抗病基因对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的选择作用

为了解育成抗病品种抗性稳定性及胞囊线虫生理小种侵染力的变异,于2005～2008年,应用黑龙江省发生的大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种及已经通过鉴定的抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的品种,哈尔滨小黑豆、灰皮支等8个品种和感病对照品种Lee68为材料,进行抗病基凶对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种选择作用研究.在盆栽条件下,强迫大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的群体在抗病品种上繁殖10代,选用5个标准鉴定大豆胞囊线虫生理小种的鉴别品种,重新鉴定经抗病基因选择后的大豆胞囊线虫的生理小种类型.结果表明:原来为3号生理小种的线虫群体,经在抗病品种抗线虫1号、抗线虫2号、抗线虫3号、抗线虫4号、抗线虫5号上连续选择10代之后,变为6号小种;经在厌皮支黑豆上选择之后变为10号小种;经在Peking上选择之后变为14号小种,经在哈尔滨小黑豆上选择之后变为15号小种.上述鉴定结果说明,原大豆胞囊线虫生理种群体,经过在抗病品种上连续强迫繁殖后,形成新的生理小种,并使原扰病品种变为感染品种,认为在生产上采用轮作方式是保持抗线品种抗性稳定性的有效途径.     

Relative resistance of derived cultivars of soybeans to the cyst nematode, Heterodera glycimes Ichinohe

The three soybean cultivars, Custer, Pickett 71 and Forrest, which derived their resistance to race 3 of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) from the variety Peking, were tested for their level of resistance. Similarly, Bedford, Nathan, D75-10710 and Bradley cultivars which are resistant to race 4 were compared against their donor parent PI 88788. Each soybean line was inoculated with eggs and larvae of known cyst-nematode cultures. Custer, Pickett 71, Forrest and Peking had equal levels of resistance to race 3 and all were equally susceptible to the culture developed on Forrest; however, Peking and Custer had fewer white females against PI 88788 culture than did those on Pickett 71 and Forrest. Among cultivars resistant to race 4, Nathan had a greater number of white females than PI 88788 against cultures developed on Essex, Bedford and Peking. In general, the derived cultivars had a greater number of white females per plant than their donor parents.     

辽宁省大豆胞囊线虫生理分化研究

2007～2008年,对采自辽宁省14个市22个县(区)的42份大豆胞囊线虫土样,应用Golden等的方法和鉴别寄主 Pickett、Peking、P188788、P190763和Lee,于2008年5-9月在室外避雨棚内进行盆栽生理小种鉴定.根据鉴定结果并结合文献资料,绘制出了辽宁省大豆胞囊线虫生理小种分布图共鉴定了14份土样、3个生理小种,即1号、3号和6号生理小种,其中6号生理小种在辽宁省首次发现.1号生理小种分布在铁岭市昌图县;3号生理小种分布在大连市庄河、盘锦市大洼县、锦州市北镇、本溪满族自治县、葫芦岛市南票区、阜新蒙古族自治县、鞍山市岫岩县、沈阳中东陵区、辽阳市刘二堡镇、丹东市凤城县和抚顺市清原县;6号生理小种分布在朝阳市喀左县和营口市盖州.伞省以3号生理小种分布最广,为优势小种.     

美国大豆孢囊线虫生理小种及大豆品种抗性遗传育种研究进展

大豆孢囊线虫是美国大豆生产中造成损失最大的病害。目前从理论上用四个鉴别寄主把大豆孢囊线虫划分为１６个生理小种，但实际上未发现１１号、１２号和１３号生理小种。通过大规模品种资源筛选，已选出一大批抗源，较好的抗源有Ｐｅｋｉｎｇ、ＰＩ８８７８８和ＰＩ４３７６５４等。大豆品种对孢囊线虫的抗性由少数基因控制，在某些情况下与控制种皮颜色的基因有连锁，分子生物学研究表明，分子标记与大豆的抗性有关，ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡ     

