外来杂草在海南的危害及病害调查

对海南13种外来杂草展开调查,其中分布广泛、危害最为严重的是飞机草和假臭草。在9种外来杂草上共分离获得17种真菌,分别是侵染假臭草的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染飞机草的飞机草泽兰尾孢（Cerospora eupatorii Peck.）、炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染蟛蜞菊的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）,侵染空心莲子草的假隔链格孢（Nimbya alternantherae）和镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染小飞蓬的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染阔叶丰花草和胜红蓟的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）,侵染三叶鬼针草的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和黑孢霉（Nigrospora sphaerica）,侵染凤眼莲的链格孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）。     

暖地型草坪杂草化学防除技术

暖地型草坪草主要是禾本科中的部分草种，如结缕草属的：中华结缕草（Zoysiasini－ca）、沟叶结缕草（马尼拉Zoysiamatrella）、细叶结缕草（天鹅绒Zoysiatcnuifolia）；狗牙根属的狗牙根、天堂419（Tifton419）、天堂328等；以及假俭草（Eremochloaophiuroides）。由于其匍匐能力强、成坪快、草坪致密程度高、耐践踏等优点，而得到普遍应用。若场地杂草基数较大，再加上管理跟不上，往往造成杂草严重危害，特别是新植草坪杂草更是种类多，数量大，不及时防除，势必严重影响草坪的质量，甚至造成草坪报废。如何应用化学药剂控制和防除暖地…     

郑州市绿地草坪重要植物寄生线虫鉴定

郑州市部分绿地草坪草存在植株矮小，长势衰弱，叶片枯黄等现象，推测其可能受植物线虫危害。为明确危害郑州市绿地草坪草的寄生线虫种类以及分布情况，2020—2021年，从郑州市12县/区辖区内的30个公园绿地随机采集136份草坪草疑似发病样品。采用浅盘法和漂浮法分离样品中的植物线虫，利用形态学和分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法，对分离到的植物线虫进行种类鉴定。结果表明，18个地区中的98份样品中检测到植物寄生线虫，检出率高达72.1%，覆盖调查地区的60.0%。同时，发现不同公园或绿地之间土壤中线虫数量差异悬殊，其中上街东虢湖公园线虫密度可达98.68条/100 m L土，而新郑龙湖城市湿地公园线虫密度仅为1.10条/100 mL土。种类鉴定结果显示，本次调查共检测到9种重要草坪草植物寄生线虫：小叶螺旋线虫（Helicotylenchus microlobus）、花生茎线虫（Ditylenchus arachis）、马铃薯腐烂茎线虫（D. destructor）、茎线虫属线虫（Ditylenchus sp.）、菲利普孢囊线虫（Heterodera filipjevi）、南方根结线虫（Meloido...     

水稻干尖线虫(Aphelenchoides besseyi)人工培养研究

利用真菌培养水稻干尖线虫的结果表明：不同的真菌培养线虫的效果有较大差异。链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）的效果明显优于常用的灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）,可选用于培养水稻干尖线虫。在真菌菌落上,不同的接虫量以及不同的温度和培养时间对水稻干尖线虫的培养均有一定的影响。     

重庆试种期问绿玉树病害初报

绿玉树是一种集药用、观赏等多用途于一体的树种，病害的发生严重影响了绿玉树在重庆试种期间的健康生长。病害调查和病原鉴定结果表明：试种期间危害最严重的病害是灰霉病和根结线虫病。其中灰霉病由葡萄孢霉（Botrytis sp．）危害所致，可使绿玉树的各个部位发生水渍状腐烂，上生灰色霉层，持续阴雨有利于病害的发生和流行。南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）为害引起根结线虫病，使绿玉树根部组织过度生长形成瘤状根结。发生严重可导致根部坏死腐烂。     

甘肃省红豆草病原真菌鉴定及病害发生动态调查

为明确甘肃省红豆草的病害种类、发生动态和危害状况,采用病原物分离与培养、形态学及分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定确定红豆草病害种类,于2012—2013年在通渭、渭源、榆中和碌曲4县调查各病害的发病率以确定发生动态,观察病害田间发生特点并结合调查数据评价其重要性。结果表明,4县共发生真菌性病害12种,分别为大茎点霉叶斑病(病原为大茎点霉属真菌Macrophoma sp.)、壳针孢叶斑病(病原为歪头菜壳针孢Septoria orobina)、炭疽病(病原为白蜡树刺盘孢Colletotrichum spaethianum)、黑秆病(病原为红豆草壳二孢Ascochyta onobrychis、菠菜刺盘孢C.spinaciae和链格孢Alternaria alternata混合侵染)、壳二孢叶斑病、茎点霉叶斑病、尾孢叶斑病、柱格孢白斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病、链格孢黑斑病、锈病和白粉病,其中大茎点霉属真菌、白蜡树刺盘孢和菠菜刺盘孢在红豆草上首次发现;尾孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病为甘肃新记录病害;大茎点霉叶斑病为世界新病害,仅于碌曲县发现。白粉病、锈病、链格孢黑斑病发生于红豆草生长后期,其它病害则始于6月;6—9月危害加重的为黑秆病和柱格孢白斑病,发病率最高达89.7%和96.0%;危害渐轻的为茎点霉叶斑病、壳二孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病,发病率最高达88.7%、57.4%和45.1%。黑秆病和茎点霉叶斑病在甘肃省目前危害最重。     

