生物质电厂飞灰用作肥料的可行性评价

为了研究炉排燃烧生物质电厂飞灰在农林方面的应用价值和可能产生的环境影响,根据欧盟相关标准分析了2种飞灰(A、B)的基础特性(水分、灰分、总有机碳含量、p H值和电导率),并利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪、质谱仪分析了飞灰中营养元素和有害元素的含量;参考中国固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法标准研究了营养元素和有害元素的浸出特性。结果表明,2种飞灰p H值均大于12,呈较强的碱性;并且二者不仅含有较高浓度的有机碳(A:18.39%;B:7.79%),还富含K、Ca、Mg、P等营养元素,其他主要有害元素的含量低于欧盟一些国家生物质灰农、林用和中国粉煤灰农用标准所规定上限值,这使得它们可以作为土壤改良剂或者辅料应用的农林方面。此外,除A飞灰中Cr的浸出率为1.274%外,其他有害元素的浸出率远小于1%,因而当它们应用在农林土壤时不至于造成污染。     

徐州矿区充填复垦场地作物重金属含量研究

为了了解矿区充填复垦土壤重金属污染状况和复垦场地主要作物的重金属含量情况,通过场地采样试验与室内检测相结合的方法,对不同作物不同部位的砷、镉、铬、汞、铅、铜和锌等重金属含量进行了测定,并进行了相关的分析和研究。结果表明:作物在生育阶段不同部位对不同元素的敏感性不同;复垦场地红豆幼苗受重金属的污染较轻,而小麦和水稻则较严重;复垦场地应改变耕作制度,种植红豆或者利用红豆充当先锋作物。     

Potential of Eisenia foetida for Sustainable and Efficient Vermicomposting of Fly Ash

Vermicomposting of fly ash has been attempted, using red earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Fly ash, which was obtained from thermal power station, was mixed with cowdung in different proportions (20, 40, 60 and 80%). These mixtures were used as feed for earthworms, and after 30 days, vermicast recovery, worm zoomass and numbers of juveniles produced were recorded. A total of six runs each of 30 days were conducted during the whole study. Concentrations of heavy metals in different mixtures of fly ash–cowdung, before and after vermicomposting and in the earthworms used in the study were also estimated. Results show maximum output of vermicasts and maximum number of juveniles produced was in reactors with 40% fly ash while maximum weight gain by earthworm was in 20% fly ash vermireactors. Performance of vermireactors up to 60% fly ash was more or less similar but at 80% fly ash, there is a marked reduction in overall performance of the reactors. Chemical analysis of different samples of fly ash–cowdung mixtures prior to vermicomposting revealed high concentrations of zinc, chromium, lead, nickel and copper. Chemical analysis of vermicomposted samples showed 30–50% reduction in heavy metals up to 60% fly ash and 10–30% reduction in 80% fly ash. Metal analysis of earthworms revealed considerable bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their body. The Present study indicates the feasibility of E. foetida for mitigating the toxicity of metals and up to 60% fly ash–cowdung mixtures can be used for sustainable and efficient vermicomposting.     

Co-disposal of Heavy Metals Containing Waste Water and Medical Waste Incinerator Fly Ash by Hydrothermal Process with Addition of Sodium Carbonate: A Case Study on Cu(II) Removal

Fly ash generated from medical waste incinerator and wastewater produced from electroplating plants contains various hazardous contaminants such as heavy metals and chlorinated organic compounds. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of removing heavy metals from wastewater using medical waste incinerator fly ash as the treatment reagent with addition of small amount of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) in a hydrothermal process. Copper (Cu) was used as the model heavy metal contaminant in the process. The results revealed that medical waste incinerator fly ash could effectively stabilize Cu(II) ion from wastewater, the crystal phase and simple substance formed during the treatment played a significant role in the fixation of heavy metals in wastewater and fly ash. The heavy metal leachability of treated ash was also measured after removal process. The co-disposal of Cu-containing wastewater and heavy metals-bearing medical waste incinerator fly ash by hydrothermal treatment with addition of a small amount of Na₂SO₃ was found promising as an effective way of removing Cu from wastewater. The reutilization feasibility of fly ash and the formation mechanism of copper-containing substances were also discussed in this paper.     

