寄主植物对烟粉虱后代种群抗性相关酶活性的影响

比较了取食不同寄主植物的烟粉虱后代羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。结果表明:寄主植物对烟粉虱羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力影响显著,取食不同寄主植物的烟粉虱后代羧酸酯酶和AChE活力差异显著。在试验的甘蓝、花菜、小白菜和苘麻4种寄主中,取食小白菜、甘蓝的烟粉虱后代种群羧酸酯酶的酶活力显著高于取食花菜和苘麻的,取食小白菜的酶活力最高,是取食苘麻的3.90倍。取食甘蓝的后代种群AChE的酶活力最高,取食苘麻的后代种群酶活力最低;取食花菜与小白菜、小白菜与苘麻之间没有明显差异,但甘蓝与其他寄主上的烟粉虱后代种群之间的差异均达到了极显著水平。取食甘蓝、花菜、小白菜的后代AChE OD值分别为取食苘麻的2.85、2.39倍和1.07倍。     

辽宁省冬季温室烟粉虱隐种鉴定

烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)]为辽宁省重要温室害虫,包括MEAM1隐种与MED隐种。为了揭示近年来辽宁省冬季温室内烟粉虱隐种动态,采用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I(mtCOI)PCR-RFLP技术,鉴别了辽宁省9个地区13个烟粉虱种群的隐种。结果表明,2019年冬季辽宁各地温室烟粉虱种群有12个种群均为MED隐种烟粉虱,为优势隐种,只有沈阳1个种群存在MEAM1隐种,发现在温室豆角(SY2)上采集的26头烟粉虱中,检出1头MEAM1隐种烟粉虱,比率为3.85%。     

温度胁迫下烟粉虱MED隐种与亚洲Ⅱ3隐种三个 抗寒基因表达模式的分析

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci具有强的温度耐受性,但烟粉虱入侵种MED隐种与本地种亚洲Ⅱ3隐种在我国的地理分布上存在巨大的差异。因此本研究以烟粉虱MED隐种和亚洲Ⅱ3隐种为研究对象,采用qRT-PCR技术分别检测两种烟粉虱3个抗寒基因(erythrocyte binding protein,trehalase,dopadecarboxylase)在5个梯度温度胁迫下mRNA水平上的相对表达量,分析其在高低温胁迫过程中表达量的变化,探索抗寒基因在烟粉虱MED隐种成功入侵并广泛分布于各气候区域中所起的作用。研究结果表明这两种烟粉虱隐种体内,3个抗寒基因均显著受低温诱导。但相对于AsiaⅡ3隐种,低温胁迫下烟粉虱MED隐种体内的3种抗寒基因能更快速地做出响应,且基因上调或下调的量也相对较多。     

不同辣椒品种对B型和Q型烟粉虱主要解毒酶的影响

正烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci寄主范围广,通过直接取食和传播病毒为害多种蔬菜和园艺作物,其中B型(MEAM1)和Q型(MED)烟粉虱为害最重、入侵性最强。B型和Q型烟粉虱取食多种寄主植物,但二者对不同寄主植物适应性存在差异,Iida et al.(2009)和Jiao et al(.2014)研究表明,Q型比B型烟粉虱的寄主范围更广;在辣椒上Q型烟粉虱能正常发育,而B型烟粉虱不能。本试验以4个辣椒品种为材料,比较B型和Q型烟粉虱取食不同辣椒品种     

