云南省主要地质背景区土壤理化性质及矿物质元素丰度分析

对云南省反刍动物生产基地所属的6个主要地质背景区的土壤和岩石样品的K、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、Fe、Se、I和F元素及土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)和pH进行测定分析,结果表明:晚古生代玄武岩红壤区(V)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)土壤各种矿质元素都比较高,有机质含量与CEC都较高,特别是V区最为显著;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)除了Co含量较低外,其他元素含量都居中等或偏上水平,有机质含量与CEC仅次于第1类背景区:碎屑岩紫色土区(Ⅲ)、变质岩赤红壤区(Ⅵ)和碎屑岩黄红壤区(Ⅳ)大多数矿质养分相对都比较低,有机质含量与CEC最低.     

吉林西部生态农业基地土壤环境地球化学背景研究

吉林西部生态农业基地土壤样品地球化学指标分析结果表明,区内N和K元素与全球土壤背景值基本相当,P,Mg,S,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Cd,Cr元素质量分数低于全球土壤平均值,土壤营养元素P、B、Zn、Mo缺乏,F、Se、As、Pb、Hg元素质量分数高于全球土壤平均值。近20年来,土壤背景中F质量分数下降0.41倍,P增加1.30倍。B、Zn、Mo有效量低于土壤临界值,为显著贫化。     

小兴安岭主要沼泽类型土壤Cu、Zn含量分布特征

以小兴安岭北部公别拉河流域上游沼泽湿地为研究区,选择典型的乔木沼泽、灌木沼泽和草本沼泽,对其土壤Cu、Zn含量进行研究.结果表明:3类沼泽土壤全Cu含量表现为:灌木沼泽＞乔木沼泽＞草本沼泽,而有效Cu含量则表现为:乔木沼泽＞灌木沼泽＞草本沼泽,同时有效Cu具有C层＞B层＞A层的特点.全Zn含量在不同类型沼泽间变动较小,而有效Zn含量则表现为草本沼泽＞灌木沼泽＞乔木沼泽.乔木沼泽和灌木沼泽表层土壤全Cu含量的季节变化呈单峰曲线,而草本沼泽表层则有较大的波动性,各类沼泽C层全Cu含量变化较小.3类沼泽各层土壤全Zn含量季节变化基本一致,均呈波动式上升趋势.pH值对土壤Cu、Zn含量影响较大,呈相关极显著,而有机质含量对其影响较小.     

中国夏尔希里土壤环境背景值特征及评价

夏尔希里自然保护区人为干扰极少,是环境背景值研究的良好区域。研究选择该保护区土壤为对象,对九个土壤重金属元素(Mn、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Ni、Co、Hg)及有机质进行测试,结果显示:夏尔希里自然保护区各重金属元素含量依次为MnZnCrPbCuNiA sCoHg;环境背景值指标的空间变异性均属于中等变异;测试结果经K-S检验,双尾渐进概率均大于0.05,符合正态分布趋势;相关性分析结果为有机质与Mn元素,Ni与Co、Cr元素,Co与Cr元素均在0.01水平上呈显著正相关;Pb与Zn元素,Co与Cr元素在0.05水平上呈显著正相关;Ni与As元素在0.01水平上呈显著负相关;As与Zn、Hg、Co、Cr在0.05水平上呈显著负相关。单因子污染指数评价结果为Ni、Cr元素属于清洁状态;As、Zn、Mn、Co元素属于清洁和轻度超标状态;其它元素均有中、重度超标现象。研究结果表明夏尔希里保护区在无人为扰动的条件下,保持了较好的生态环境,对于其它区域环境背景的研究具有很好的参照价值。     

渭河宝鸡段表层沉积物重金属污染研究

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,在对渭河宝鸡段表层沉积物基本理化性质分析的基础上,研究了沉积物中重金属的含量、赋存形态及迁移特征,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,沉积物中Zn、Co、Cd和Hg的平均含量均高于世界、中国和陕西土壤元素背景值,其中Cd（中国和陕西土壤元素背景值的4倍）和Hg（中国和世界土壤元素背景值的7~8倍、陕西土壤元素背景值的16倍）尤为突出。Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu和Co在沉积物中主要以残余态形式存在（50%以上）,Pb主要以可还原态形式存在（近55%）,Mn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在（近50%）。重金属迁移顺序为Mn（56.70%）≈Pb（56.65%）〉Cd（53.66%）〉Co（48.82%）〉Cu（43.99%）〉Zn（21.93%）〉N（i15.49%）〉C（r11.43%）,其中Mn、Pb、Cd、Co和Cu的危害较大,有近45%~60%可以发生迁移转化。污染评价结果表明,沉积物主要受到Cd和Hg污染,具有高的潜在生态危害。     

