猪CRTC3基因表达的品种差异及forskolin对其表达的影响

本试验旨在探究糖脂代谢通路关键基因CRTC3在不同品种猪肌肉和脂肪组织中的表达情况,并通过forskolin处理猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,研究forskolin对脂肪前体细胞分化聚酯和CRTC3基因表达的影响,阐明猪CRTC3基因表达与脂肪沉积的关系。试验选取杜长大猪和莱芜猪各5头,检测肌肉、脂肪组织中CRTC3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平以及脂肪代谢相关基因的mRNA表达水平;选取2头3日龄的杜长大仔猪,分离猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,待完全融合后用MDI诱导培养基诱导4 d,然后用分化培养基继续诱导4 d,完成诱导分化。Forskolin组在诱导分化的第1天即加入forskolin,使其终浓度为10μmol/L,对照组则加入同浓度的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)进行诱导分化。结果表明:在莱芜猪的背最长肌和腰大肌中,CRTC3的蛋白表达水平高于杜长大猪;在莱芜猪的皮下和内脏脂肪组织中,CRTC3及脂肪沉积相关基因过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体γ(PPARγ)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、围脂滴蛋白(PLIN)和瘦素(LEP)的mRNA表达水平显著或极显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05或P<0.01),而脂肪棕色化相关基因NF-E2相关因子1(NRF1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ共激活因子-1α(PGC⁃1α)、PRDM16、解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)、解偶联蛋白3(UCP3)的mRNA表达水平则显著或极显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05或P<0.01)。进一步的研究发现,猪皮下脂肪前体细胞分化后CRTC3和脂肪沉积相关基因的mRNA表达水平极显著提高(P<0.01),脂肪棕色化相关基因的mRNA表达水平也均极显著升高(P<0.01)。10μmol/L forsko⁃lin处理能抑制猪皮下脂肪前体细胞分化,极显著升高环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和脂肪棕色化相关基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.01),促进CRTC3的进核,极显著降低CRTC3和脂肪沉积相关基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.01)。上述研究结果表明,CRTC3基因与猪脂肪沉积密切相关,forskolin处理可以调控猪CRTC3及脂质代谢相关基因表达,调控猪皮下脂肪前体细胞分化聚酯。     

血清对猪前脂肪细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨血清对猪前脂肪细胞诱导分化的影响,筛选更优的诱导方法.采用胶原酶消化法分离猪皮下前脂肪细胞,用含50 nmol·L~(-1)胰岛素、100 nmol·L~(-1)地塞米松、0.25 mmol·L~(-1)3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、100nmol·L~1罗格列酮及添加(对照组)或不添加(试验组)10%FBS的分化培养液1和2对前脂肪细胞进行诱导分化,借助实时定量RT-PCR方法检测了细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因PPARα、C/EBPα、FASN、ACOX1、GPAT和ENPP2的表达模式.结果显示:血清对PPARγ和FABP4两基因的表达有极显著的上调作用(P<＜0.01),而对其他6个基因的表达有极显著的下调作用(P＜0.01).试验组中FASN、GPAT和ACOX13个基因诱导分化各时间点的综合表达景均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),3基因表达量变化趋势间均达到极显著相关(P＜0.01).试验组中PPARα、PPARγ、C/EBPα和ACOX1 4个基因的基因表达最变化趋势间均达到显著或极显著正相关.研究表明:前脂肪细胞分化过程中,细胞内脂肪酸的生物合成和β氧化均在发生,细胞内脂肪含量积聚的快慢取决于2个途径力量的对比;PPARα、PPARγ、C/EBPα和ACOX14个基因间存在极强的协同表达现象;在细胞内脂肪积聚快慢上,含血清的分化培养液1要优于不含血清的分化培养液2.     

Effects of different roughage sources and feeding levels on adipogenesis of ovine adipocytes

The objective of the present study was to conduct an adipogenic evaluation of different roughage sources and feeding levels during ruminant adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Six wether sheep were divided into a timothy hay feeding group (TFG, n = 3) and an Italian ryegrass straw feeding group (IFG, n = 3). The sheep were fed high‐roughage (HR), medium roughage (MR) and low‐roughage (LR) diets in a one‐way layout design each over a 6‐day period. Sheep serum samples collected on the last day of each dietary treatment were added to an adipogenic induction medium for differentiation of preadipocytes derived from sheep subcutaneous adipose tissue. The cytoplasmic lipid accumulations in the TFG serum‐treated preadipocytes were significantly higher than those of the IFG‐serum treated preadipocytes on day 12. Messenger RNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP)‐α, C/EBP‐β, C/EBP‐δ, fatty‐acid‐binding protein (aP2) and stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) were regulated by each serum treatment. This study shows that different roughage source diets and roughage‐to‐concentrate ratio diets can regulate adipocyte differentiation via ruminant blood composition.     

