活化时间对杏核活性炭孔隙性能影响的研究

通过测定试样活性炭的充填密度、水容量、比表面积、孔径分布和吸附等温线，研究了活化时间不同的３种活性炭的孔隙性能得知：随着活化时间的增加，大孔、过渡孔、微孔的容积和总孔容积都增大；大孔容积在总孔容积中所占的比例逐渐增加，微孔容积所占的比例逐渐减少，过渡孔容积所占的比例增加到一定数值后又减少；微孔分布的极大值移向半径大的一侧，半径小于０．９ｎｍ的微孔量迅速减少。     

旋流类设备减阻节能增产技术

旋流类设备是指内部呈三维旋转流场、靠离心力进行气固、气液或液固分离的设备,旋风除尘器、多管除尘器、流化反应器、炉内分离器等属于此类设备。为叙述方便,以旋风除尘器为例进行说明。     

活性炭微孔结构的分析

本文通过几种活性炭对氮、甲醇、四氯化碳、苯和水等吸附质所测的比表面数据进行分析,筛选出以甲醇作为研究活性炭微孔结构的适宜吸附质,并采用带有微机处理数据的迎头色谱法,测定了活性炭的孔径分布曲线,测定速度快,实时地打印出数据和曲线。测定一条孔径分布曲线仅需1～2小时,而且重复性好,操作简便。     

旋流分离器在合流制溢流污染控制中的应用进展

指出了合流制溢流污水严重地影响着水环境质量和水生生态系统安全,在合流制溢流污染的末端控制中,旋流分离器因占地面积小、建设费用低等优点在欧美等国家得到了广泛应用,但国内目前尚处于起步阶段。检索了3种在欧美广泛使用的旋流分离器(Storm King、EPA旋流浓缩器、FluidsepTM)的应用,分析了结构参数、操作参数、进水水质特性等对旋流分离器分离效果的影响,并探讨了我国应用旋流分离器的可行性及需要重视的问题。     

车用发动机性能影响因素研究

介绍了数值模拟技术在发动机研究过程中的重要作用,以捷达前卫发动机为基础,应用GT-POWER软件建立了发动机工作过程模型,通过实验验证了该模型的可靠性.在此基础上对配气正时进行了模拟计算,计算结果表明在高转速时适当增大进气迟闭角对提高发动机的性能有利,与理论分析一致.     

丙酮回收用活性炭微结构的研究

利用AS-703比表面积、孔径分布测定仪对几种回收丙酮溶剂的商品活性炭进行了比较深入的剖析,从微观结构上阐明了影响丙酮回收用活性炭的主要因素,并提供了国产化样品,与进口商品活性炭相比较具有价格低吸附性能好等优点.微孔容积的大小决定了丙酮吸附量的多少,而与总孔容积关系不大.丙酮回收用活性炭的孔径主要集中在1nm左右,微孔容积在0.40～0.50cm3/g.     

基于热流耦合的木材干燥窑风速温度分布解算

为构建木材干燥窑内部循环风速和温度合理分布,采用二维数值模拟方法,利用Fluent软件对试验型小型干燥窑进行仿真模拟,对比安装导流板前后干燥窑内温度和分布情况。木材干燥窑的设计,风速、温度分布是关键问题。首先利用ICEM CFD软件对结构简化的试验型小型干燥窑进行参数化建模,将简化的模型进行网格划分,利用Fluent软件对木材干燥窑内的流动与传热耦合环境进行数值模拟,得出风速分布云图和温度分布云图,研究干燥窑内热流耦合系统,得出其内部速度和温度的具体状态,通过导流板安装前后数值对比,找到导流板合理性的参数。采用二维数值的模拟方法,不能代表实际干燥窑工作状况,具有一定的局限性。     

动磁式直线冰箱压缩机数值模拟与分析

建立了动磁式直线冰箱压缩机的理论数学模型,采用描述函数法对气缸内非线性气体力进行了线性化.气缸直径与活塞行程比值、永磁体充磁厚度、以及电压源驱动频率等3个参数分别对压缩机比推力、系统弹性刚度和阻尼、系统功率因素的影响进行了数值模拟和分析.在保证压缩机排气量稳定和高效的前提下,提出了合理选择和确定压缩机主要结构和性能参数的方法.     

Adsorption Behavior of Hg2+ in Aqueous Solution Using Modified Activated Carbon from Furfural Residue

对糠醛渣制得的活性炭,采用S2Cl2回流负载,再微波焙烧的方法进行改性,采用Boehm滴定法和FT-IR分析了活性炭改性前后表面官能团的变化情况;对比了活性炭改性前后孔径分布情况;并探讨了改性活性炭对水体中的Hg2+吸附性能.Boehm滴定分析表明活性炭改性后的总酸度、羧基、内酯基皆有增加;FT-IR谱图上700～500 cm-1范围内出现了新的吸收峰说明了改性活性炭表面增加了C—S、S—S键,孔径分布分析表明改性后活性炭微孔更加发达.在Hg2+初始质量浓度1～6 mg/L、温度25℃、pH值6.0～7.0、吸附时间180 min的条件下,经S2Cl2改性后活性炭用量为2.5 g/L时,对水体中Hg2+去除率达93％以上.     

Effects of Pore Structure of Granular Activated Carbon on n-Butane Adsorption

对5种不同工艺制备的杉木颗粒活性炭的丁烷活性、丁烷工作容量、丁烷持附性与孔结构之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:丁烷吸附性能与活性炭样品的比表面积、孔容积和孔径分布有着密切联系.对丁烷活性起作用的孔主要集中在1.16～2.00 nm;对丁烷工作容量有显著影响的孔径介于2.0～4.0 nm;对丁烷持附性影响最大的孔分布在0.5～1.0 nm.大孔对整个吸附过程没有什么显著影响,只是作为丁烷分子进入中孔、微孔的输送通道.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.