大骨节病区土壤元素的分布特征及其与病情的关系——以壤塘县为例

为了探讨大骨节病区土壤元素分布特征及其与大骨节病之间的关系,以病情相对严重的四川省壤塘县为研究区域,采集了0~20 cm和20~40 cm自然土壤和耕作土壤样品,测定其机械组成和Se等9种微量元素。深层土壤中Fe2O3、Co、Se等元素及物理性黏粒的含量略高于表层土壤,而Mo等元素及物理性砂粒的含量则在表层土壤中的含量稍高一些。由于当地土壤受人类活动的影响较小,因而土壤剖面或土层之间的元素含量和机械组成并无明显差异(p>0.05)。土壤Mo和Se元素的缺乏导致农作物对这两种元素吸收量的减少,进而造成当地人群特别是儿童处于低Se、低Mo营养状态,这与当地大骨节病病情的关系密切。受母岩和成土作用等的共同影响,理化性质相似的化学元素表现出较好的正相关关系,如Fe2O3、Co、Mn之间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),Zn与Cu、Hg也呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01),但是,这些元素与大骨节病临床患病率均无显著相关性(p>0.05)。按大骨节病病情严重程度将所涉及到的行政村平均分为四组:Ⅰ病区(n=6,患病率14.02%~19.87%),Ⅱ病区(n=6,患病率24.62%~28.20%),Ⅲ病区(n=6,患病率28.45%~36.26%),Ⅳ病区(n=5,患病率37.30%~53.66%)。由于土壤黏粒和Fe2O3对Se的吸附作用,它们在不同病区的分布特征相同,即土壤黏粒、Fe2O3和Se的含量越低,大骨节病的病情越严重。随病情加重土壤Hg含量呈逐步升高的趋势,但在低Se、低Hg条件下两者是否存在相互作用尚需深入研究。     

珠江三角洲典型肝癌发病区土壤重金属富集特征分析及生态风险测度

测定了珠江三角洲经济区顺德典型肝癌发病区的29个表层土壤样品重金属含量,并用平均富集因子(AEFs)分析了研究区重金属元素污染程度,结果表明表层土壤重金属按富集程度可分为3类,严重富集(AEFs>5),主要有Cd、Hg;中度富集(AEFs=2~5),包括Zn、Cu、Ni、As、Co、Mn;轻微富集(AEFs<2),包括Fe、Cr、Pb、Se;Mo的富集程度最低,29个样点的EF值均小于0.2。进一步通过因子分析和聚类分析研究表层土壤中重金属的类别和来源,发现表层土壤中的17种重金属主要有5种不同组合,反映了5种不同的来源或迁移特性:因子1包括Ni、Li、V、Co、Cr、Fe和Al,因子2包括OM、Se和Ce,因子3主要包括Pb和Zn,因子4包括Cd、As和Mn,因子5由pH、Mo和Hg组成,其中因子1、2、4代表3种不同特性的自然源因子,因子3为交通及工业污染源因子,因子5为燃煤污染源因子。以广东省土壤背景值为参比标准进行的潜在生态危害评价结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数较高,总体以强度为主(RI>300),其中单项生态危害系数较高的是Hg和Cd,其余6种金属元素Pb、Cu、Ni、As、Cr属于轻微生态危害性。     

夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属相关性分析及污染风险评价

为了探明夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况及相关性,沿山路蛇形布点采样,根据实地采样数据和试验数据,通过单因子污染指数分析法和潜在生态危害评价法,分别对夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况进行评价分析。结果表明:夏尔西里自然保护区重金属含量超过《土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）》中一级土壤评价标准,Ni,Cr处于清洁状态;土壤中Pb,Zn,Co,Cu超标率分别为65%,50%,60%,85%;土壤中Hg,As超标率分别为90%,100%;8种重金属元素潜在生态危害系数顺序为:Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Zn;Zn与Ni、Cu与Pb、Co与Cu的相关性达到显著性水平;Zn与Pb、Cr与Ni、Co与Pb、Co与Zn的相关性达到极显著性水平,元素有较高的同源性,重金属元素含量主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰对重金属元素含量影响较小,Hg,As元素与其他重金属元素相关性低或无相关性。     