1,25(OH)2D3以双向方式影响猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的研究

1,25（OH）₂D₃是维生素D的主要活性形式,影响人和动物脂肪形成,为探究其在猪脂肪细胞增殖分化中的作用,试验从3~5日龄仔猪皮下脂肪组织分离培养前体脂肪细胞,并以浓度为0、0.1、1、10、100和1 000 nmol/L的1,25（OH）₂D₃分别处理,在培养的0、1、2、4、6、8和10 d采用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖活性;在诱导分化后0、1、2、4、6、8和10 d,以油红O染色提取法和实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞成脂分化及分化标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）和脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）表达。结果显示,0.1和1 nmol/L 1,25（OH）₂D₃显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖（P<0.05）,而浓度为10~100 nmol/L时则抑制细胞增殖（P<0.05）;0.1和1 nmol/L 1,25（OH）₂D₃显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化（P<0.05）,降低PPARγ和FAS mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）,但在浓度为10和100 nmol/L时,显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化（P<0.05）,上调PPARγ和FAS mRNA表达（P<0.05）;浓度达1 000 nmol/L时,可能对细胞有毒性作用。综合以上结果,低浓度1,25（OH）₂D₃促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖,而通过下调PPARγ表达抑制分化;高浓度1,25（OH）₂D₃抑制猪前体脂肪细胞增殖,通过上调PPARγ表达促进分化。1,25（OH）₂D₃对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化具有双向作用。     

miR-17-3p Regulates Preadipocyte Differentiation by Targeting KCTD15 in Yanbian Yellow Cattle

The aim of this study was to explore whether miR-17-3p could target KCTD15 to regulate the preadipocytes differentiation of Yanbian Yellow cattle. Bioinformatics softwares were used to identify homology and predict target genes of miR-17-3p. miR-17-3p mimic or miR-17-3p inhibitor and their negative control were transfected into bovine preadipocytes to overexpress or inhibit the expression of miR-17-3p. The binding sites of miR-17-3p to KCTD15 were verified via double luciferase report system. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the effect of miR-17-3p on the expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα and KCTD15 both at mRNA and protein levels. Bioinformatics software prediction showed that KCTD15 was the target gene of miR-17-3p, and miR-17-3p had high homology in mammals. The mRNA and protein expressions of adipogenic marker genes PPARγ and C/EBPα after transfection of miR-17-3p mimic were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of the control group transfected with NC-mimic (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After the expression of miR-17-3p was inhibited, the expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα were significantly or extremely significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Through the dual-luciferase reporter assay verification, the overexpression of miR-17-3p extremely significantly inhibited the fluorescent activity of the luciferase reporter gene vector containing the 3'UTR fragment of KCTD15 (P<0.01). Overexpression of miR-17-3p could also significantly or extremely significantly inhibit the expression of KCTD15 mRNA and protein(P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, inhibition of miR-17-3p expression could significantly increase the expression of KCTD15 mRNA and protein(P<0.05). These results suggest that miR-17-3p may regulate the differentiation of preadipocytes in Yanbian Yellow cattle by inhibiting the expression of KCTD15.     