Evaluation of Cocomposted Coal Fly Ash on Dynamics of Microbial Populations and Heavy Metal Uptake

Vicia faba, in a pot experiment with sandy and clayey soils under greenhouse conditions, was checked for growth response to different amendments with coal alkaline fly ash or cocomposted fly ash mixed with lignocellulosic residues. Soil microbial populations, pH and electrical conductivity as well as heavy metal uptake by plants were monitored. At rates of five and ten percent (on a dry matter basis) in both soils, neither fly ash alone nor cocomposted fly ash exerted any negative effect. Plant biomass production was not influenced in either clayey or sandy soil. Alkaline fly ash did not promote microbial growth when applied alone to the soils. However, cocomposted fly ash generally increased bacterial and actinomycetes counts in both soils. Fungi were not affected by ash. Due to the increase of soil pH by alkaline fly ash or cocomposted fly ash, plant uptake of heavy metals was depressed in the sandy soil. Heavy metal mobility did not cause change in the clayey soil where a high buffering capacity mitigated the effects of fly ash amendments.     

国内外生物质成型燃料质量标准现状

中国生物质成型燃料标准体系建设初步取得了一些成效,但与欧美发达国家相比标准制定工作进展较为缓慢,一定程度上制约了产业发展。该研究分析了国内外生物质成型燃料标准体系和质量认证体系现状,研究生物质成型燃料质量影响因素及质量要求;与ISO国际标准比较,分析了木质、非木质生物质成型燃料各指标质量分级要求,结合中国国情,提出中国生物质成型燃料质量标准仍需进一步完善。同时与国内煤炭质量相关标准进行比较,生物质成型燃料灰分含量低,硫含量、砷和汞等重金属含量极低,对环境友好,是良好的替代散煤的固体燃料。通过研究提出建议成立生物质成型燃料国家标委会,亟需制定质量分级和污染物排放国家标准,并应区分商用、民用以及工业用等不同应用对象的燃料质量要求。     

Effects of Fly Ash pH on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Chicory

Chicory was cultivated in a pot experiment using two soils of different pH. Treatments were NPK, fly ash (pH 8) + NP and fly ash (pH 12) + NP, respectively. Another series of pots received heavy metals in soluble form additionally to the described treatments. It was observed that fly ash causes generally a decrease in Zn, Cd, Ni and Cu concentrations of chicory. The reduction occurs both for the metals naturally present in the soil and, to a greater extent, for those added as salts. This effect is more evident when fly ash at pH 12, rather than that at pH 8, was used. The increase of soil-pH through the fly ash addition is the major factor decreasing heavy metal availability. It was observed that potassium originating from fly ash is not available for crop uptake.     

Characteristics of synthetic soil aggregates produced by mixing acidic “Kunigami Mahji” soil with coal fly ash and their utilization as a medium for crop growth

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the characteristics and potential utilization of synthetic soil aggregates (SSA) produced by mixing acidic “Kunigami Mahji” soil in Okinawa, Japan, with waste materials, such as coal fly ash, used paper and starch, as media for crop growth. A series of different SSA were produced by incorporating various percentages (i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of coal fly ash into the “Kunigami Mahji” soil with used paper and starch. The particle density and bulk density of the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil were 2.67 and 1.23 g cm^?3, respectively. The increased percentages of added coal fly ash, used paper and starch significantly decreased the particle and bulk densities of SSA compared with the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil because of the low particle and bulk densities of the coal fly ash (2.10 and 0.96 g cm^?3, respectively). The SSA particle density varied between 2.39 and 2.14 g cm^?3, and bulk density varied between 0.72 and 0.81 g cm^?3, depending on the additional percentages of coal ash from 20–100%. Maximum water-holding capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were increased with the formation of SSA with coal fly ash, used paper and starch binder compared with the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity values of the SSA increased because of their low bulk density compared with the original soil. The addition of coal fly ash, used paper and starch to the acidic (pH = 4.62) “Kunigami Mahji” soil to form SSA increased the pH (6.70–9.96), electrical conductivity, exchangeable cation concentration and cation exchange capacity. The addition of coal fly ash up to 60% increased the aggregate strength. The growth and yield of komatsuna and soybean crops with SSA as a crop growth medium was assessed. Both crops showed the highest growth and yield when grown with SSA containing 20% of coal fly ash. Synthetic soil aggregates containing more than 20% of coal fly ash reduced plant growth and yield. Therefore, SSA produced from “Kunigami Mahji” soil with 20% of coal fly ash, used paper and starch can be successfully used as a medium for crop growth.     