生物间遗传学原理在小黑豆类型品种抗胞囊线虫基因归类中的应用

采用生的间遗传学方法对哈尔滨中黑豆，长粒黑豆，小粒黑豆，磨石黑豆和连毛会黑豆与胞囊线虫１，２，３，４，５，９，１２和１４号生理小种相互关系进行了研究。试验结果表明，长粒黑豆品种与已知抗病因基因的Ｐｅｋｉｎｇ含有相同的抗病基因，哈尔滨小黑豆与ＰＩ９０７６３含有相同的基因，小粒黑豆比ＰＩ９０７６３多含抗大豆胞囊线虫１４号小种的基因，磨石黑豆比ＰＩ８８７８８缺少抗线虫１４号小种的基因。连毛会仅含有抗线虫     

连续种植大豆抗孢囊线虫品种胁迫线虫生理小种变异研究

在生产条件下,高抗大豆抗孢囊线虫３号生理小种的抗线１号、抗线２号,在同一块地连续种植４－５年,明显发病。病土采用盆栽法,应用五个标准鉴定品种：Ｐｉｃｋｅｔ、Ｐｅｋｉｎｇ、ＰＩ８８７８８、ＰＩ９０７６３、Ｌｅｅ（Ｇｏｌｄｅｎ１９７０）及抗线２号,重新进行生理小种鉴定。按Ｒｉｇｇｓ（１９８８）标准,原来的３号生理小种线虫群体致病性发生变异,出现１４号生理小种。     

大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种对大豆根内酶活力的影响

采用辽豆10、PI88788、PI90763,3个品种均同时接种大豆胞囊线虫1号、3号和14号生理小种.测定了大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种对大豆PAL、POD、PPO、SOD活力的影响,分析不同大豆品种接种大豆胞囊线虫后保护酶活力的变化和抗性关系.结果表明:PI88788接种大豆胞囊线虫3号和14号生理小种后根系中4种酶活性显著高于对照;PI90763接种大豆胞囊线虫1号和3号生理小种后根系中4种酶活性显著高于对照.研究证实不同大豆品种对大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种的抗病性与接种SCN不同生理小种后大豆根内PAL、POD、PPO、SOD活力的变化密切相关.     

Evaluation of soybean for resistance to soybean rust in Vietnam

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, is a severe foliar disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that occurs throughout most soybean producing regions of the world. The objective of this research was to evaluate selected soybean genotypes for resistance to soybean rust in Vietnam. Five field experiments in Vietnam were completed from 2006 to 2009. The area-under-the-disease-progress-curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each soybean genotype based on four disease assessments taken during the reproductive growth stages. AUDPC units among soybean genotypes in each experiment differed (P < 0.05). Over the five experiments, the resistant check DT 2000 was most often the genotype with the lowest AUDPC units while the sources of rust resistance (Rpp1-5) did not always have low AUDPC units in each experiment, although PI 230970 (Rpp2) appeared to be more stable. A few genotypes with non-characterized genes for resistance, such as PI 398998, PI 437323, and PI 549017, had the lowest AUDPC units in at least one of the experiments. These genetic resources may be useful for host plant resistance studies and breeding soybeans for rust resistance in Vietnam and other locations like Brazil and the United States that have more recently been inundated with soybean rust. A significant (P < 0.001) experiment × genotype interaction was found when the AUDPC data of 14 soybean genotypes tested in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were combined and analyzed. This result indicates the potential importance of changing fungal races and/or biotypes that occur in the rust population.     

Foliar resistance to ozone injury in the genetic base of U.S. and Canadian soybean and prediction of resistance in descendent cultivars using coefficient of parentage