miR-17-3p靶向KCTD15调控延边黄牛前体脂肪细胞分化

旨在探究miR-17-3p是否可以通过靶向KCTD15调节延边黄牛前体脂肪细胞的分化。本研究使用生物信息学软件鉴定miR-17-3p的同源性，预测miR-17-3p的靶基因；通过在延边黄牛的前体脂肪细胞中转染miR-17-3p mimic或miR-17-3p inhibitor及阴性对照实现细胞内miR-17-3p过表达或抑制表达；采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统确定miR-17-3p与KCTD15的靶标关系；使用qRT-PCR和Western blot技术在mRNA和蛋白水平上检测miR-17-3p对KCTD15基因以及脂代谢标志基因PPARγ和C/EBPα表达水平的影响。结果表明，生物信息学软件预测KCTD15可作为miR-17-3p的靶基因，且miR-17-3p在哺乳动物中具有较高的同源性；转染miR-17-3p mimic后脂代谢标志基因PPARγ和C/EBPα的mRNA和蛋白表达量显著或极显著高于转染NC-mimic的对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）；抑制miR-17-3p的表达后，PPARγ和C/EBPα的表达量则显著或极显著低于对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）；双荧光素酶报告基因验证分析显示，过表达miR-17-3p极显著抑制了含有KCTD15 3'UTR片段的载体的荧光活性（P<0.01）；过表达miR-17-3p也会显著或极显著抑制候选靶基因KCTD15 mRNA和蛋白质的表达量（P<0.05或P<0.01）；而抑制miR-17-3p的表达则会显著提高靶基因KCTD15的mRNA和蛋白质的表达量（P<0.05）。这些结果说明，miR-17-3p可能通过抑制KCTD15的表达促进延边黄牛前体脂肪细胞分化。     

Regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α expression but not adiponectin by dietary protein in finishing pigs

Soy protein regulates adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) in some species, but the effect of dietary soy protein on adiponectin and PPARα in the pig has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether soya bean meal reduction or replacement influences serum adiponectin, adiponectin mRNA, serum metabolites and the expression of PPARα and other genes involved in lipid deposition. Thirty‐three pigs (11 pigs per treatment) were subjected to one of three dietary treatments: (i) reduced crude protein (CP) diet containing soya bean meal (RCP‐Soy), (ii) high CP diet containing soya bean meal (HCP‐Soy) or (iii) high CP diet with corn gluten meal replacing soya bean meal (HCP‐CGM) for 35 days. Dietary treatment had no effect on overall growth performance, feed intake or measures of body composition. There was no effect of dietary treatment on serum adiponectin or leptin. Dietary treatment did not affect the abundance of the mRNAs for adiponectin, PPARα, PPARγ2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthase in adipose tissue. The mRNA expression of PPARα, PPARγ2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthetase in loin muscle was not affected by dietary treatment. In liver tissue, the relative abundance of PPARα mRNA was greater (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP‐Soy diets when compared to pigs fed RCP‐Soy or HCP‐CGM diets. Hepatic mRNA expression of acyl‐CoA oxidase or fatty acid synthase was not affected by dietary treatment. Western blot analysis indicated that hepatic PPARα protein levels were decreased (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the RCP‐Soy diets when compared to pigs fed the HCP‐Soy diets. These data suggest that increasing the soy protein content of swine diets increases hepatic expression of PPARα without associated changes in body composition.     

葛根素对松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的影响

为探究葛根素对松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的调控作用,在细胞诱导液中分别添加0、10、20、40、60和80 μmol/L葛根素进行成脂诱导分化,用油红O染色法和甘油三酯酶法检测脂肪细胞分化过程中脂滴聚集情况和甘油三酯含量以考察脂质沉积和分化效果,并确定葛根素的最佳添加浓度;用实时荧光定量PCR检测对照组(0 μmol/L)和最佳葛根素浓度添加组成脂标志基因细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)及成脂分化基因乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP4)、应激蛋白(TRIB)和叉头框蛋白O1 (FOXO1)的mRNA的表达水平,用Western blotting检测PPARγ和C/EBPα的蛋白表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,20、40和60 μmol/L葛根素均显著增加脂滴和甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),且40 μmol/L葛根素效果最佳;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,与对照组相比,40 μmol/L葛根素显著上调成脂标志基因PPARγ、C/EBPα及成脂分化基因ACC、FABP4、FOXO1和TRIB的表达(P<0.05);Western blotting结果显示,与对照组相比,40 μmol/L葛根素显著增加PPARγ蛋白表达(P<0.05)。综上所述,40 μmol/L葛根素能够促进松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞的成脂分化和脂质沉积。     