不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况，通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法，对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现：以土壤本底值作为评价标准时，粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中，表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重；粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作，不适合用作水田；随着复垦时间的增加，表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。     

冷温荒漠环境下柴达木黑果枸杞原生地土壤元素特征

柴达木盆地中西部极度干旱,气候冷温,盐生植物黑果枸杞占有一定生态位。采集0 ~ 40 cm土样,用超细粉末压片－X射线荧光光谱法,测定部分元素含量,研究了柴达木黑果枸杞原生地土壤元素分布特征。结果表明:原生地土壤中人体必需微量元素Se、Sr含量较高,Co、Ni、V、Zn等含量相对低;Cl、S含量、富集程度（Kc > 3.0）俱高,稀土类元素富集程度普遍偏低,Ag、Pb、Br、W有局部聚集现象（C.V > 50%）,但未有含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》土壤污染风险筛选值控制限值的元素。柴达木黑果枸杞原生地土壤能够较高程度富集Cl（Kc > 40.0）、S（Kc > 7.5）、Se（Kc > 4.0）及Sr（Kc > 1.0）等元素是母质与气候双重因素造就的结果。     

Trace elements in surface soils from the mineralized area of Madison County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Duplicate, bulked surface soil samples, from sites 10m apart, were collected at 97 locations 1000 m apart on a regular grid measuring 8x11 km. Data were obtained for Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. One field sample was a good predictor of its nearby duplicate for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb, satisfactory for Ba, Be, Cr, Mn and Zn, but poorer for Cr, Li and V. Maps of the variation in precision of the field samples did not reveal any association between abandoned mine sites and high variability. The median coefficient of variation for trace elements in the field duplicates was between 8 and 19.5%. The duplicated field data were averaged to yield a mean soil metal concentration at each sample location. Concentrations of Ba, Be, Cr, Li, Sr and V were comparable with other published values for similar soils in Missouri. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher which was explained by pollution from mining activities. A graphical technique was used to calculate background levels for metals in the second group. Samples of forest litter were collected at 12 locations: Ag, Ba, Cd, Mn, Sr and Zn concentrations were higher in the litter whereas Li and V concentrations were higher in the subjacent mineral soil. Computer isoline maps of the distribution of elements revealed an association between areas of high soil Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn and abandoned mines or mineralized rocks.     

Standards for the contents of heavy metals and metalloids in soils

In line with the present-day ecological and toxicological data obtained by Dutch ecologists, heavy metals/metalloids form the following succession according to their hazard degree in soils: Se > Tl > Sb > Cd > V > Hg > Ni > Cu > Cr > As > Ba. This sequence substantially differs from the succession of heavy elements presented in the general toxicological GOST (State Norms and Standards) 17.4.1.02-8, which considers As, Cd, Hg, Se, Pb, and Zn to be strongly hazardous elements, whereas Co, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Cr to be moderately hazardous. As compared to the general toxicological approach, the hazard of lead, zinc, and cobalt is lower in soils, and that of vanadium, antimony, and barium is higher. The new sequence also differs from that of the metal hazard in soils according to the Russian standard on the maximal permissible concentration of mobile metal forms (MPC_mob): Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Zn. Neither an MPC_mob nor an APC_mob has been adopted for strongly hazardous thallium, selenium, and vanadium in Russia. The content of heavy metals in contaminated soils is very unevenly studied: 11 of them, i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Co, Hg, and Se, are better known, while the rest, much worse, although there are dangerous elements (Ba, V, Tl) among them.     

Essential and toxic elements in seafood available in poland from different geographical regions

The concentrations of 15 elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Se, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ca, Na, K, and Mg) were determined in the edible parts of shellfish on sale in the local market in Gdańsk. The samples consisted of three groups--crustaceans, molluscs, and surimi--that are processed to different degrees. For the purposes of this analysis, they were dried, homogenized, and digested in an automatic microwave system. The samples were analyzed quantitatively for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mg, Na, K, and Ca (F-AAS), Cd and Pb (GF-AAS), Se (HG-AAS), and Hg (CV-AAS). The elemental levels detected in shellfish were compared to those in cod, herring, pork, beef, chicken, and eggs. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of essential elements and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of toxic elements were estimated. With factor analysis of the data, taxonomically different groups of raw and processed shellfish could be distinguished.     