Development of ozone (O₃)-resistant cultivars is a potentially important approach for maintaining crop productivity under future climate scenarios in which tropospheric O₃ pollution is projected to rise. A first step in the breeding of resistant cultivars for a crop such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is identification of sources of O₃ resistance genes. Thirty ancestral lines of soybean were screened for differences in O₃ foliar injury under greenhouse conditions. The ancestors represented 92% of the genetic base of North American soybean as determined by pedigree analysis. Injury among ancestors ranged from 5 to 50% of leaf area, based on response of the five oldest main stem leaves, indicating both the presence of substantial genetic variation for O₃ injury among the ancestors as well as resistance levels greater than that of the standard control cultivar, resistant Essex (15% injury). Ancestral types Fiskeby 840-7-3 and Fiskeby III exhibited the greatest foliar resistance and PI 88788 the least. A subsequent field study confirmed the foliar resistance of the Fiskeby types. Resistant ancestors identified here are proposed for inheritance and DNA mapping studies to determine the genetic basis of foliar resistance. Because the presence of O₃-resistant ancestors suggested that resistant descendents may exist in addition to the resistant control Essex, a method was developed to facilitate their identification. A predicted O₃-resistance score was calculated for 247 publicly-released cultivars, based on pedigree analysis and ancestral response to ozone. Using this approach, the 32 public cultivars most closely related to resistant ancestors and, thus, most likely to be resistant were identified as priority candidates for future screening efforts. Predicted scores from the analysis suggested that cultivars from the Midwest may be more sensitive to foliar injury, on average, than Southern cultivars.     

Effects of an insect–nematode–fungus pest complex on grain yield and composition of specialty low linolenic acid soybean

Linolenic acid is a precursor to components in plant defense responses to pests and pathogens. Soybean cultivars with altered seed linolenic acid contents have been developed for improved oil qualities, specifically reduced fatty acid content with increased stability. We examined how three common soybean pests, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), brown stem rot (BSR) caused by Cadophora gregata and the soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines), affect yield and seed linolenic acid percentage of low linolenic acid cultivars. In a micro-plot field experiment, soybean cultivars with varying concentrations of linolenic acid in the seed (ultra-low or low) and resistance to SCN (susceptible or resistant) were grown at a central Iowa research farm. Plots were kept free of pests (control) or artificially infested with a single pest (SCN, BSR or SBA) or the combination of all three pests (multiple pest). The use of resistant cultivars (SCN and BSR) or an insecticide at an economic threshold (SBA) was analyzed to determine the efficacy of current management recommendations for low linolenic acid soybean production. Seed was collected at the end of the season to measure yield and grain composition. All three pests alone or in combination were capable of reducing yield, but only the three pests in combination were capable of affecting seed linolenic acid percentages, increasing linolenic acid percentages by 11.7% in SCN-susceptible cultivars. For all three pests, current management recommendations (resistant cultivars or economic thresholds) provided protection of both yield and grain composition, indicating no changes in management are necessary for altered linolenic acid soybean cultivars.     

野生大豆抗胞囊线虫QTL定位

大豆胞囊线虫病（soybean cyst nematode,SCN）是大豆生产上的重要病害,野生大豆是拓宽大豆抗病育种遗传基础的重要种质资源。为开发野生大豆资源,利用SLAF-seq技术,以杂交组合“绥农14×ZYD03685”的亲本、 126个F2单株及其衍生的F2:3家系为试验材料,进行了SLAF标签的开发、遗传图谱的绘制和QTL分析。共获得7783个SLAF标签用于遗传图谱绘制,遗传图谱总长度为2664.2 cM,20个连锁群的平均长度为133.21 cM。两个SCN 抗性QTL（qSCN-1 和qSCN-2）分别位于Chromosome（Chr）18 4.25～4.31 Mb和Chr18 13.50～13.81 Mb,分别解释了 22.96%和10.96%的抗性（胞囊指数）变异,QTL区段内分别包含了6个和14个基因。qSCN-2 区段未见有前人关于 SCN抗性QTL的报道,为新的QTL。本研究为SCN抗性机制解析和利用ZYD03685进行SCN抗病分子育种提供了     

大豆酶解制油蛋白酶的筛选及工艺条件的研究

在以大豆乳液为水解底物进行酶水解来提取大豆油的工艺中,应用蛋白酶水解细胞壁中的蛋白成分使得脂蛋白复合体中的油脂得以释放,从而提高油脂的得油率,通过研究选出破壁能力较强的蛋白酶并优化其水解条件,最后得到最佳水解工艺。     

Divergent selection at ultra-low plant density for seed protein and oil content within soybean cultivars