m6A甲基化酶METTL3和WTAP在牦牛组织及脂肪细胞中的表达

本研究旨在探究m⁶A RNA甲基化酶METTL3和WTAP在牦牛(Bos grunniens)不同组织、前体脂肪细胞增殖与分化过程中的表达模式和前体脂肪细胞分化过程mRNA m⁶A的变化水平。采用qRT-PCR检测牦牛皮下脂肪、肌肉、心、肝、脾、肺、肾和皮下脂肪不同时期(18和30月龄)METTL3及WTAP的mRNA表达水平。应用I型胶原酶消化法获取牦牛前体脂肪细胞,油红O染色和脂肪分化标志基因的检测建立牦牛前体脂肪细胞分化模型,以及qRTPCR检测前体脂肪细胞增殖分化阶段METTL3和WTAP的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,肝脏组织中METTL3表达最高(P<0.05),皮下脂肪组织表达量最低(P<0.05);WTAP在皮下脂肪组织中的表达最为丰富,脾脏中的表达量最低(P<0.05)。30月龄皮下脂肪组织中METTL3和WTAP mRNA表达量高于18月龄。前体脂肪细胞诱导分化12 d时,细胞中出现多而密的脂环,脂肪细胞分化特异性标志基因FABP4、C/EBPα和PPARγ第12天的表达量显著高于第0天(P<0.05)。METTL3和WTAP的表达量在细胞增殖阶段(24、48和72 h)呈现“下降-上升”的表达趋势(P<0.05)。在牦牛前体脂肪细胞分化阶段(0、4、8和12 d),METTL3表达量呈现“上升-下降-上升”的趋势,WTAP呈现“上升-下降”的趋势。细胞分化阶段mRNA m⁶A水平呈现逐渐上升的趋势,在分化12 d时细胞内RNA的m⁶A丰度最高(P<0.05)。本研究获得METTL3和WTAP在牦牛不同组织和前体脂肪细胞增殖分化阶段的变化规律及细胞分化过程中mRNA m⁶A水平变化,初步揭示WTAP和METTL3对牦牛脂代谢具有重要的调控作用。     

鸡肝细胞中C/EBPα基因的敲低及对糖脂代谢相关基因表达的影响

C/EBPα即CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α基因,其编码的CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白是重要的转录调控因子,在细胞的分化和代谢过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。试验利用RNAi来敲低鸡LMH细胞系中C/EBPα基因的表达,以研究C/EBPα基因影响脂肪代谢的机制。根据鸡C/EBPα基因的mRNA序列,设计3对siRNA,用RNAi干扰技术来敲低鸡LMH细胞中的C/EBPα基因表达,然后用荧光定量PCR检测C/EBPα基因的表达情况,发现其中的C/EBPα-siRNA-161能够显著降低C/EBPα基因的表达;并将C/EBPα-siRNA-161转染LHM细胞后48 h后,利用荧光定量PCR检测LMH细胞中糖脂代谢相关基因(PCK1、SCD、GLUT2、PPARγ、INS、G6PC、IGF1、IGF2、INSR、STAT3)的表达,发现在LMH细胞中PCK1、G6PC、GLUT2基因的mRNA表达量下降,结果表明C/EBPα基因能影响糖代谢相关基因G6PC、GLUT2、甘油异生相关基因PCK1的表达,证实了C/EBPα基因对鸡肝细胞中的糖脂代谢具有调控作用,通过调控C/EBPα基因的表达将影响糖吸收及甘油异生。     

染料木黄酮对3T3-L1细胞增殖与分化的影响

试验旨在研究染料木黄酮对3T3-L1细胞增殖与分化的影响以及对分化过程中相关基因表达的影响。以浓度为0、10、50、100、200μmol/L的染料木黄酮处理细胞,测定不同天数3T3-L1细胞相对增殖量、细胞合成脂肪量以及第8天与脂肪合成有关的基因PPARγ、FASN、LPL、ACC、HSL的相对表达量。结果表明：在增殖方面,染料木黄酮能显著抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖（P〈0.05）。随着染料木黄酮浓度的增加,细胞增殖的抑制作用越强。当浓度为200μmol/L时,细胞停止增殖。在分化方面,染料木黄酮能显著减少3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化合成脂肪的量（P〈0.05）。随着染料木黄酮浓度的增加,细胞分化合成脂肪量减少。染料木黄酮能显著减少3T3-L1细胞与脂肪合成有关的基因PPARγ、FASN、LPL、ACC、HSL的相对表达量（P〈0.05）。在浓度为50μmol/L时,PPARγ基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为200μmol/L时,FASN基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为10μmol/L时,LPL基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为200μmol/L时,ACC基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为10μmol/L时,HSL基因相对表达量最低。分析推测,染料木黄酮通过抑制与脂肪合成相关基因的表达来减少脂肪合成量。     