3种改良剂对油菜生物量及其吸收重金属的影响

通过连续三季盆栽试验研究粉煤灰、膨润土、腐殖酸提高油菜生物量,降低油菜Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn浓度的效果。结果表明,膨润土、腐殖酸、粉煤灰的施入提高油菜生物量的效果第二季好于第一、三季。仅考虑对生物量的影响,改良剂效果为膨润土>腐殖酸>粉煤灰。第二季膨润土降低油菜Cd浓度效果较好;第二季粉煤灰、第二季膨润土及第二、三季腐殖酸降低油菜Pb浓度效果较好,3种改良剂均有降低油菜中Pb浓度的效果;3种改良剂均未显著影响油菜中Cu浓度;第二季膨润土降低油菜Zn浓度效果较好。3种改良剂抑制土壤重金属进入油菜的效果不同,应用时可根据改良剂特点适时施入土壤,充分发挥改良剂吸附、固定重金属的作用。     

Formulation of Environmentally Sound Waste Mixtures for Land Application

Major impediments to the land application of coal combustion byproducts (fly ash) for crop fertilization have been the presence of heavy metals and their relatively low and imbalanced essential nutrient concentration. Although nutrient deficiencies, in particular N, P, and K, may be readily augmented by adding organic wastes such as sewage sludge and animal manure, the indiscriminate application of mixtures to crops can cause excessive soil alkalinity, imbalanced nutrition (P, Mg), phytotoxicities (B, Mn, ammonia, nitrite), and unspecified contamination of the food chain by elements such as As. In this study, nutrient availability data and linear programming (LP) were used to solve these problems by formulating fly ash-biosolid triple mixtures which complied with both plant and soil fertilization requirements, and met existing U.S.A. environmental regulations for total As application in sewage sludge (EPA-503). Thirteen different fly ash samples were LP-formulated with sewage sludge, poultry manure, CaCO₃, and KCl to yield 13 unique mixtures, which were then evaluated in greenhouse pot experiments. Results indicated that normal growth and balanced nutrition of sorghum (Sorghumbicolor L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) crops were achieved in all mixtures, comparable to a balanced fertilizer reference treatment, and significantly better than the untreated control. Phytotoxic levels of B, NH₃, NO₂ ^-, overliming problems, and excessive As levels which were previously encountered from indiscriminate use of these waste materials, were all well controlled by LP-formulated mixtures. Most fly ash quantities in mixtures were limited by either available B (< 4 kg ha^-1) or total As (< 2 kg ha^-1) restrictions during formulation, while the most alkaline fly ash was limited by its high calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE = 53.9%). These results confirmed that fly ash land application should not be at arbitrary fixed rates, but should be variable, depending on the soil, crop, and particularly the fly ash chemistry.     

污泥添加粉煤灰堆肥化对Cu、Zn、Pb形态的影响

污泥中重金属的危害是影响污泥土地利用的重要因素;污泥重金属危害不仅取决于总量,其形态分布更能反映重金属的迁移性以及生物有效性。实验以木屑为调节剂,粉煤灰作为钝化剂,研究污泥堆肥前后重金属Cu、Zn与Pb的形态分布变化。结果表明,堆肥对Cu有活化作用,而添加粉煤灰堆肥化能有效抑制这种活化,起到钝化作用,堆肥化使Pb向更稳定形态转化,添加粉煤灰堆肥化对Zn的钝化效果较好,当粉煤灰添加量为35%时,对Cu、Zn、Pb 3种重金属的易迁移态均具明显的钝化效果。     

Solubility and Fractionation of Different Metals in Fly Ash of Powder River Basin Coal

Coal is one of the major sources of fuel for electricity production and will continue to be used for many more decades. Thus, it is important to study the effects of disposal of coal burning byproducts including fly ash into the environment. In this study, the solubility of cations and anions from the fly ash in water is discussed. Also, the fractionation of different metals from fly ash in water is studied to understand which fraction of the metals would likely be mobilized. The results from these studies suggested that the metals in the fly ash are bound mostly to carbonate, organic, and residual fractions. Also, when water solubility data are modeled with a geochemical model (Visual MINTEQ), the saturation index predictions suggested that brucite (Mg(OH)₂) and calcite (CaCO₃) could potentially precipitate and mineralize the atmospheric CO₂. Such mineralization process could potentially reduce the leaching of toxic metals from fly ash. Results from this study will be helpful in understanding the fate of different metals from fly ash land disposal environments.     