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is a major source of protein for animal feed and oil for human consumption. Selection within elite soybean cultivars for the improvement of agronomic and seed traits is assumed to be ineffective due to the belief that cultivars are highly homogeneous. Previously reported data suggest that latent variation among the single plant selections within a cultivar exists and that mechanisms that generate de novo variation may also be present. The main objective of this study was to perform divergent single-plant selection at ultra-low plant density and investigate the presence of genetic variation for seed protein and oil within three elite soybean cultivars. A secondary objective was to investigate the variation for fatty acid composition. In 1995, single plants from the three cultivars were grown in a honeycomb design using a plant-to-plant spacing of 0.9 m. A total of 333 plants from ‘Benning’, 392 plants from ‘Haskell’, and 371 plants from ‘Cook’ were evaluated. Divergent single-plant selection for protein and oil content was performed to select a total of 20 plants for high or low protein and 20 plants for high or low oil from each cultivar. The selected plants were further evaluated in replicated row-plot experiments for 3 years. Our results indicate that single-plant selection at low plant density was successful in discovering significant variation for seed protein and oil within each of the three soybean cultivars. For protein content, the magnitude of intra-cultivar variation between the highest- and lowest-protein lines averaged 19 g kg⁻¹ across the three cultivars and ranged from 13 to 24 g kg⁻¹. For oil composition, the magnitude of variation between the most divergent lines averaged 12 g kg⁻¹ across the three cultivars and ranged from 9 to 14 g kg⁻¹. Significant variation among the selected progeny lines was also discovered for specific fatty acid composition. The magnitude of intra-cultivar variation averaged from 6 to 29 g kg⁻¹ across the five fatty acids of soybean. The genetic variation discovered within the soybean cultivars is most likely due to latent variation and/or newly created variation. Our data provide evidence that single-plant selection at ultra-low plant density within elite cultivars can be effective in improving the seed composition of a soybean cultivar.     

大豆抗孢囊线虫病品种选育研究

利用高抗大豆孢囊线虫病的北京小黑豆、哈尔滨小黑豆等材料作抗源，配制杂交组合，成功地选育出高产稳产高抗ＳＣＮ的黄豆新品种齐黄２５和黄种皮新抗源４０Ａ、４２Ａ系列品系，还选育出农艺性状优良、高抗ＳＣＮ的褐色种皮的齐茶豆１号等茶豆系列品系和黑豆昌黑豆２号。     

2009-2015年安徽省大豆试验新品系对SMV和SCN的抗性评价

利用黄淮地区广范分布的优势大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)株系SC3、SC7和大豆胞囊线虫1号生理小种,分别对2009-2015年安徽省大豆区试和预试参试品种(系)523份(次)进行抗病性评价.结果显示:对SC3表现抗病(高抗、抗病和中抗)的材料有262份,占参试材料总数的50.1％;抗SC7的材料有274份,占52.4％;同时对SC3和SC7表现高抗的材料仅有HD21116.同时发现参加安徽省区试预试的大豆新品种(系)在不同年份间对SMV的病情指数存在显著差异.对SCN的抗性结果显示,远育8号、阜09-242和SK8-3-3等8份表现中抗,占鉴定总数的1.8％,表现中感的有43份,占9.9％,有383份材料表现高感,占鉴定总数的比率高达88.3％,说明多数大豆品种(系)对SCN的综合抗性较差.对鉴定结果的综合分析发现,只有1份新品系同时对SMV和SCN表现中抗,为SK8-3-3.     

分子标记在大豆种质和分离群体中对SMV抗性基因的选择效果研究

大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus,SMV)病是我国大豆生产上最主要的病毒病害之一。本研究用与SMV株系SC15和SC18抗病基因Rsc15和Rsc18紧密连锁的5个分子标记(Satt246、Satt286和Satt634、BARCSOYSSR-02-0667和Satt266)对来自国内外的50份大豆种质以及杂交组合"科丰1号×RN-9"后代进行了针对SC15和SC18株系的抗病性评价和选择。经接种验证后结果表明:Sat-246和Satt286对抗病基因Rsc15的选择平均符合率分别为63.89%和66.67%;Satt634、BARCSOYSSR-02-0667和Satt266对Rsc18选择的平均符合率分别为67.92%、68.09%和63.10%;共选出抗SC15的材料34份,抗SC18的材料27份,对SC15和SC18均抗病的材料25份。通过对杂交组合"科丰1号×RN-9"衍生的F_2、F_3和F_4代分离群体进行标记选择和接种SMV的表型验证,发现标记Sat-246和Satt286在3个分离世代对SC15抗性基因筛选的符合率分别为72.13%、68.83%和84.25%。用与Rsc15和Rsc18连锁的5个分子标记,对F_2、F_3和F_4代分离群体进行抗性基因的选择,在F4就筛选到18个对SC15和SC18均为抗病且标记带型完全纯合的抗病家系。本研究结果表明这些分子标记可有效用于种质资源和杂交后代群体对SMV抗性的选择。     