miR-140-5p对前脂肪细胞3T3-L1成脂分化的机制研究

【目的】研究miR-140-5p在前脂肪细胞（3T3-L1）成脂分化过程中的功能及其作用机制。【方法】待3T3-L1细胞汇合度达100%时诱导其成脂分化，收集分化第―1（诱导分化前1 d）、0、1、2、3、5、7天的细胞，用实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-140-5p相对表达量；将miR-140-5p mimics、NC转染3T3-L1细胞并诱导成脂分化，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测成脂标志基因CAAT增强子结合蛋白β（C/EBPβ）、CAAT增强子结合蛋白δ（C/EBPδ）与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）相对表达量；利用miRandn和TargetScan在线网站预测miR-140-5p的靶基因；通过对比序列差异分析P300/CBP相关因子（PCAF）的3'-UTR序列中与miR-140-5p的结合位点序列在小鼠、人等不同物种间的序列保守性。将miR-140-5p mimics、inhibitor、NC转染3T3-L1细胞并诱导成脂分化，实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-140-5p、PCAF相对表达量，Western blotting检测PCAF蛋白水平；将PEGFP-N1-PCAF、PEGFP-N1转染3T3-L1细胞，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测PCAF、C/EBPδ、PPARγ基因相对表达量，Western blotting检测C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ、PPARγ蛋白表达水平。将3条PCAF siRNA（siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3）、siRNA NC转染3T3-L1细胞，Western blotting法检测PCAF蛋白水平，筛选最佳PCAF siRNA。将最佳PCAF siRNA和siRNA NC转染3T3-L1细胞，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测PCAF、C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ与PPARγ基因相对表达量，Western blotting检测C/EBPβ、PPARγ蛋白表达水平。分别将miR-140-5p mimics、NC与PGL0-PCAF 3'-UTR载体和PGLO空载体共转染293T细胞，用双荧光素酶报告试验检测miR-140-5p与PCAF的靶向关系。【结果】在诱导3T3-L1细胞成脂分化过程中，与诱导分化前1 d相比，在细胞成脂分化第1、2天时miR-140-5p相对表达量极显著升高（P＜0.01），在分化第3天时显著升高（P＜0.05）。与NC组相比，miR-140-5p mimics组脂滴数量明显增加，miR-140-5p mimics组成脂标志基因C/EBPδ与PPARγ相对表达量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）。靶基因预测结果表明，miR-140-5p与PCAF存在预期结合位点；保守性分析结果表明，靶基因PCAF结合位点序列在不同物种间具有高度保守性。与NC组相比，mimics组miR-140-5p和PCAF相对表达量均极显著升高（P＜0.01），inhibitor组miR-140-5p极显著降低（P＜0.01）、PCAF显著降低（P＜0.05），PCAF蛋白表达量显著升高（P＜0.05）。与PEGFP-N1组相比，PEGFP-N1-PCAF组脂滴数量增多，PCAF、PPARγ基因相对表达量和C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ蛋白水平极显著升高（P＜0.01），PPARγ蛋白水平显著升高（P＜0.05）。PCAF siRNA1、siRNA2与siRNA3均极显著抑制PCAF蛋白的表达（P＜0.01），siRNA3的效果最显著，因此选择siRNA3进行后续试验。与NC组相比，PCAF siRNA3组3T3-L1细胞中脂滴数量较少，PCAF、C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ、PPARγ基因相对表达量和C/EBPβ蛋白水平均极显著下降（P＜0.01）。双荧光素酶报告试验结果显示，miR-140-5p与PCAF基因之间无靶标关系。【结论】内源性miR-140-5p在3T3-L1细胞分化过程中表达升高，miR-140-5p可能通过间接上调PCAF基因表达促进3T3-L1细胞成脂分化。     

