从预测预报实践中谈小麦黄矮病发生流行规律

在我国冬、春麦主要产区,麦蚜及其所传播的小麦黄矮病每年都有不同程度的发生、流行。从六十年代以来,曾先后于60、66、70、73、78和80年六次在关中、晋南、豫西等冬麦区及北部春麦区大流行。严重地威胁着小麦高产稳产。     

甘肃河西春小麦黄矮病生态防治探讨

小麦是我省的主要粮食作物。按生态条件、播种期、生长季节、收获期及环境因素,可把我省小麦种植区划分为冬麦区和春麦区。冬麦区种冬麦高产,春麦区种春麦高产。 一、春麦区引种冬麦与黄矮病的发生情况 河西走廊是我国春小麦高产区之一。历史上不种冬麦,虽有麦蚜发生,但不成灾,没有黄矮病发生的记录。50年代中期引进试种冬小麦获得成功,在当时是很有成绩的,对农业生产起到了一定作用。但在冬小麦推广之后,给春麦区带来了不少问题。首先是     

麦蚜远距离迁飞和传毒规律的研究

本文围绕麦蚜及黄矮病毒在我国北部春麦区越冬及初侵染源问题,提出麦蚜凭借气流携带远距离迁飞传毒,从而使冬春麦区黄矮病发生流行具有联系的结论。文章着重从外来虫源迁飞入境所具有的特征、迁入翅蚜数量消长与天气形势的密切关联等加以分析论证。在此基础上划分了翅蚜的迁出与迁入区域,并通过预测预报的实践,检验了这一发生流行规律的真实性。     

气象因子综合分析法预测小麦黄矮病研究

小麦黄矮病是我国北方麦区间歇流行的重要病毒病。近年来,许多单位对病害的流行及预测预报都做了不少研究,这对小麦黄矮病的流行规律及其测报,都将是重要的参考。我们根据关中地区1964年以来黄矮病发生流行资料,提出了气象因子综合分析法对黄矮病进行测报。     

1984年小麦黄矮病毒标样测定简报

调查麦蚜种群数量和测定年度及不同地区小麦黄矮病毒分离物类型的组成,对小麦黄矮病毒的流行测报和抗、耐病品种鉴定具有重要意义。 本文着重报导1984年小麦黄矮病毒田间标样生物学测定结果。     

河北省春小麦黄矮病的主要介体和病毒株系研究

１９９２￣１９９５年的研究结果表明,河北省春麦区麦长管蚜是传播小麦黄矮病毒的优势种群,占张家口坝上、坝下及承德麦蚜发生总量的９４．７５％￣１００％。有翅蚜迁入麦田的时期和数量是影响春麦黄矮病发生程度的重要因素。张家口坝上小麦黄矮病毒株系以麦二叉蚜、麦长管蚜株系（ＧＡＶ）占绝对优势,张家口坝下及承德地区的株系种类较为复杂,除以ＧＡＶ株系为主外,存在禾缢管蚜、麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜株系（ＰＡＧＶ）及麦二叉     

关于小麦黄矮病分级标准的商榷

依据小麦黄矮病症状表现规律及其特征,笔者认为小麦黄矮病的分级标准,仍用以往的3级分级标准比较切实可行。其主要理由如下: 1.小麦黄矮病主要发生流行于黄淮中熟冬麦区,通常在小麦开始灌浆期病情趋于终     

晚稻黄矮病流行趋势的模糊数学预报

水稻黄矮病是由一种病毒侵染引起的病害,这种病害在水稻病毒病中发生最严重,损失最大。历史上像1973年由于黄矮病大流行,造成当年晚稻减产11％左右。晚稻黄矮病发生流行与气候条件有着较密切的关系。今年我们利用前期的气象因子,运用模糊数学对晚稻黄矮病流行趋势进行了预测预报,现就模糊数学预报方法说明于下。     

小麦抗赤霉病性田间自然鉴定与抗赤霉病育种中的问题

１９８４年以来,承接了全国小麦育种攻关中的小麦抗赤霉病性鉴定任务,对来自全国１０个麦区１２６４８份小麦育种材料料霉病性进行田间自然鉴定。结果表明,至今仍未发现免疫的小麦材料。长江中下游冬麦区,华南冬麦区及东北春麦区的供鉴小麦抗性较强,全国Ｒ级小麦材料均分布在这些赤病频繁流行的麦区;西南冬麦区,黄淮冬麦区及北部春麦区的供鉴小麦抗性最差。我国现有小麦材料的抗病性与丰产性仍存在较大矛盾,至今仍缺乏可应用     

水稻品种抗黄矮病和矮缩病的观察

目前在我国南方稻区流行的水稻病毒病主要有黄矮病(RTYV)和矮缩病(RDV)等。我们于1976—1979年进行了水稻品种抗黄矮病和矮缩病的研究工作。     

BYDV PREDICTOR: a simulation model to predict aphid arrival, epidemics of Barley yellow dwarf virus and yield losses in wheat crops in a Mediterranean-type environment