甘肃省临夏州小麦脚腐病病原鉴定

对甘肃省临夏州小麦脚腐病病原进行了分离鉴定,从3块病田的37株罹病小麦上分离得到56个真菌菌株,分别被鉴定为雪腐镰刀菌[Fusarium nivale(Fr.)Ces.]、燕麦镰刀菌[Fusarium avenaceum(Corda et Fr.)Sacc.]、麦斑点附球霉[Epicoccum triticiP.Henn.]、小壳色单隔孢菌[Diplodiellasp.]、交链孢菌[Alternariaspp.]、芽枝霉[Cladosporiumsp.]、黑孢霉[Nigrosporasp.]。其中,雪腐镰刀菌致病性最强,燕麦镰刀菌致病性中强,麦斑点附球霉致病性弱,其余菌不致病。     

猕猴桃储藏期病原真菌的分离与鉴定

为明确猕猴桃采后病害的病原种类,本研究对猕猴桃储藏期病果进行了病原真菌的分离培养,观察了病原的培养性状和形态特征,并进行了分子生物学鉴定及其致病性测定。结果表明,引起猕猴桃储藏期病害的病原真菌有7种(类),分别是链格孢菌(Alternaria spp.)、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、间座壳菌(Diaporthe spp.),无性态为拟茎点霉菌(Phomopsis spp.)、拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis sp.)、假尾孢菌(Pseudocercospora sp.)、刺盘孢(Colletotrichum sp.)、灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea),研究结果可为后期猕猴桃采后病害的防控提供科学依据。     

七株黄瓜内生真菌对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的不同作用

本文研究了7株黄瓜内生真菌对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的不同作用方式。结果表明,枝顶孢Acremonium sp.菌株Ac985、毛壳菌Chaetomium sp.菌株Ch1001和拟青霉Paecilomyces sp.菌株Pa972的PDB培养滤液对南方根结线虫J2具有致死作用,48h暴露后致死率分别达到100%、98.5%和100%;叶点霉Phyllosticta sp.菌株Ph511培养滤液对J2具有击倒作用,但击倒的虫体在清水中能恢复活性。木霉Trichoderma sp.菌株Tr882和菌株Ac985、Ch1001的培养滤液对J2的活动有趋避作用。镰刀菌Fusarium spp.菌株Fu234、Fu654和菌株Pa972、Ch1001、Ph511的菌丝可以穿透J2体壁并消化虫体。Ch1001、Fu654、Ph511三菌株孢子悬浮液处理黄瓜种子后,能诱导黄瓜萌发的主根对J2从其根尖伸长区穿透的抗性。     

北京地区南方果树病害调查初报

对北京市主要栽培的19种南方果树发生病害情况进行了系统调查,通过采集病害标本、症状观察和病原鉴定,确诊了11种病害。明确了枇杷拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis eriobotrifolia)灰斑病、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)炭疽病、拟茎点霉(Phoma mangiferae)叶斑病、茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)根腐病、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incongnita)根结线虫病、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)鞘腐病及叶点霉(Phyllosticta musarum)黑星病等7种病害是北京京郊南方果树发生的主要病害。其中,枇杷拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis eriobotrifolia)灰斑病、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)炭疽病、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incongnita)根结线虫病及茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)根腐病为害最为严重。     

Sweet Potato Diseases in Nigeria

Abstract

In Nigeria only six pathogens were recorded on sweet potato in 1966. Between 1973 and 1977 about twenty were documented. These cause various foliage, stem, root and tuber diseases. They include diseases caused by Albugo ipomocac, Phaeoisariopsis bataticola, Pseudocercospora timorensis, Phyllosticta batatas, Septoria bataticola, Corticium sp., Elsinoe batatas, Mcliola clavulata, Coleosporium ipomoeae, Puccinia spp., Uromyces sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Plenodomus destruens, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizopus stolonifera, Monilochaetes infuscans, mosaic virus and internal cork virus. Detailed studies on the nature of the diseases incited under Nigerian conditions have not been carried out on most of the pathogens. However, there are indications that although the foliar diseases may not be of serious economic importance, the stem, root and tuber diseases may be major contributors to post-harvest loss, a common problem in root and tuber production in Nigeria.     

