英国开设二氧化碳等温室气体排放权交易市场

据日本《朝日新闻》报道，英国于３月中旬启动了二氧化碳等温室气体排放权市场交易制度，并正式开设了交易市场。这是英国为完成《京都议定书》所规定的温室气体削减义务而实施的一项具体措施。据称，将二氧化碳等温室气体的排放权推向市场进行交易，在世界上尚属首例。根据《京都议定书》的协议，二氧化碳等温室气体的排放权可以按照市场原理进行交易，有能力超额完成削减目标的国家和地区，可以将其超额部分以排放权的形式出售。英国规定，对于制定出５年削减目标的企业及各种经济实体，政府将根据其削减比例给予一定奖励。这一削减目标可…     

欧盟碳排放权交易体系现状及启示

碳排放权交易是指建立合法的温室气体排放权和总量控制目标并进行排放权买卖。文中通过分析欧盟碳排放权交易体系及我国碳排放权交易市场现状认为, 我国目前尚未具备建立强制性碳排放权交易市场的经济基础, 但可以先依托CDM一级市场培育自愿抵消市场和CDM二级市场并时刻关注国际碳排放权政策变动, 避免政策风险。     

日本35家大企业将联合采购排放权

据日本《每日新闻速报》2004年12月报道，日本国内主要企业强调，要联合起来致力于削减温室气体，确立排放权交易的新模式，以接受《京都议定书》于2005年2月16日生效的事实：尽管日本签署了《京都议定书》，但离担负起该协议的义务仍有距离。     

碳排放权交易的监管体系研究

指出了碳排放权交易是运用科斯手段控制温室气体排放的有效方法。分析了配额市场和自愿市场各自共有和特有的特点,以及碳排放权交易市场监管体系在价格控制、初始分配、服务体系、控制效果等各方面存在的问题,并提出了相应的改进措施。针对市场在专业人员和专业机构上的缺失、价格分配、初始分配在监管上存在的问题,提出了政府行政导向作用、处罚监管、法规制定、排污企业监管以及对碳信用和碳金融的管理。     

京都议定书原则对义务植树、造林绿化的启示

一、关于京都议定书 京都议定书全称为《联合国气候变化框架公约的京都议定书》，是联合国气候变化框架公约的补充条款。1997年12月在日本京都由联合国气候变化框架公约参加国第三次会议制定。京都议定书规定：工业化国家要减少温室气体的排放，减少全球气候变暖和海平面上升的危险，发展中国家没有减排义务。到2010年。相对于1990年的温室气体排放量全世界总体排放要减少5．2％。2008年至2012年的五年间，欧盟国家应减少8％、美国7％、日本6％、加拿大6％、东欧各国5～8％。新西兰、俄罗斯和乌克兰可将排放量稳定在1990年水平上。允许爱尔兰、澳大利亚和挪威的排放量比1990年分别增加10％、8％、1％。     

中国民间“购买”林业碳汇第一人

随着《京都议定书》的正式生效,森林的固定二氧化碳即“碳汇”功能日渐受到人们关注。最近,联合国号召全球2007年种植10亿株树吸收二氧化碳,以减少温室气体排放。国际上一些发达国家的企业为履行《京都议定书》协议或出于企业社会责任,纷纷采取各种措施如减少使用石化燃油、建立风力发电厂或植树造林等,减少工业活动产生的温室气体排放,同时,也有许多志愿者和一些航空公司、汽车运输行业等,通过多种方式,来减少因使用交通工具造成的温室气体排放。     

林业碳汇市场发展趋势分析

气候危机是由温室气体高排放造成的、也是人为因素导致的，这已成为科学定论。因而，积极应对气候变化、减少温室气体排放就成了全球共识和共同使命。碳排放权交易市场作为一种经国际实践检验的控制温室气体排放的有效手段，也成为我国推动低碳转型的重要政策工具。林业碳汇市场是碳排放权交易市场的自愿减排市场，通过抵消机制进入碳市场，在顶层设计中，其市场规模由碳排放总量和林业碳汇产品供给能力等决定。我国林业碳汇市场刚刚起步，其市场潜力巨大，前景光明，现对其发展趋势进行梳理分析。     

