黄萎病菌侵染对感病棉花品种叶片蛋白质组的影响

为进一步探索黄萎病菌与棉花的相互作用,以感黄萎病棉花品种冀棉11为实验材料,在接种大丽轮枝菌V991 3 d后提取叶片蛋白,运用双向电泳和质谱分析技术研究黄萎病菌侵染后叶片蛋白质组学的变化。分析发现,与对照相比差异表达量在2倍以上的蛋白点有22个,其中上调表达的蛋白点10个,下调表达的蛋白点12个。质谱鉴定发现,上调表达的蛋白包括ATP合成酶β亚基,Ru Bis CO活化酶1,Ru Bis CO活化酶α2以及果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶,下调表达的蛋白包括质体叶绿素AB结合蛋白,核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶大链以及核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶小链。分别对下调表达的蛋白rubisco小亚基基因(RBCS)和叶绿素AB结合蛋白基因(cab)、上调表达的蛋白Ru Bis CO活化酶1基因(RCA1)进行荧光定量PCR,发现接种黄萎病菌后3个基因在m RNA水平与蛋白水平上的变化是一致的。通过分析推测,黄萎病菌通过与参与光合能量代谢的蛋白相互作用,破坏植物的光合作用,近而引起棉花叶片的萎蔫与凋零。     

Analysis of Cotton Secondary Metabolites under the Interaction between Verticillium dahliae and Upland Cotton

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the cotton differential metabolites in the interaction between Verticillium dahliae and cotton plant, and to explore new clues for the further study on the defense mechanism of cotton against V. dahliae. [Method] To obtain the cotton root, stem and leaf samples of the pathogen treated and healthy controls, the upland cotton cultivar CCRI 24 was selected as tested cotton material in this paper, and inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or sterile water by injuring root at the 2-true-leaf stage. The 70% (volume fraction) methanol extracts of these samples were separated and detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), and the metabolite data were obtained by the online XCMS software. Through multivariate statistics and student’s t-test, the differential metabolites were investigated. The types of metabolites were putatively identified based on the comparison of the experimental molecular mass and the monoisotopic accurate molecular mass of cotton metabolites. [Result] The efficiency of negative ion mode was higher than that of positive ion detection mode in the cotton metabolites in UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. 576 ions mainly distributed in cotton root were found in the cotton seedling tissues including root, stem and leaf, which were the distinguished differential metabolites between V. dahliae treatment and healthy control. Among them, 77 ions were identified as sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, aliphatics and phenols. In addition to sesquiterpenes, 17 compounds, including caffeic acid, astragalin, isoastragalin, dillenetin, ent-catechin, gossypetin 8-rhamnoside, gossypicyanin, herbacetin 7-glucoside, leucocyanidin, quercetin 3'-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 7-glycosides, α,2',3,3',4,4',6-heptahydroxychalcone 2'-glucoside, melibiose, sucrose, sucrose 6-phosphate and 1-tetratriacontanol, had not been reported in the literatures on the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton, which may be the novel pathogenesis-related metabolites on cotton Verticillium wilt. [Conclusion] The putative pathogenesis-related metabolites of cotton Verticillium wilt may play an important role in the interaction of cotton defense against V. dahliae, which provides an important clue for exploring the new resistant mechanism of cotton to Verticillium wilt.     

Mechanism of Verticillium Wilt Stress Affecting Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Cotton Seedlings

[Objective] The goal of this experiment was to study the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of cotton seedlings, and to provide a theoretical basis for the identification of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt at the seedling stage and the establishment of Verticillium wilt control techniques. [Method] Zhongzhimian 2 (Verticillium wilt resistant cultivar, ZZM-2) and Jimian 11 (Verticillium wilt susceptible cultivar, JM-11) were selected. Verticillium dahliae was inoculated at the two true leaves stage. The photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the last fully expanded young leaves were measured at 6 d after inoculation. [Result] (1) Under the stress of Verticillium wilt, the leaf area per plant, leaf water potential, photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of cotton seedlings decreased, and the decreases in ZZM-2 were smaller than those in JM-11. (2) The decreased intercellular CO2 concentration and increased stomatal limitation value in the two test materials indicated that the decrease in Pn was mainly caused by stomatal limitation, and the decrease in chlorophyll a in ZZM-2 was smaller than the decrease in chlorophyll b, whereas the opposite trend was observed in JM-11. (3) The light response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were increased and theCO₂ response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were decreased, but all parameters in JM-11 were decreased. For ZZM-2, the potential photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y_NPQ) and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation (Y_NO) were increased slightly and the actual photochemical efficiency (Y_II) was decreased slightly, but the differences in these four indexes between diseased plants and healthy plants was not significant; however, the variable fluorescence yield (F_v) was significantly decreased. For JM-11, F_v, Fv/F_m, Y_II and Y_NPQ were significantly decreased, and Y_NO was significantly increased. (4) F_v/F_m in leaf lesion sites decreased, but that in non-lesion sites did not decline or even showed a slight increase. [Conclusion] Verticillium wilt resistant cultivars with higher photosynthetic capacity and carbon assimilation ability could reduce the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and reduce the impacts on cotton yield and quality.     