Myostatin inhibits differentiation of bovine preadipocyte

We investigated the effect of myostatin on the differentiation of bovine preadipocyte. Stromal-vascular cells containing preadipocytes were prepared from perirenal adipose tissue of approximately 30-month-old Japanese Black steers. After confluence, the differentiation was induced by 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-xanthine, dexamethasone, insulin, and troglitasone for 2 days, and then subsequently cultured for 6 days. The cells were treated with myostatin during the induction of differentiation (the early phase of differentiation) or throughout the differentiation period. We measured the terminal differentiation markers such as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, lipid accumulation, and the expression of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein mRNA at the end of cultures. The treatment with myostatin throughout the differentiation period severely suppressed the induction of all differentiation markers. The treatment with myostatin in the early phase of differentiation also suppressed the induction of terminal differentiation markers but three-fold higher dose of myostatin was required for the suppression compared with its treatment throughout the differentiation period. Myostatin treatment reduced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma mRNA and interfered with the induction of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) alpha mRNA. We also observed that follistatin stimulates preadipocyte differentiation in the presence of myostatin. These results suggest that myostatin inhibits bovine preadiopocyte differentiation through suppressing PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expressions and that follistatin counteracts the suppressive effect of myostatin.     

NR1H3基因调控猪前体脂肪细胞分化的研究

旨在探讨NR1H3基因在猪脂肪组织中的发育性表达规律及对猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的影响,以确定其在脂肪沉积过程中的主要功能。本研究采用qRT-PCR方法检测30、90、240日龄马身猪皮下脂肪组织中NR1H3的发育性表达规律;采集5日龄杜长大仔猪背部脂肪组织,分离猪前体脂肪细胞;通过细胞免疫荧光技术检测细胞中Adiponectin含量以鉴定细胞的纯度;构建猪NR1H3基因的过表达载体,设计NR1H3 siRNA序列,分别转染分离得到的猪前体脂肪细胞,采用qRT-PCR、Western blot和油红O染色等方法检测过表达和干扰效率及它们对成脂分化关键基因表达的影响。结果表明,马身猪皮下脂肪组织中NR1H3的表达量随日龄增加呈上升趋势,30日龄时表达量最低,240日龄时表达量最高,差异极显著(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,猪前体脂肪细胞中过表达NR1H3,脂肪细胞的脂滴数明显增多,下游靶标SREBP-1c和ChREBP的表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),且成脂关键基因FAS、C/EBPβ、PPARγ和FABP4的mRNA表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),促进成脂过程;相反,干扰NR1H3基因,脂滴数明显减少,下游靶标及成脂关键基因的mRNA表达量极显著下调(P<0.01),抑制成脂过程。本研究表明,NR1H3基因是猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的正调节剂,通过影响其下游靶标SREBP-1c和ChREBP的表达而影响成脂分化,研究结果对阐明猪脂肪沉积的分子机理、改善肉质品质有重要意义。     

基于AMPK通路研究葛根素对猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的影响

【目的】 探究葛根素是否通过AMPK通路促进松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞分化,以期为在饲粮中添加葛根素改善猪肉肉质提供参考。【方法】 待松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞汇合度达90%时进行为期4 d的诱导分化。诱导分化时,将细胞分为对照组（Con）、葛根素组（Pue）、葛根素+AMPK激活剂AICAR组（AICAR）及葛根素+AMPK抑制剂CompoundC组（CompoundC）,对照组诱导液中不添加葛根素,Pue组添加40 μmol/L葛根素,AICAR组添加40 μmol/L葛根素+500 μmol/L AICAR,CompoundC组添加40 μmol/L葛根素+20 μmol/L CompoundC。诱导分化结束,收集各组细胞,用甘油三酯（TG）酶法检测细胞中甘油三酯浓度;实时荧光定量PCR检测AMPK各亚基以及成脂分化相关基因的表达水平;用Western blotting检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）、AMP依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）、p-AMPK （Thr-172）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）的蛋白表达水平;通过Autodock Vina 1.20对葛根素、AMPKα亚基做分子对接预测。【结果】 甘油三酯测定结果显示,与Con组相比,Pue组甘油三酯浓度显著增加（P<0.05）;与Pue组相比,AICAR组甘油三酯浓度显著降低（P<0.05）。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与Con组相比,Pue组PPKAG2、PPKAB1、PPKAB2、PPKAA1、PGC-1α表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,Pue组C/EBPα、PPARγ、ACC表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）;与Pue组相比,AICAR组PPKAG1、PPKAG2、PPKAB1、PPKAB2、PPKAA1表达量显著增加（P<0.05）,AICAR组C/EBPα、PPARγ、ACC表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,CompoundC组PPKAG1、PPKAG2、PPKAB2表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,CompoundC组C/EBPα、ACC表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果显示,与Con组相比,Pue组PPARγ、ACC蛋白表达量显著增加（P<0.05）,AMPK、p-AMPK蛋白表达量显著下降（P<0.05）,且p-AMPK/AMPK显著下降（P<0.05）;与Pue组相比,AICAR组PPARγ、ACC蛋白表达量显著下降（P<0.05）,AMPK、p-AMPK蛋白表达量显著增加（P<0.05）,CompoundC组PPARγ、ACC蛋白表达量显著增加（P<0.05）,AMPK、p-AMPK蛋白表达量及p-AMPK/AMPK显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】 40 μmol/L葛根素能够显著增加脂肪细胞中甘油三酯含量,显著上调成脂分化基因PPARγ、C/EBPα、ACC的表达量,显著下调AMPK各亚基的表达量,AMPK激活剂AIRCR可显著抑制葛根素的作用,说明葛根素可通过抑制AMPK通路调节松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化。     