玉米杂交种穗粒腐病原鉴定

对来自我国不同地区的玉米杂交种穗粒腐病原分离鉴定的结果表明,镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ）和蠕孢菌（Ｈｅｌｍｉｎｔｈｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ）是引起杂交种穗粒腐的优势菌群,分离频率较高的病原菌还有本霉菌（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａ）、青霉菌（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ）、曲霉菌（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ）等。种子产地来源地原菌的分离频率有很大影响,辽宁和山西玉米杂交种穗粒腐病原菌的优势种群是蠕孢菌,而山东和河南则以镰刀     

西洋参根部病害研究进展

综述了近年来国内外关于西洋参根腐病、锈腐病、疫病等主要根部病害的研究进展,就相关病原菌及其生物学特性、影响病害发生的环境因子、采用的化学及生物防治方法进行了介绍,结合当前存在的问题提出今后应加强的研究重点。     

Helminth eggs in the sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia.

Developmental stages of 8 species of parasitic helminths were found during examination of sludge from 3 sewage treatment plants in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. The eggs were comprised from Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Toxascaris leonina, Parascaris equorum, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp. and Hymenolepis spp. The quantity of these organisms in 100 g of dried sludge ranged between 24-105 eggs of Ascaris sp., 12-47 eggs of Toxocara sp., 0-8 eggs of Toxascaris leonina, 0-1 egg of Parascaris equorum, 2-33 eggs of Trichuris sp., 0-12 eggs of Capillaria sp., 0-46 eggs of Enterobius vermicularis and 0-49 eggs of Hymenolepis spp. Some eggs of Hymenolepis spp. and Enterobius vermicularis were structurally damaged, while some eggs of Ascaris sp. and Enterobius vermicularis contained developed larvae.     

Fusarium-induced diseases of tropical, perennial crops

ABSTRACT The world's oldest ecosystems are found in the tropics. They are diverse, highly evolved, but barely understood. This and subsequent papers describe diseases of tropical, perennial plants that are caused by Fusarium spp. Many of these are economically significant, difficult to manage, and of scientific interest. Some represent coevolved patho-systems (e.g., Panama disease, tracheomycosis of coffee, fusariosis of pineapple, and Fusarium wilt of oil palm), whereas others may be new-encounter diseases or are caused by generalist pathogens (cushion gall of cacao). New vector relationships are evident in other pathosystems (e.g., mango malformation), and two or more pathogens have been shown to cause some of the diseases (Panama disease and tracheomycosis of coffee). More work on these pathosystems is warranted as they could reveal much about the evolution of plant pathogens and the important diseases they cause.     

细菌性软腐病菌Dickeya致病机理的研究进展

由Dickeya spp.引起的细菌性软腐病在多种作物和花卉上常造成严重的经济损失,尤其近年来由D.zeae引起的水稻细菌性基腐病和香蕉软腐病,以及由D.solani引起的马铃薯软腐病均造成重大的农业失收,这些问题促进了对该属细菌致病机理的重视和深入研究。同时,Dickeya属细菌基因组序列的发表将进一步加速对这些重要病原微生物的研究。本文旨在对Dickeya属细菌的寄主范围、主要致病因子及其调控系统的研究进展作详细的梳理分析,以明确这一重要领域的研究现状并为从分子水平上阐明Dickeya属病原细菌的致病机理和寄主专化性提供依据。     

Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia

Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.     

云南省3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害发生动态分析

为了解云南省滇牡丹叶部病害的发生动态, 本研究开展了3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害周年调查及病原真菌初步鉴定, 并探讨海拔高度、温度和降雨量对滇牡丹病害发生的影响。结果表明, 3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害为黑斑病、红斑病和炭疽病, 病原菌分别为链格孢属Alternaria、枝孢属Cladosporium和刺盘孢属Colletotrichum的真菌。其中黑斑病和炭疽病在稗子乡(2 000 m)发病较重, 其次是梁王山(2 400 m)和香格里拉(3 400 m), 发病率和病情指数呈现随海拔升高逐渐下降的趋势。此外, 稗子乡的病害发生动态与月平均温度、降雨量的变化规律基本趋于一致, 且3种病害的发病程度与月平均温度、降雨量显著相关。综上所述, 低海拔且温湿度较大的区域滇牡丹叶部病害发生较重, 本研究为滇牡丹病害防治提供了参考依据。     

Bacterial and fungal diseases in the major potato-growing areas of Tunisia

In a two year survey of Tunisian rustic potato stores, the losses were nearly equally distributed between dry rots induced by Fusarium solani and watery wound rot or leak caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Symptoms of leak were different from those normally induced by Pythium spp. Surveys of the growing potato crop confirmed the prevalence of these pathogens, which caused wilt and internal vascular stem necrosis. Most rotted progeny tubers also exhibited leak symptoms caused by P. aphanidermatum. Hardly any Erwinia diseases were found in Tunisia. The incidence of diseased plants was significantly higher in fields with successive cultivation of solanaceous crops, which may be attributed to a high rate of soil infestation by wilt-inducing pathogens such as Pythium spp., F. solani and Verticillium dahliae. The health of seed potatoes also played a significant role, affecting the incidence of rot in potato stores as well as in the soil before plant emergence. Therefore, Tunisian integrated management programmes for potato diseases should focus on soil disinfestation with appropriate crop rotation as well as seed quality and treatments.