不同遗传背景大豆抗大豆胞囊线虫RAPD标记

以中国小黑豆抗源和具有优良农艺性状黄豆品种为试材,利用43个随机引物对其总DNA进行扩增,其中15个引物没有扩增产物,28个引物在供试品种的DNA扩增中产生多态性,11个引物产生特异性片段,将不同品种产生的特异性片段与品种抗大豆胞囊线虫生理小种进行综合分析,表明不同品种产生的特异性片段可能与该品种抗胞囊线虫的抗性相关.     

Potential for soybean rust tolerance among elite soybean lines in Uganda

Soybean rust, (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), currently the most devastating disease of soybeans worldwide, is known to challenge single resistance genes deployed against it and therefore, disease tolerance is indisputably the most viable measure in controlling the pathogen. Studies were conducted at Namulonge in Central Uganda to assess the level of tolerance to soybean rust among selected elite soybean lines. Seven elite lines together with three local checks were tested in a split-plot design where some plots were protected with fungicide to estimate the level of tolerance to soybean rust. The experiment was conducted for three cropping seasons beginning second rains of 2005. A rust tolerance index (RTI) was computed for each test line as the ratio of yield from unprotected plots to yield from protected plots. The study showed that high levels of tolerance to soybean rust were present in the test lines. The soybean lines that showed high levels of tolerance included MNG 10.3 and MNG 3.26 all showing RTIs higher than 0.93. These lines also out-yielded the local checks by about 400 kg ha⁻¹ and are recommended for multi-location testing.     

Stem growth during seed production in soybean: Implications for pod yield

In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), stems remain a competitive carbon resource sink during reproduction. Radial stem expansion after termination of axial stem growth requires resources to produce secondary cell walls in secondary vascular tissues. The impact of both the timing and extent of secondary growth in stems on fruit production in soybean is unknown. We hypothesized that cultivars gaining higher amounts of secondary vascular tissues during seed filling would experience lower reproductive output. Four determinate cultivars were grown in a greenhouse and harvested at the beginning and ending of seed filling for biomass determination and tissue composition measurement (ImageJ-Fiji). Cultivar ‘Hanover’ entered seed filling with the lowest amount of secondary phloem. It produced the largest increase in radial stem expansion, largest seeds, and fewest undeveloped (aborted) fruits. The physiological role of active secondary phloem production in stems for seed production in soybean reproduction is unclear. We reject our initial hypothesis and propose that high fitness may require the concomitant growth of vegetative and reproductive organs.     

野生大豆ZYD00006回交导入系构建

为挖掘野生大豆优异稀有基因，2006年至今以栽培大豆绥农14（轮回亲本）与野生大豆ZYD00006（供体 亲本）为双亲材料，经杂交、回交，标记辅助选择构建获得一套覆盖野生大豆全基因组的染色体片段导入系（代换 系）。该群体共 192个株系，包含野生大豆目标导入片段 237个，平均每个连锁群的导入片段个数为 11.85个；导入 片段总长度1865.17 cM，覆盖整个基因组的82.43%。其中L连锁群野生大豆基因组覆盖率最高，为100%，N连锁群 覆盖最低为 53.17%。最长导入片段 43.30 cM，最短导入片段 0.22 cM。高度一致的遗传背景对大豆重要基因及野 生大豆特有优异基因挖掘具有重要意义。同时，野生资源的引入极大丰富了栽培大豆的遗传基础，进而使得导入 系后代表型变异丰富，为大豆遗传育种提供重要的材料基础。