聚丙烯比例对木塑复合材料性能的影响

通过正交试验,以木材纤维和废旧聚丙烯塑料为原料,异氰酸酯或马来酸酐作偶联剂,压制木材纤维/聚丙烯复合材料,研究聚丙烯(简称PP)用量对木塑复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,聚丙烯比例对复合材料的内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率、静曲强度和弹性模量有不同的影响。在热压时间、热压温度、复合材料密度相同的条件下,用异氰酸酯(简称MDI)作偶联剂,聚丙烯用量40%时复合材料的性能最佳;而用马来酸酐(简称MA)作偶联剂,聚丙烯用量50%时复合材料的性能最佳。     

聚丙烯比例对木塑复合材料性能的影响

以木材纤维和废旧聚丙烯塑料为原料,异氰酸酯(MDI)或马来酸酐(MA)为偶联剂,压制木材纤维/聚丙烯复合材料;通过正交试验,研究聚丙烯(PP)用量对木塑复合材料性能的影响.结果表明:PP比例对复合材料的内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率、静曲强度和弹性模量有不同程度的影响.在热压时间、热压温度、复合材料密度相同的条件下,在用MDI做偶联剂,PP用量为40%时,复合材料的性能最佳;在用MA做偶联剂,PP用量为50%时,复合材料的性能最佳.     

偶联剂对木塑复合材料性能的影响

研究了两种偶联剂——马来酸酐(偶联剂1)和异氰酸酯(偶联剂2)对木塑复合材料性能的影响。确定木材纤维与热塑性聚合物的比例7:3、复合材料的设计密度为0．7g／cm3,在热压温度175℃、热压时间8min、偶联剂1或偶联剂2 加入比例均为2％的试验条件下,对比分析偶联剂产生的作用。结果表明:偶联剂2对复合材料的力学性能影响显著;对于同一种偶联剂,所用的热塑性聚合物材料不同,对复合材料性能的影响也存在较大的差异。     

薄木贴面聚氯乙烯基木塑复合材料贴面工艺参数对其性能的影响

探究热压温度、时间、压力因子对薄木贴面聚氯乙烯(PVC)基木塑复合材料表观质量的影响,并以硅烷偶联剂改善薄木与PVC木塑基材之间界面的胶接性能。结果显示,以质量分数1.4%的KH-550为偶联剂,在热压温度130℃、热压压力1.5 MPa、热压时间200 s的工艺下,薄木贴面PVC基木塑复合材料的综合性能最佳;薄木和PVC木塑基材之间形成了紧密的界面结合。     

生产工艺对巨尾桉/聚乙烯膜复合材料质量的影响

采用巨尾桉基材、胶合剂聚乙烯膜制备三层木塑复合材料,分析热压温度、热压时间、热压压力、施胶量这四个因素对复合材料胶合强度的影响。结果表明：在热压温度160℃、热压时间50s/mm、热压压力0.7MPa、施胶量为119g/m2的工艺条件下,巨尾桉/聚乙烯膜复合材料的胶合性能最优,能够达到II类胶合板标准。     

聚丙烯与木纤维的复合研究

通过检测以木纤维和聚丙烯为原料制造的木塑复合材料的抗拉强度,研究了木纤维和聚丙烯的复合性能,并分析了木纤维与聚丙烯的质量比、马来酸酐改性聚丙烯及偶联剂对复合材料抗拉强度的影响.试验结果表明,当聚丙烯与木纤维的混合比为10∶3、偶联剂加入量约为聚丙烯质量的3%～5%时,木塑复合材料的抗拉性能最佳.     

麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料工艺参数研究

以麦秸和废旧聚苯乙烯塑料为原料,采用冷混-热压工艺,通过正交试验和单因子试验,研究热压时间、热压温度、复合材料密度、聚苯乙烯比例和施胶量等工艺参数对麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料性能的影响.结果表明:热压时间7 min、热压温度190℃、聚苯乙烯比例为35%、施胶量3%、复合材料密度0.6 g·cm-3和0.65 g·cm-3时,压制出的麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料各项物理力学性能指标达到刨花板国家标准(GB/T 4897.1-4897.7-2003)要求,确定了试验的最佳工艺参数和工艺条件.     

纤维热塑性聚合物热压复合工艺的研究

通过聚乙烯、聚丙烯分别与木纤维复合制板工艺的研究,探讨加入助剂、改变聚乙烯、聚丙烯用量对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:对纤维进行改性处理,可以明显改善木塑复合材料的力学性能;塑料越细且含量为30%时,复合材料基本可达到中密度板国标要求的力学性能指标。     

改性豆基蛋白胶杨木刨花板的制造工艺

探讨利用改性豆基蛋白胶压制杨木刨花板的工艺,分析热压温度、热压时间、施胶量和防水剂加入量对杨木刨花板性能的影响,提出厚12 mm、密度0.70 g/cm3杨木刨花板的最佳工艺条件为:热压温度170℃,热压时间14min,施胶量10%,防水剂加入量1.4%。在此条件压制的板材的性能超过GB/T 4897.4-2003的要求。     

聚丙烯木塑复合材料的制备与研究

指出了木塑复合材料具有耐腐蚀性能好、耐低温、机械性能好、无有毒气体释放等优点,其优异的物理化学性能使其成为一代新型的环保复合材料,在生活和生产中得到广泛的应用,对于木材替代材料的发展具有重要意义。以聚丙烯为基体材料,以木质纤维作为填料,制备了聚丙烯木塑材料,采用热压成型原理制备木塑复合材料板材,并进行了力学性能、热稳定性、吸水性等性能测试。研究了木粉细度、木粉含量、聚乙烯增韧聚丙烯的配比、采用不同偶联剂LD-125、KH-550、KH-570进行改性等因素对聚丙烯木塑复合材料性能的影响。运用单因子试验和正交试验方案,探讨了聚丙烯木塑复合材料力学性能的影响因素,并优化了工艺配方的方案,对聚丙烯木塑复合材料的研究与开发具有重要的意义。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。