Paired box 7 inhibits differentiation in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes

Myogenesis is precisely proceeded by myogenic regulatory factors. Myogenic stem cells are activated, proliferated and fused into a multinuclear myofiber. Pax7, paired box 7, one of the earliest markers during myogenesis. It has been reported that Pax7 regulates the muscle marker genes, Myf5 and MyoD toward differentiation. The possible roles of Pax7 in myogenic cells have been well researched. However, it has not yet been clarified if Pax7 itself is able to induce myogenic fate in nonmyogenic lineage cells. In this study, we performed experiments using stably expressed Pax7 in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes to elucidate if Pax7 inhibits adipogenesis. We found that Pax7 represses adipogenic markers and prevents differentiation. These cells showed decreased expression of PDGFRα, PPARγ and Fabp4 and inhibited forming lipid droplets.     

Inhibition of growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonist, [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6, in adipogenesis of ovine and rat adipocytes

Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor (GHS‐R or ghrelin receptor) have been reported as being one of the factors of adipogenesis in adipocytes. To investigate the involvement of ghrelin and GHS‐R in adipocytes, the effect of the GHS‐R antagonist, [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 (His‐D‐Trp‐D‐Lys‐Trp‐D‐Phe‐Lys‐NH₂), on the process of adipogenesis in ovine and rat adipocytes was evaluated. [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 (10^?7 mol/L) significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation of ovine and rat preadipocytes prepared from adipose tissues. The level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ2 mRNA, an adipogenic marker, was decreased during the differentiation of adipocytes treated with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 for 10 days. Ghrelin stimulated adipogenesis, also causing an increment of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and upregulation of PPAR‐γ2. Furthermore, the antilipolytic effect of ghrelin was attenuated by treatment with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 in both types of isolated adipocytes. Overall, the results of the present study highlight that GHS‐R in adipogenesis can be blocked by treatment with [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6.     

Glucocorticoids and the differentiation of porcine preadipocytes

The function of glucocorticoids in the differentiation of porcine preadipocytes was examined. Stromal-vascular cell cultures (containing preadipocytes) derived from adipose tissue of the perirenal, ham and shoulder regions of neonatal pigs were incubated in the presence of hydrocortisone at 0 to 100 ng/ml medium. Perirenal cells did not respond to hydrocortisone with an increase in enzyme expression, nor did they demonstrate growth characteristics similar to those of cultures derived from the ham or shoulder. Cultures from the shoulder and ham regions demonstrated dose-responsive increases in enzymatic expression to hydrocortisone. Enzymatic responses by cultures derived from the ham region were lower than responses by cultures from the shoulder region as measured by changes in the activities of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipoprotein lipase. Addition of insulin to the medium did not produce a synergistic effect with glucocorticoid on differentiation as determined by these enzymatic parameters. However, [14C]glucose metabolism by the cells in culture was synergistically increased by insulin and glucocorticoid supplementation of the medium. The ability of hydrocortisone to induce differentiation of porcine preadipocytes in vitro suggests that the changes that occur in plasma glucocorticoid concentrations during late gestation may play an important role in the rapid development of s.c. adipose tissue in the fetal pig. Secondly, the differences in culture characteristics and hormone responses of cells derived from different locations of adipose tissue formation indicate that differences may exist in the regulation of the growth and development of preadipocytes from different anatomical locations.