传播木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒的烟粉虱隐种鉴定

为明确广东地区传播木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leaf curl Multan virus,CLCu Mu V)的烟粉虱隐种,采用分子鉴定、烟粉虱传毒试验与分子检测的方法,对传播CLCu Mu V的烟粉虱隐种进行了鉴定。结果表明:在广东棉花、红麻和黄秋葵曲叶病发生的田间,2014年采集的30头烟粉虱mt COI与Asia II 7隐种序列同源性为98.3%~99.6%,2015年采集的10头烟粉虱中,8头烟粉虱mt COI与MEAM1隐种序列同源性为99.2%~99.5%,2头烟粉虱mt COI与Asia II 7隐种序列同源性为99.8%~99.9%,说明烟粉虱种群包括入侵隐种MEAM1和土著隐种Asia II 7。在利用烟粉虱人工传毒试验中,MEAM1、Asia II 7和Asia II 1这3个隐种均可在棉花曲叶病株上饲毒获得CLCu Mu V及β卫星分子;除MEAM1隐种外,Asia II 7、Asia II 1隐种可传播CLCu Mu V,侵染红麻及黄秋葵植株引起曲叶病,前者传毒效率分别为50%和100%;而后者为33%和100%。以上3个烟粉虱隐种传毒接种棉花未见成功。     

烟粉虱成虫对不同寄主植物的选择性

选用棉花、烟草、番茄、甘蓝进行非选择性和选择性试验研究 ,探讨烟粉虱成虫对 4种寄主植物的嗜食性。结果表明 ,在 4种寄主作物共同存在时 ,烟粉虱成虫喜欢取食烟草 ,排列顺序为 :烟草 >番茄 >棉花、甘蓝 ;产卵量排列顺序为 :烟草、番茄 >甘蓝、棉花。当只有番茄和烟草两种寄主植物时 ,烟粉虱成虫趋向于取食烟草 ,但在番茄上产卵 ;只有烟草和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱倾向于取食烟草并产卵 ;只有棉花和番茄时 ,烟粉虱对两种寄主没有明显的趋向 ;只有棉花和烟草时 ,烟粉虱显著的喜好在烟草上产卵 ;只有棉花和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱趋向在棉花上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平 ;同样只有番茄和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱喜好在番茄上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平。     

木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒在新疆的发生分布及烟粉虱带毒检测

为了明确木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV)在新疆的发生分布,对采自新疆13个地(州)的1 166份蜀葵、苘麻、棉花疑似病株进行CLCuMuV分子鉴定和带毒检测,并对3种寄主上同期采集的1 588头烟粉虱进行隐种鉴定和带毒检测。结果显示,CLCuMuV DNA-A组分及其伴随的DNAβ卫星分子均可侵染蜀葵、苘麻、棉花;基于DNA-A及DNAβ组分的进化分析表明,新疆3种寄主上发生的CLCuMuV与国内已报道的CLCuMuV进化关系一致;蜀葵、苘麻、棉花上CLCuMuV带毒率存在差异,分别为27.87%、33.33%和14.95%;MEAM1和MED隐种为新疆烟粉虱主要种群,分别占26.70%和66.44%,带毒率分别为21.46%和17.63%,说明MED隐种为新疆烟粉虱优势种群,2个隐种均可携带CLCuMuV且带毒率相近;MEAM1隐种在蜀葵、苘麻、棉花上带毒率分别为21.39%、0和28.21%,MED隐种分别为19.61%,8.47%和11.18%,表明2个隐种在不同寄主上的带毒率存在差异。本研究明确了新疆地区侵染蜀葵、...     

繁育寄主植物对浅黄恩蚜小蜂生防潜能的影响

为明确以雪莲果Smallanthus sonchifolius为寄主植物繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia的生防潜能,测定雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂个体大小以及其对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum的致死能力,并解析其寄生2种粉虱若虫后的子代发育情况。结果表明,雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌雄蜂体长、头宽及后足胫节长度均显著高于番茄繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂。雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的平均致死数量分别为24.7头和25.0头,显著高于番茄繁育的21.4头和21.0头。相对于番茄,雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫后其子代发育时间更短,平均分别为13.2 d和12.5 d;而且子代羽化率也显著高于番茄繁育的子代羽化率,分别为84.1%和86.9%。表明与番茄相比,雪莲果为寄主植物繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱具有更强的生防潜能。     

