几个甘蔗新品种的健康种苗对比试验

为探讨甘蔗新品种健康种苗的应用效应.对6个甘蔗新品种进行了为期两年的健康种苗对比试验.结果表明:(1)健康种苗可显著增加甘蔗产量和含糖量,这种效应可从新植蔗延续至宿根蔗且因品种而异.健康种苗甘蔗产量增产16.4%,含糖量增产15.9%.(2)健康种苗对甘蔗蔗糖分无显著作用.(3)健康种苗对甘蔗产量性状作用是多方面的,可促进甘蔗发芽出苗,增加分蘖、株高、茎径和有效茎数.该试验结果对健康种苗在甘蔗生产上的应用具有一定的指导作用.     

不同代数健康种苗分蘖差异及浸种处理对一代种茎繁育的影响研究

以桂糖46号为实验材料,研究其不同代数分蘖差异及浸种处理对甘蔗产量及其构成因素的影响,为甘蔗健康种苗大田高效繁育提供参考依据。以清水处理为对照,通过预备试验观察筛选出的甘蔗浸种剂(GZJ)40 mg/L对甘蔗健康种苗一代种茎进行浸种2 h,分析两者之间的大田繁育差异。试验结果表明,不同代数茎尖脱毒健康种苗分蘖率随着代数增加呈骤减趋势,健康种苗原种显著高于一代种茎和二代种茎,分别提高了317.95%和1 937.64%,一代种茎又显著高于二代种茎,提高了387.53%。浸种处理的单株平均分蘖数比对照提高了25.17%,差异达到极显著水平;甘蔗茎径、有效茎、单茎重分别高于对照1.30%、4.98%、5.15%;增产8.40%;株高比对照低3.33%;差异达到极显著水平。说明健康种苗原种优势强;GZJ药剂主要通过提高分蘖率、促进形成甘蔗有效茎、增大茎粗和提高单茎重达到增产目的。     

甘蔗脱毒健康种苗田间繁育关键技术

甘蔗脱毒健康种苗是目前防治甘蔗花叶病和宿根矮化病的主要技术之一。我国许多地区也正在大规模推广甘蔗脱毒健康种苗。在生产上,甘蔗脱毒健康种茎的繁育必须采用适当的措施,才能保证其成活率及产量。总结近年来广东地区种植甘蔗脱毒健康种苗从出圃、移栽种植、田间管理等技术和经验,为今后甘蔗健康种苗种茎繁殖提供参考。     

甘蔗健康种苗原苗提前移栽对田间繁育的影响

以正常7～10叶龄移栽为对照,以4叶龄提前移栽为处理,比较原种健康种苗生产成本、前期长势、分蘖、有效茎数等性状的差异,为甘蔗健康种苗大田繁育节约生产成本和出苗时间提供新技术。研究结果表明,甘蔗健康种苗原苗提前移栽法具有较多优点,节约约60%的生产成本,缩短大田移栽提前培育时间30～45 d,群体长势均匀,主苗与分蘖苗差异不明显且数量高于对照,同时,便于运输,但移栽前期对水分要求较高;株高、茎径、有效茎数、蔗茎芽数、单茎重均比对照有所提高,提高幅度在0.60%～6.59%之间;蔗种产量和扩繁量均显著高于对照,原因是分蘖、株高、蔗茎芽数、有效茎等多方面的提高共同导致这个现象。甘蔗健康种苗原苗提前移栽法综合效果优于常规方法,推广前景巨大,但要保证前期水分供应。     

甘蔗健康种苗田间栽培主要农艺性状比较

对甘蔗健康种苗3季新植、3季宿根的农艺性状、产量和蔗糖分含量进行了田间比较试验,结果表明:种植脱毒健康种苗可以使甘蔗单位面积产量提高23.0%～40.2%,蔗糖分含量提高0.51%～1.01%绝对值。初步认为,分蘖率高、宿根发株率高、成茎率高是甘蔗健康种苗增产的主要因素。     