BYDV PREDICTOR, a simulation model, was developed to forecast aphid outbreaks and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) epidemics in wheat crops in the grainbelt region of southwest Australia, which has a Mediterranean-type climate. The model used daily rainfall and mean temperature to predict aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi ) buildup in each locality before the commencement of the cereal-growing season in late autumn, and to forecast the timing of aphid immigration into crops. The introduction of BYDV by aphid immigrants, aphid buildup within the crop, spread of BYDV, and yield losses were predicted for different sowing dates. The model simulations were validated with 10 years' field data from five different sites in the grainbelt, representing a wide range of scenarios. When first aphid arrival dates ranging from 1 June to 2 September were compared with predictions, 65% of the variation between sites and years was explained. Progress curves for the predicted percentage of plants infected with the serotype BYDV-PAV closely resembled the starting point and shape of those recorded in 14 out of 18 scenarios. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the combination of a high proportion of immigrants vectoring BYDV, early sowing of crops and early start to aphid arrival relative to sowing date led to the most BYDV spread and greatest yield loss. The model was incorporated into a decision support system used by farmers in targeting sprays against aphids to prevent virus spread in autumn and winter. BYDV PREDICTOR could serve as a template for modelling similar virus/aphid vector pathosystems in other regions of the world, especially those with Mediterranean-type climates.     

Yield Effects of Barley yellow dwarf virus in Soft Red Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Three cultivars of soft red winter wheat were evaluated to determine the relationship between the incidence and time of infection by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and yield. Wheat was planted in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in a split-plot design with six replicates at sites in Indiana and Illinois. Yield plots were infested with different amounts of viruliferous aphids, and the incidence of BYDV in each plot was measured. In a 2-year study in Illinois with cv. Clark and the PAV-IL isolate of BYDV, yields were assessed following aphid infestation in fall, early spring, and late spring. Early spring infections resulted in larger yield reductions than late spring infections in both years and larger than fall infections in one year. Regression analyses to relate incidence of infection and yield with data from fall and early spring infections provided R(2) values of 0.89 and 0.51 for the 1996 to 1997 and 1997 to 1998 seasons, respectively. An additional study at the same site in the 1996 to 1997 season compared the yield responses of cvs. Clark, Y88-3e, and PT8935b. Increases in the incidence of BYDV correlated with decreases in yield, with R(2) values of 0.80, 0.78, and 0.90 for the three cultivars, respectively. Estimated yield losses in both studies and all cultivars ranged from 27 to 45 kg/ha or 0.34 to 0.55% for each percent increase in virus infection. In a third study over a 2-year period in Indiana with the same three wheat genot ypes and a second BYDV isolate (PAV-P), BYDV treatments resulted in significant reductions in yield, but yield loss and the incidence of BYDV were not linearly correlated. Given the differences in yield reductions caused by the two BYDV isolates, PAV-P may be an attenuated strain of BYDV and may cross-protect plants from naturally occurring strains of the virus.     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

Identification of barley yellow dwarf virus and cereal aphid Infestations In winter wheat by aerial photography

In 1976 distinctive patterns were identified on aerial photographs of winter wheat crops in East Anglia. The patterns consisted of numerous dark foci which were found to be associated with sooty moulds (mostly Cladosporium spp.) in the crops. Both green and mature crops were photographed in 1977 and the patterns were matched with crop inspection data. These suggested that barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was the cause of the patterns and that sooty moulds secondarily invaded the infected plants. A different type of focal pattern appeared to be associated with damage caused by aphid feeding. All crops showing the pattern associated with BYDV were sown before 13 October but there was no relationship with sowing date for the crops damaged directly by aphids. Yield losses within foci were estimated by sampling and the total crop areas affected were calculated using an image analysis computer: yield losses were estimated to range from 10% (BYDV) to 2% (aphid feeding). The epidemiology of BYDV is discussed and reasons are suggested for the development and appearance of the foci.     

Host plant preference of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) (Hom., Aphididae)

Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction.     

一种由麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜传播的小麦黄矮病毒株系的鉴定

 通过对采自我国内蒙古丰镇县13个春小麦病株标样进行4种蚜虫连续传毒比较,不同温度饲毒和接种试验,薄膜饲毒,2种蚜虫成若蚜传毒比较和血清学酶标试验等,明确我国内蒙古丰镇县小麦黄矮病毒株系为由麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜有效传播的麦二叉蚜麦长管蚜株系(GAV)。对于这个株系,禾缢管蚜与玉米蚜是不能传播的。这种株系在我国冬麦区春麦区都有分布。     

蛋白质激发子Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗作用

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒（barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV）引起的一种小麦病毒病,其传播介体是小麦蚜虫,在小麦生产中造成巨大的经济损失。近年来,植物诱导抗性作为一种新兴的植物病虫害防治措施引起了广泛的关注。蛋白质激发子Hrip1可以激活多种植物的免疫防御反应诱导植物产生广谱抗性。本研究评价了Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗效果。用30 μg/mL的Hrip1溶液进行小麦浸种和幼苗喷雾,随后接种BYDV,接种后第14 d,Hrip1对小麦黄矮病控制效果在50%以上,接种后第21 d控制效果仍在30%以上。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗体内,BYDV外壳蛋白mRNA的数量显著低于对照组;EPG结果显示,在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗上,麦二叉蚜寻找叶片刺吸位点和韧皮部取食位点的时间增加。以上结果表明：Hrip1能够有效地抑制BYDV在小麦体内的增殖;影响传毒媒介麦二叉蚜的取食行为,抑制其传毒能力。此外,Hrip1处理小麦能有效缓解BYDV引起的叶片黄化和植株矮化的症状。因此,Hrip1可以作为生物诱导剂综合控制小麦黄矮病。     

Comparison of techniques to survey populations of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter cereals during autumn and spring with special consideration of sample size

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Cereal aphid populations (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter wheat and winter barley were evaluated in the autumn and early spring of two subsequent...