森林碳汇替代配额减排的成本比较

以北京市、上海市、天津市、深圳市、广东省、湖北省、重庆市7个碳交易试点省市为样本区,利用各地公布的统计年鉴,收集上述地区工业行业自2007年到2016年工业行业的三个投入数据:职工人数、能源消耗总量、资产总额,以及两个产出数据:二氧化碳排放总量、工业总产值,使用方向性距离函数估算出样本地区工业企业的碳影子价格,运用最优模型法和蓄积量转换法计算出我国森林碳汇的最优价格,最后根据国务院于2016年下发的温室气体减排办法中的碳强度倒推现行控排政策下的企业减排总差量,计算出试点地区碳配额的平均价格为4.456 6万元·t~(-1),我国森林碳汇的远期最优价格为9.37～16.28美元·t~(-1)。结合各样本地区温室气体控排方案,得出使用森林碳汇替代配额减排能够为企业大量减少减排成本。提出了相关政策建议:继续探索重点工业碳市场交易以及碳商品价格情况,扩大碳排放权交易的适用行业;尽快出台相关的森林碳汇交易配套政策;丰富森林碳汇商品种类,适当提高森林碳汇在总排放中抵减的比例。     

世界银行称：碳市场可能有助于挽救热带雨林

路透社华盛顿10月24日报道：世界银行10月23日说，采伐热带林往往会使人民更穷，伤害濒危物种和释放温室气体，所以富国应当为保存林木而付费。根据《京都议定书》和其他有关限制碳排放的协议而建立的全球碳市场可以为此提供方便。污染者为他们超出排放限额而付费的碳市场，也许能够为丛林和热带草原固碳起到作用。     

日本政府要求企事业单位测算并报告其CO2排放量

日本政府向国会提交了关于大规模企事业单位有义务报告其CO2排放量的“地球暖化对策推进法修改草案”。该草案要求温室气体排放量在一定规模以上的民有企业及公共机关，每年度测算《京都议定书》规定的6种温室气体排放量，并向国家(环境省和经济产业大臣)报告。国家收集并公布统计数字。目的是促进企业自觉采取措施，减少排放量。     

四川省参与清洁发展机制下的林业碳汇项目的思考

简要介绍了清洁发展机制指导下的国际林业碳汇项目的基本规则,我国在国际碳汇贸易中的立场和政策,着重指出四川省参与林业碳汇项目所面临的主要问题及应该采取的应对策略,以及需要预先实施的若干准备工作。     

国际林业碳汇项目及四川省林业发展的机遇

简要介绍了在《京都议定书》指导下的国际林业碳汇贸易规则和清洁发展机制及其由来,以及我国在国际碳汇中的立场和政策,分析了四川省参与国际林业碳汇项目的可能性和可行性,指出四川省参与林业碳汇项目迫切需要开展的工作,包括林业碳贮量、碳库等方面的基础研究、培养碳汇项目专家和制定参与林业碳汇贸易国际谈判的基本方针。     

影响中国林业自愿碳市场稳健发展的几个问题分析

林业碳汇项目交易是中国通过碳排放权交易实现林业碳中和的主要途径,对净零排放目标的实现具有重要的战略价值。文中在分析中国碳市场发展所面临压力的基础上,提出中国林业碳市场自愿减排机制的发展可能;围绕碳排放权交易的市场化属性、方法学选择、发展趋势3个方面进行技术阐述;针对当前林业碳汇项目交易存在的5个主要问题,提出未来加强中国林业碳汇项目行业管理的4项措施,以期为后期开展林业碳汇项目的配额抵减提供政策支撑。     

Harvested wood products accounting in the post Kyoto commitment period

An increase in the amount of harvested wood products (HWP) from sustainable forestry would help to reduce levels of atmospheric carbon. In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), this carbon stock effect of HWP is ignored, and forest harvesting is treated as an instantaneous emission of carbon dioxide. However, in the next commitment period of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from 2013, the carbon stock changes resulting from HWP will be taken into account in the national greenhouse gas inventories. The Japan Wood Research Society called for a roundtable conference of eight research societies, industrial associations, and nongovernmental organizations that are involved with wood utilization. At the conference, accounting approaches for HWP were discussed and a consensus was reached that the stock change approach should be adopted in the next commitment period.     

Inclusion of forestry offsets in emission trading schemes:insights from global experts