Induction of Defense Enzymes and Control Effect of Endogenous and Rhizosphere Bacteria on Verticillium Wilt of Cotton

[Objective] The colonization in soil, promoting cotton growth effects, inducing resistance of cotton and controlling effects to cotton Verticillium wilt of Bacillus vanillea SMT-24, B. velezensis BHZ-29, B. subtilis SHT-15 and B. atrophaeus SHZ-24 were studied in this paper, which provides a scientific basis for better control of cotton Verticillium wilt. [Method] The antagonistic resistance of these bacteria to Verticillium dahliae was judged by observing the inhibition zone; the number of colonization in the rhizosphere soil was tested to represent the colonization ability of antagonistic bacteria; the growth promoting effect of strains on cotton was determined by analyzing cotton plant height, root length, root hair number and number of leaves; the effect of antagonistic strains on cotton induced resistance was explored by determining catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities in cotton leaves, and investigating the disease index of cotton after inoculation with antagonistic bacteria solutions. [Result] SMT-24, BHZ-29, SHT-15 and SHZ-24 strains significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae and formed a clear zone of inhibition. After 2 to 22 days of the third inoculation, these strains of bacteria could survive in the root soil, increase the plant height, leaf number, and root hair number of cotton plants, as well as the activities of cotton CAT, SOD, PAL and POD enzymes, but reduced the disease index. [Conclusion] SMT-24, BHZ-29, SHT-15 and SHZ-24 strains can promote cotton growth, increase the activities of some related defense enzymes, and effectively control cotton Verticillium wilt.     

棉花黄萎病菌与抗黄萎病遗传育种研究进展

简要综述了棉花黄萎病菌及抗黄萎病遗传育种的研究进展。研究表明 ,各地的棉花黄萎病菌均存在致病力的分化 ,其致病机理是病菌侵入棉花后菌丝及孢子在导管内大量繁殖 ,同时刺激邻近的薄壁细胞产生胶状物质及侵填体而堵塞导管 ,使水分和养分运输发生困难 ,更重要的是病菌在棉株体内产生的糖蛋白毒素作用的结果。棉花抗黄萎病的遗传方式争论较大 ,但一般在温室由单一菌系接种鉴定时棉花黄萎病抗性表现为单基因遗传 ,而在田间病圃或用多菌系混合鉴定时 ,棉花黄萎病抗性表现为多基因遗传。由于陆地棉内缺乏高抗黄萎病资源 ,给棉花抗黄萎病育种带来一定困难 ,但 90年代以来 ,已育成 86 - 6、川 73 7、川 2 80 2、豫棉 1 9号、豫棉 2 1号等一些抗黄萎病的新品种。上述抗黄萎病品种在棉花黄萎病综合防治中起了重要作用     

棉花黄萎病抗性遗传和分子生物学研究进展

介绍了棉花黄萎病菌的致病机制 ,棉花黄萎病抗病机制及其遗传以及棉花黄萎病的鉴定方法 ,并对分子生物学在棉花黄萎病研究中的应用状况进展进行了综述。     

棉花黄萎病抗性与过氧化物酶同工酶分析

采用等电聚焦电泳方法 ,对棉花二对抗黄萎病近等基因系以及三对色素腺体近等基因系的子叶进行过氧化物同工酶 (POD)分析。结果表明 ,色素腺体和棉酚含量与棉花抗性没有必然的联系 ;环境条件对棉花抗性表现有一定的影响 ,但对子叶中 POD同工酶谱带无显著的影响 ;4条 POD同工酶酶带 (P4、P6、P7、P10 )的表现与棉花抗黄萎病性有关 ,这些酶带的特殊表现可用于棉花抗病性辅助鉴定和辅助育种     

Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Bacillus methylotrophicus LH-L3 Antagonist of Cotton Verticillium Wilt