Trace element distributions in soils developed in loess deposits from northern France

A pedo‐geochemical survey was carried out in the Nord‐Pas de Calais region (France) on soils developed in loess deposits. Total concentrations of Al, Fe and 18 trace elements, as well as common soil characteristics, were determined in samples from 52 surface and 97 deep horizons developed in these loess deposits. The Pb isotopic composition was determined in two sola. The composition of deep horizons, compared with that of the upper continental crust, with that of horizons developed from 21 other sedimentary rocks from the region and with that of loess from various parts of the world, confirms that loess from the Nord‐Pas de Calais region derives from multi‐recycled and well‐mixed ancient sedimentary rocks. Correlation analysis shows that least mobile (i.e. ionic potential (Z/r) is between 3 and 7) geogenic elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) are associated with the fraction <2 µm (which we define as ‘lutum’). More mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se) are less associated with this fraction. Cadmium is particularly linked to Mn. The distribution of [trace element]/([Al] or [Fe]) in the French loess gives the background content for soils developed from most sedimentary materials in northwestern Europe. Topsoils are enriched with all the trace elements examined, except Co, Cr and Ni. Enrichments with Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn are greater in cultivated soils than in forest soils. Enrichments with Pb and with Cu, Hg, Mo, Sb, Se and Sn are mainly due to human contamination through atmospheric fallout. Organic matter seems to act as a sink for all the exogenous trace elements.     

Background Contents of Heavy Metals in Soils and Bottom Sediments in the North of Western Siberia

Eurasian Soil Science - Background concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cd, Ba, Sr, and Sc) in soils and bottom sediments were determined for the background and...     

Determination of “normal” levels and upper limit values of trace elements in soils

To determine “normal” levels of trace elements in soils, soil samples taken all over Belgium were analysed. The selection of the sampling places was based on the geological substrata, from which the soils originate and on the texture class to which they belong. The elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, V and Zn were determined using an extraction method with strong acids. The found concentrations were called “total acid extraction concentrations”, although this extraction does not extract all the elements which are incorporated into the minerals. This has been done, however, by arc emission spectrography which was applied to determine the elements Ag, B, Co, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Sn, Sr and V. The greatest difference between the “overall total” concentrations and the “total extractable concentrations” were found for chromium. Based on the obtained results, an upper limit for normal levels of trace elements was fixed. For Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sb, this upper limit value is almost the same for all the investigated soils irrelevant of their texture. The same conclusion could not be made for the other elements. For these elements, the soil texture and also the geological parent material, on which the soil was formed, have an influence on the upper limit value.     

Total and extractable trace element contents of soils in England and Wales

Soil samples taken by soil auger to a depth of 150 mm from randomly selected agricultural fields throughout England and Wales were analysed for total As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, acetic acid-extractable Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, EDTA-extractable Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, ammonium oxalate extractable Ni and Mo and hot water-extractable B. Median, log-derived mean and range data are given for each element. Median values are given also by parent material and textural grouping.     

Assessment of the Contamination of Cultivated Soils by Eighteen Trace Elements Around Smelters in the North of France

Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn,Tl, Th, U and Zn contamination of cultivated surfacehorizons has been assessed around two lead and zincsmelters in the North of France. The verticaldistribution of Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Hg, Se, Sb and Tl inthe soils has also been examined. The soils around thelead and zinc smelter at Noyelles-Godault arecontaminated by Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, Sb,Se, Sn, Tl and Zn. The original concentration in themost contaminated soils may be multiplied by a factorof around 2 to 100, according to the element. Cadmium,Pb and Zn are the most abundant contaminants. The Pband Zn concentrations are correlated to those of theother contaminants, with the exception of Se. Aroundthe Auby zinc smelter, there is a contamination by thesame elements, but in different proportions, inaddition to Cr contamination. Contamination by Se canreach a depth of around 1 m, whereas contamination byAg, As, Bi, Cu, Hg, Sb and Tl is confined to the top 30cm. Although the contaminant content in most soilsdepends on the distance from the plant, Secontamination would appear to vary to a greater extentaccording to the physico-chemical soil conditions.