Emissions trading schemes (ETSs) have been a central component of international climate change poli-cies,as a carbon pricing tool to achieve emissions reduction targets.Forest carbon offset credits have been leveraged in many ETSs to efficiently meet emission reduction targets,yet there is little knowledge about the perceptions,expe-riences,and challenges associated with the forest carbon offsetting in existing and pilot ETS.Given that the future inclusion of forest carbon offset in ETS management activi-ties and policies will require strong support and acceptabil-ity among the institutions and experts involved in ETS,this study explores the experiences and lessons learned with 16 globally engaging experts representing major existing ETSs (North America,Europe,and New Zealand) and Chi-nese pilot ETSs towards the inclusion of forestry offsets,major concerns and challenges with existing implementation models.Findings revealed that many respondents particu-larly from North America,New Zealand,and Chinese pilot systems portrayed positive attitudes toward the inclusion of forestry carbon offsets and its role in contributing to a viable ETS,while European experts were not supportive.Respond-ents cited leakage,permanence,additionality,and monitor-ing design features as the major challenges and concerns that inhibit the expansion and inclusion of forest carbon offset-ring.Respondents from Chinese pilot schemes referenced a unique set of challenges related to implementation,including the increasing cost of afforestation and reforestation projects,the uncertainty in the future supply and demand for their national Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) scheme and landowner engagement.Existing and future ETSs should learn from and address the challenges experienced by global experts and carbon pricing mechanisms to design,evaluate,or enhance their forest carbon offset programs for an effec-tive and viable system that successfully contributes to GHG mitigation practices globally.We recommend inclusion of forest carbon offsets at the early stages of ETS improves the perceptions and experience of policy makers and practition-ers toward the success and potential of forestry offsets in ETS ensuring familiarity and confidence in the mechanism.     

The New Zealand forestry sector's experience in providing carbon sequestration services under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, 2008 to 2012

The New Zealand government established the New Zealand Emissions Trading scheme (NZ ETS) as the primary mechanism for achieving New Zealand's Kyoto obligations between 2008 and 2012. The legislation made planted forests the first sector to participate in the NZ ETS, starting in 2008. At the same time, other schemes to encourage carbon sequestration through forestry were also implemented.The implementation of the NZ ETS has focussed on meeting New Zealand's international obligations between 2008 and 2012 at minimum cost, and there is little evidence it has led to any reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or investment in new planted forests in New Zealand. The NZ ETS has been most effective at facilitating the transfer of international (Kyoto compliant) carbon credits from emitters to the New Zealand government. These credits have been used to partially meet New Zealand's obligations for the first Kyoto commitment period, allowing other units to be carried over to meet obligations from 2013 to 2020.The paper shows that participation in the NZ ETS is unlikely to contribute a long-term positive impact on profitability of commercial forestry, and that the liabilities created through participation in the NZ ETS do not assist the development of the forestry sector in New Zealand. The paper suggests that the NZ ETS is not the correct policy instrument to encourage carbon sequestration by planted forests.     

我国碳市场匹配深度研究

基于中国8个试点碳市场自正式交易至2019年3月1日的碳配额交易数据,通过运用倾向得分匹配法,分析了碳市场的匹配深度,并在此基础上研究碳市场兼容性及原因分析。研究结果表明:目前我国所有碳市场中,两两碳市场衔接有46%的碳市场不能实现匹配,另有超过53%的碳市场能实现匹配,其中超过93%的碳市场匹配深度介于49%~53%;深圳和福建碳市场具有较强的兼容性,其中深圳碳市场的不同交易类型兼容性差异较大,造成不同兼容性的原因可能与配额分配方案和抵消机制等制度、管理机构、法律法规的区域性有关。     

森林、造林、再造林和毁林的定义与碳计量问题

森林的定义与土地利用，土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）碳吸收或排放的计量密切相关。同时也是造林，再造林和毁林（ARD）定义的基础；ARD的定义直接关系到《京都议定书》第三条第三款（3.3条款）ARD活动引起的汇清除的计量和大小。本文基于森林有关定义国际研讨会和IPCC有关LULUCF碳计量的方法学指南的研讨和交流。通过大量资料收集和信息查询，对主要国际公约，国际组织和各国森林和ARD的定义进行了调研。并分析讨论了不同定义及其对LULUCF碳计量的影响。提出了碳计量中需要关注的焦点问题。     

The Kyoto Protocol and the Private Forest Policy of Local Governments in Japan

National government policies on preventing global warming are becoming increasingly important in Japan, especially since the Kyoto Protocol became effective in 2005, and the first commitment period began in 2008. The Forestry Agency has combined policies promoting domestic forestry with those to prevent global warming and has developed a 10-year action plan. However, the forest resource database and related statistics represent serious problems in the forest management system in Japan and in the administrative work of the prefectural governments that manage the database. The database contains much incorrect data, which is difficult to correct because of insufficient budget and staff. The budget problem has seriously affected the entire administrative section of the Forestry Agency since the 1990s. Environmental taxes related to forests have recently been introduced in many prefectures, although the total revenue generated is small. The basic problem with the database is that the National Land Survey is incomplete and, consequently, the forest land size information in the database is unreliable. Furthermore, because prefectural governments are not required to report statistics on timber harvests, the cutting volume in each municipality is uncertain. Considering this situation, it may be difficult for the private forest sector to contribute greatly to the Kyoto Protocol without changes in the forest management system by both national and prefectural governments.