦插育苗的基质。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.