甘蔗健康种苗直接生产原料蔗效果分析

开展甘蔗健康种苗与常规种茎栽培比较试验,为延长甘蔗宿根年限和提高甘蔗产量提供科学依据。以桂糖42号健康种苗原苗和常规种茎为试验材料,设种植健康种苗12000苗/hm²(处理A)、健康种苗18000苗/hm²(处理B)和常规种茎90000芽/hm²(处理C)3个处理,统计分析其2年1新1宿的农艺性状、产量和品质差异。结果表明,处理A和B的分蘖率和发株率均极显著高于处理C(P<0.01,下同);处理A和B新植蔗的株高极显著高于处理C,但其宿根蔗的株高与处理C宿根蔗的株高间无显著差异(P>0.05,下同)。2年间3个处理的单位面积有效茎数和产量均表现为处理B>处理C>处理A,其中,处理B和C极显著高于处理A,处理B与处理C差异不显著;处理间的茎径和蔗糖分均无显著差异。因此,采用甘蔗健康种苗直接生产原料蔗可持续保持原有品种的优良性状,有利于延长宿根年限,促进甘蔗优良品种推广应用。     

甘蔗脱毒种苗到生产用种的快繁技术研究

甘蔗脱毒种苗第1代分蘖多，生长成为有效茎的比例较低。为了提高甘蔗脱毒种苗分蘖的利用率，本文采用反复取茎法和取茎分蔸法进行甘蔗脱毒种苗到生产用种的快繁技术研究，结果表明：用反复取茎法F134、黔糖4号、果蔗Badila 3个品种脱毒种苗的繁殖倍数分别是25．2、28．8、40；用取茎分蔸法3个品种脱毒种苗的繁殖倍数分别是23．8、26．1、31．9。两个方法都能有效提高甘蔗脱毒种苗分蘖的利用率，促进甘蔗脱毒种苗到生产用种的推广繁殖速度，加快脱毒种苗良种种性的恢复。     

果蔗脱毒种苗在生产上的应用前景及建议

广西是我国最大的商品果蔗生产基地,多年来由于病害危害较重,常规新品种在生产上使用5年后,100%感染病害,减产达10%～30%,严重制约着果蔗生产的发展。甘蔗研究所于1998年开始,利用现代生物技术手段生产脱毒种苗,并建立一、二级健康种茎繁殖基地,可延长新品种使用年限,在保持优良种性的同时,又提高了产质量。     

甘蔗脱毒健康种苗田间比较试验

甘蔗脱毒健康种苗与常规种植田闻比较试验结果表明，在新植连作时，无论是否健康种苗繁殖的后代，每茬都进行热水脱毒处理，其效果好于传统的常规种植，桂糖11号蔗茎增幅45．28%-51．19％，拔地拉蔗茎增幅61.49%-66．22％；而且每茬下种前的种茎都进行热水处理后种植比前茬健康种苗种植出的种茎不再进行热水处理就直接下种效果好，桂糖11号蔗茎增幅2．92％-6.78%，拔地拉蔗茎增幅0.48%-0.66％；而后者又比传统常规种植方法好，桂糖11号蔗茎增幅38．50％-48．27％．拔地拉蔗茎增幅61．01%-65．56％。上一茬已做过热水处理、茎尖脱毒组培苗种植．新植1年后的宿根蔗桂糖11号蔗茎增幅也比对照高32．05%-40．86％。各个处理的蔗糖分均比对照有所提高，增幅0．91%-1．71％(绝对值)。     

新台糖22号健康种苗田间试验初报

以新台糖22号脱毒健康二代种茎为供试品种、当地非脱毒健康种茎为对照进行对照试验。结果表明:健康种茎萌芽率为81.2%,比对照高10.6个百分点;宿根发株数5928条/亩,比对照增加1576条/亩;分蘖率为93.5%,比对照高33.1个百分点;茎长294.8cm,比对照矮4.3cm;茎径2.66cm,比对照小0.03cm;亩有效茎数5371条,比对照多899条;蔗糖分11-12月平均14.03%,比对照高0.03个百分点;亩产蔗8522.6公斤、亩含糖量1195.7公斤,分别比对照增产15.62%和15.86%。因此,种植脱毒健康种苗具有较高的经济效益。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。