The aim of this study is to obtain endophytic Bacillus with control effect on cotton Verticillium wilt. [Method] The cotton tissue grinding liquid was heated at 80 ℃, and spread onto the Luria-Bertani ager medium. The strains with better inhibitory effects on Verticillium dahliae Vd084, a strain with strong pathogenicity, was identified by the morphology, physiological and biochemical traits as well as 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB sequences, and its control effect on cotton Verticillium wilt was determined by pot experiments. [Result] 61 similar Bacillus strains were isolated from cotton plants. Among them, 17 strains could inhibit Verticillium dahliae Vd084. A strain named LH-L3 with a relatively higher antagonistic activity and a broad inhibition spectrum was obtained in the second screening. LH-L3 was classified into Bacillus methylotrophicus. Compared with the control, the emergence rate, plant height, root length, fresh weight of aerial part and underground part of cotton with 106 mL^－1 LH-L3 suspension drenching for 3 times increased by 42.85%, 10.24%, 23.83%, 10.05% and 97.62%, respectively. And control effect on Verticillium wilt was 85.24%. [Conclusion] LH-L3 had good growth promotion and Verticillium wilt control effects and showed good potential for biological control.     

我国棉花黄萎病研究十年回顾及展望

棉花黄萎病是影响我国棉花生产可持续发展的主要障碍之一。近年来,国内外在棉花黄萎病菌的遗传多样性及致病机制、棉花抗病机制、棉花黄萎病的预警技术及综合防控等方面均取得新的研究进展,尤其是进一步明确了棉花黄萎病菌的侵染过程和分子调控机制;系统研究了我国主产棉区棉花黄萎病菌的遗传多样性与致病力和地理来源的关系,首次建立了病原菌的信息档案库。并对我国棉花黄萎病未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

棉花黄萎病研究进展

由大丽轮枝菌引起的棉花黄萎病已成为当前我国棉花可持续生产的主要障碍之一。该病害为土传种传维管束病害,具有病原菌寄主范围广,防治困难的特点。本文综述了近年来国内外有关其病原菌的致病力分化、全基因组测序与致病机制、微菌核形成与萌发机制,寄主的抗病分子机制以及病害防治措施等方面的最新研究进展。     

棉花抗黄萎病机制研究进展

棉花黄萎病是一种土传真菌维管束病害,严重影响棉花产量和纤维品质。常规的防治手段可以局部控制但不能有效防治,采用传统的抗病育种策略培育抗病品种成效缓慢,因此对其防治一直是棉花生产上的难题。目前越来越多的研究集中在棉花对黄萎病的抗病机制方面。本文结合其他植物抗病研究进展从抗病基因介导的信号路径、乙烯在棉花与黄萎病菌互作中的作用、棉花对黄萎病菌的生理生化抗性以及棉花组织结构与黄萎病菌的抗性等4个方面总结棉花抗黄萎病的机制,以望对棉花抗病分子育种提供借鉴。     

陆地棉PPO基因全基因组鉴定及对黄萎病菌的响应分析

【目的】多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidases,PPO)广泛参与植物抵抗病虫害等生物逆境胁迫的过程。本研究旨在研究棉花中的PPO基因及其表达模式,验证多酚氧化酶与棉花抗黄萎病的关系。【方法】分析了黄萎病菌V991侵染下异源四倍体陆地棉TM-1根系中PPO酶活力变化,并利用TM-1的基因组数据库,鉴定相关基因,并进行生物信息学和表达分析。【结果】共筛选到13个候选GhPPO基因。这些基因都不含内含子,所编码的蛋白包含2个铜离子结合位点和PPO的保守序列(酪氨酸酶、DWL和KFDV保守结构域)。进化分析显示,陆地棉PPO基因的种内相似性大于种间相似性,并且相互之间形成了多对重复基因。GhPPO的表达量差异较大,少数基因具有组织特异表达的特性,多数基因在棉花不同组织中表达量都很低。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应分析结果表明:GhPPO6D在棉花根系中表达量较高,且在黄萎病菌V991侵染后上调。【结论】GhPPO6D可能参与了棉花与黄萎病菌的互作过程,与V991侵染后棉花根系PPO酶活力上升相关。     

Physiological Mechanism of Different Varieties and Potassium Application Amounts on Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt

[Objective] It has theoretical guiding significance for the comprehensive control technology of Verticillium wilt of cotton to explore the effect of potassium nutrition on mechanism of cotton Verticillium wilt resistance under the condition of pathogen stress of Verticillium dahliae. [Method] Three cotton cultivars Jimian 11 (JM-11 as susceptible cultivar), Zhongzhimian 2 (ZZM-2 as control cultivar), Nongda 601 (ND-601 as resistant cultivar) were adopted, and each cultivar had 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg· hm－2 potassium levels represented by K0, K75, K150, K225, K300. Two factors split plot experiment was designed under artificial nursery inoculated Verticillium dahlia, to observe disease index of Verticillium wilt, and researched resistance associated substances content and enzyme activity. [Result] (1) The lignin, total phenol contents and POD, PAL activity in leaves or roots of JM-11 were more greatly influenced by Verticillium wilt compared with ZZM-2, ND-601; the crucial disease resistance substances and enzymes were lignin, total phenol and PAL for JM-11, total phenol for ZZM-2 and ND-601. (2) The lignin, total phenol contents and POD, PAL activities of JM-11 were more sensitive to root potassium than ND-601, but weaker than that of ZZM-2. The sensitivity of POD, PAL activities in functional leaves of JM-11 to potassium were more sensitive than ND-601 and ZZM-2. (3) The best effect of potash fertilizer for relieving disease index for JM-11, ZZM-2, ND-601 were 32.5%, 26.4%, 16.5%, and corresponding potassium application amounts were 290.5 kg·hm－2, 253.5 kg·hm－2 and 229.5 kg·hm－2, respectively. [Conclusion] Application of potassium could increase the resistance to Verticillium wilt and reduce the occurrence of cotton Verticillium wilt.     

棉花黄萎病相关基因GhAAT的克隆与功能鉴定

棉花黄萎病(Verticillium dahliae)是一种土传性真菌维管束病害,严重影响棉花的生产。本研究通过转录组数据分析筛选出一个与棉花黄萎病相关的氨基酸转运蛋白GhAAT基因,该基因在棉花根部响应黄萎病菌诱导表达。利用病毒诱导的基因沉默(virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS)技术研究其在棉花抗黄萎病中的功能。结果显示将该基因在棉花TM-1的叶片和根部沉默后,棉花对黄萎病抗性减弱,证明GhAAT基因参与调控了棉花抗黄萎病功能。发掘棉花抗黄萎病菌重要调控基因并揭示其分子机制对培育棉花抗病品种具有重要意义。     

大丽轮枝菌侵染陆地棉早期的转录组分析

【目的】旨在深入挖掘大丽轮枝菌致病相关基因。【方法】运用转录组测序技术比较分析了强致病力大丽轮枝菌Vd991在侵染陆地棉品种Coker 312早期阶段的基因表达情况。【结果】对Vd991侵染前后的转录组数据进行差异表达分析,共筛选到979个差异表达基因(Differentially expressed genes,DEGs),其中376个上调,603个下调。通过基因注释和功能分类发现,这些DEGs涉及细胞增殖与生长、产孢、碳水化合物结合、蛋白激酶活性调节、裂解酶活性、水解酶活性等功能。对上调DEGs进行基因本体(Gene ontology,GO)功能富集分析,发现共有277个GO词条达到显著富集水平(P0.05),涉及生长速率正向调控、核苷酸合成、解旋酶活性等功能;京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路分析表明,上调DEGs参与53个代谢通路,包括嘧啶代谢、嘌呤代谢等。【结论】在早期侵染过程中,大丽轮枝菌细胞增殖相关基因表现活跃。上述分析为进一步揭示大丽轮枝菌的致病机理提供了有价值的参考。     

棉花黄萎病及抗病育种研究进展

 介绍了黄萎病病菌致病机理、棉花黄萎病抗病机理及棉花抗黄萎病育种研究的现状,从不同的方面分析了制约棉花抗黄萎病育种研究的因素,提出了加快抗黄萎病育种研究进程的对策和建议。     

黄萎病菌诱导海岛棉全长cDNA文库构建及EST分析

采用SMART技术构建了海岛棉黄萎病菌诱导下根全长cDNA文库,并进行了质量鉴定和EST序列分析。结果表明,文库的重组率为92.3%,库容量为1.1×106pfu·mL-1,平均插入片段大于1.5 kb。生物信息学分析表明该文库包含大量抗病调节基因和抗病防御基因。COG功能分类发现了多个参与信号转导、防御反应、细胞骨架以及次生代谢产物合成与分解等不同功能类别的基因成员。文库中出现的高丰度表达基因主要有病程相关蛋白(PR蛋白)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶基因(GST)、亲环素蛋白、短链乙醇脱氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶及转录因子等。文库的构建为深入研究棉花抗黄萎病分子机制奠定基础。