不同平茬周期柠条的燃烧特性及热值

柠条是西北地区水土保持,防风固沙造林中的重要灌木树种,可作为生物质燃料使用,但随林龄增加出现生长衰退,效益下降等问题。利用平茬技术可以提高柠条利用率,该文以宁夏盐池平茬1~5 a生柠条为研究对象,对其生长指标、工业分析、硫含量、热值和热重进行了分析。结果表明:1)经平茬后的柠条生长指标每年递增,但3 a以后增幅不大,选定平茬期为3 a的柠条株高、地径和分支数分别比6 a老龄林提高了16.67%、11.54%和160.00%,表明平茬技术有利于柠条生长。2)通过热值分析对1~5 a生柠条进行了比较,发现3~5 a生柠条发热量较好,但三者相差不多;考察了不同月份收割柠条的影响因素,研究表明10-12月柠条各项指标处于最优值。3)比较了柠条和煤的硫含量,分析表明柠条硫含量是烟煤的1/12倍,柠条作为燃料会大大减少硫化物的排放。4)工业分析和热重分析表明,柠条和煤产生的灰分作相比,柠条产生的灰分是烟煤的1/9倍,可减少颗粒物的排放,有利于环境保护。5)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,柠条具有较低的活化能,有利于燃烧。综上所述,采用平茬期为3 a且每年10-12月生的柠条最适宜作为热电厂燃料。柠条作为发电燃料具有含硫量低,灰分少,对环境保护和减少可吸入颗粒物具有重要的意义。     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

生物炭生产与农用的意义及国内外动态

近年来,生物炭作为土壤改良剂、肥料缓释载体及碳封存剂备受重视。生物炭在土壤中能够保持数百年至数千年,实现碳的封存固定,生物炭还可以改善土壤理化性质及微生物的活性,培肥土壤肥力,延缓肥料养分释放,降低肥料及土壤养分的损失,减轻土壤污染。生物质的热裂解及气化均可产生生物炭,但是慢速热裂解和热水炭化工艺的生物炭产率最大,同时还可获得生物油及混合气,生物油及混合气可升级加工为氢气、生物柴油或化学品,这有助于减轻对化石能源或原料的依赖。生物炭的生产及农用是碳减排的过程,废弃生物质生产生物炭及其农用的效益是多赢的。国外在废弃生物质热裂解生产生物炭及农用方面做了许多研究工作。中国在生物质热裂解获得生物能源方面做了较多工作,但对生物炭的生产及农用重视不够。今后,中国应以废弃生物质生产生物炭,并将生物炭农用作为生物能源、环境及农业可持续发展的战略。     

Synthesis of zeolite from waste lignite ash from Thailand

Almost all the lignite ash from the coal thermal power plants in Maemoa, Lumpang Province, Thailand is disposed of as solid wastes. However, the number of reclaimed sites for the disposal of the wastes is not sufficient to handle the large amount of wastes. Therefore, the development of a technique for the utilization of lignite ash is essential to preserve the environment and to recycle the waste materials. Lignite ash is composed of inorganic compounds mainly present as glasses resulting from fusion during their combustion. The chemical composition of these glasses is similar to that of volcanic glass in nature and changes easily to zeolite-like substances by hydrothermal treatment with an alkali. Henmi (1987) reported the synthesis of hydroxysodalite, a kind of zeolite, from waste coal ash. Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with a three-dimensional crystal structure and have the attractive cation-exchange properties in agricultural applications (Ming and Mumpton 1989). In the present study, attempts were made to synthesize zeolitelike substances from lignite ash from Thailand, in order to develop a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes. Although the synthesis of zeolite-like substances from waste coal ash had been reported in different countries after the publication of Henmi (1987), this method was applied for the first time in Thailand for the treatment of lignite ash.     

Enzyme Activities in a Sandy Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge and Coal Fly Ash

Previous studies showed that coal fly ash could stabilize sewage sludge by reducing metal availability, but fly ash may cause an adverse effect on soil microbial activities. Therefore, an experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of amendment of soil with anaerobically digested dewatered sewage sludge, stabilised with alkaline coal fly ash, on soil enzyme activity and the implications for soil nutrient cycling. Sewage sludge was amended with 0, 5, 10, 35 and 50% w/w of fly ash, and then the ash-sludge mixtures were incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 (v/v). Dehydrogenase activity decreased with an increase in fly ash amendment level and the time of incubation. Soil receiving 5% ash-sludge amendment had a higher dehydrogenase activity than other treatments. Soil receiving 10% ash-sludge mixture had the highest urease activity and in general, urease activity decreased with increasing incubation time. Phosphatase activity was the highest at 5% ash-sludge mixture amended soil and no general trend was observed with time. Water-soluble Zn, Mn and Cu contents were suppressed by the addition of fly ash. The present experiment indicated that addition of 10% ash-sludge mixture should have a positive benefit on the activity of soil microorganisms, N and P nutrient cycling, and reduce the availability of heavy metals.     

中国设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染阻控技术研究进展

长期集约化耕作导致中国设施土壤重金属累积和面源污染风险增加的状况已引起广泛关注。该研究总结了中国设施土壤重金属累积状况及其来源,发现长期盲目投入肥料及农药是引发设施菜田土壤重金属累积问题的主要原因。目前,设施土壤重金属累积呈现出广泛性和中轻度污染特征,其中镉是主要的污染元素。遵循面源污染治理中“源头预控-过程阻断-末端修复”原则,基于国内外文献综述,该文总结归纳出适用于设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染的联合阻控技术及作用机制。首先在灌溉和肥药投入等源头环节减少重金属输入;其次在作物种植过程中,通过选用重金属低积累特性的蔬菜种类或品种,结合水肥一体化施用大分子有机水溶性肥料或叶面喷施具有阻控重金属作用的营养型阻控剂,抑制作物吸收重金属;最后在末端修复环节,利用具有多元功能的土壤改良剂或微生物菌剂进行土壤钝化修复,或采用具有超重金属富集能力且能提高设施土壤生物多样性的植物作为填闲作物,实现生物修复的目标。该联合阻控技术的原则在于协同考虑污染防治、土壤改良、减肥增效等农学和环境目标,集成土壤修复与改良、水肥一体化、填闲作物栽培等技术,并兼顾设施土壤重金属污染修复工程所面临的投入品成本较高、经济效益不明显、缺失可持续改良导致效果不稳定等问题,优推能够钝化重金属并改良土壤的多功能土壤改良剂以及具有阻控重金属吸收、提高作物抗逆性的多功能有机水溶性肥料。上述措施能解决设施土壤普遍存在的重金属累积问题,提升土壤的安全生产能力,可为设施农业可持续发展提供更有效的技术支撑。     

Immobilization of Zn and Pb in Polluted Soil by In Situ Crystallization Zeolites from Fly Ash

In the last few years, a great deal of research on soil has been carried out in order to develop a low-cost remediation method for reducing the environmental risks due to the pollution caused by heavy metals. In the light of this, the zeolitization achieved in soils mixed with coal fly ash could be a useful answer to reduce the amount and the mobility of metals in polluted areas. In this study, a selected soil treated with coal fly ash and artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb was used to synthesize zeolite at low temperature in laboratory and on a bench-scale experiments. Mineralogical data showed that the synthesis of zeolite X took place readily after the first month, and the amount of the newly formed mineral increased during the entire 1-year-long incubation period. The presence of toxic elements does not interfere with zeolite crystallization, whereas the chemical analysis indicated that a reduction in heavy metal availability takes place in the samples characterized by the presence of zeolite.     

Biomass Fly Ash as Foliar Fertilizer for Hybrid Aspen Trees: Nutrient Uptake,Growth Response,and Compatibility with Nitrogen Fertilizer

Biomass ash is an important and potentially useful by-product of the bioenergy industry. As a “proof of concept” for using biomass fly ash as a foliar fertilizer, we tested (i) whether the nutrients in the ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen trees, (ii) whether the ash affected tree growth, and (iii) whether the ash was compatible with nitrogen foliar fertilizer. Four foliar treatments (water [control], ash suspended in water, nitrogen fertilizer solution, and ash suspended in nitrogen fertilizer solution) were evaluated. Several nutrients in the fly ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen both in the greenhouse and in the field; however, this absorption did not significantly affect tree growth in either setting. Nitrogen fertilization was associated with significantly higher tree growth in the greenhouse; inclusion of the fly ash with the nitrogen fertilizer solution did not significantly alter this growth response.