烟粉虱基因组和转录组研究及展望

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是世界性的重要害虫,为物种复合体,其中少数隐种近30年来入侵世界各国,并暴发成灾。在我国,最近几年MED隐种已经逐渐替代了之前入侵的MEAM1隐种,成为我国农田生态系统中的主要致害隐种。基因组和转录组研究的不断深入极大地推动了烟粉虱入侵机制、隐种替代机制、种系发生、不同隐种或地理种群鉴定、抗药性机制、烟粉虱与共生菌互作等领域的研究。本文简要综述了烟粉虱基因组和转录组测序的研究进展,介绍了转录组数据在种的分化和鉴定、共生菌的互作及抗药性研究领域的应用。     

烟粉虱MEAM 1隐种主要内共生菌的定位和分布

烟粉虱MEAM 1隐种是一种重要的世界性入侵害虫,共生菌在其种群入侵和扩张中起着不可忽视的作用。本研究采用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH),明确其携带的初生共生菌(Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum)和次生共生菌(Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa和Rickettsia sp.)在不同发育阶段虫体中的定位和分布。结果显示,烟粉虱MEAM 1隐种卵、若虫和成虫3个阶段均携带3种共生菌,Portiera和Hamiltonella菌集中分布于含菌细胞中,其中Hamiltonella呈环形包裹于含菌细胞周边;Rickettsia既在菌胞中呈“集中”分布,也“随机”分布于虫体其他部位或器官。上述结果明确了这3种共生菌在MEAM 1烟粉虱各个发育阶段的分布特征,同时证明3种共生菌均能通过烟粉虱雌虫垂直传播,为进一步揭示内共生菌在烟粉虱入侵过程中的作用打下基础。     

草地贪夜蛾取食诱导玉米叶片转录组分析

为阐明玉米响应草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda取食胁迫防御反应的分子机制,利用RNAseq技术对草地贪夜蛾取食的玉米叶片进行转录组测序分析,并对抗虫代谢产物生物合成途径中的基因进行筛选鉴定。结果显示,与未接虫对照相比,草地贪夜蛾取食18 h导致玉米叶片中有1 645个基因差异表达(log2|处理/对照|1且FDR0.05),其中上调表达基因有1 352个,下调表达基因有293个。茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯等植物激素生物合成与信号转导途径相关基因大多上调表达,其中44个茉莉酸途径相关基因全部上调表达,说明该途径在玉米响应草地贪夜蛾取食诱导的防御反应中发挥着核心作用,其它激素生物合成与信号转导途径发挥协同作用。玉米重要抗虫次生代谢物苯并噁唑嗪酮类生物合成相关基因中有9个基因上调表达;15个萜烯挥发物生物合成相关差异表达基因中有14个上调表达,包括8个萜烯合成酶基因和1个CYP基因CYP92C5。表明草地贪夜蛾取食会诱导玉米复杂的植物激素途径和基因调控机制,激活以次级抗虫代谢物合成为主的防御反应。     

烟粉虱对螺虫乙酯的抗性监测及交互抗性测定

为明确螺虫乙酯在湖北地区的抗性水平以及与其存在潜在交互抗性风险的常用药剂类型,采用着卵叶片浸渍法,于2013年对湖北省13个烟粉虱MEAM1和MED隐种地理种群对螺虫乙酯的抗药性进行了监测,并以室内敏感品系SUD-S为参照,对经螺虫乙酯连续17代抗性筛选的WH-2种群进行了交互抗性分析。结果表明:湖北省13个烟粉虱地理种群对螺虫乙酯均表现出极低的抗性,LC50介于0.015~0.081 mg/L之间;其中MED隐种WH-2种群对螺虫乙酯的抗性最高,LC50为0.081 mg/L。在室内用螺虫乙酯对MED隐种WH-2种群连续17代抗性筛选后,其对螺虫乙酯的抗性倍数上升约7倍。经螺虫乙酯筛选的WH-2种群对吡虫啉、乙酰甲胺磷、灭多威、氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈均产生了低水平的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为8.699、7.165、5.317、6.681、2.958、5.662倍,而对毒死蜱和阿维菌素无交互抗性。表明烟粉虱在湖北省部分地区对螺虫乙酯存在低水平抗性,且螺虫乙酯与部分常用杀虫剂存在交互抗性风险。     

天津市烟粉虱隐种鉴定及其携带TYLCV、内共生菌情况和抗药性监测

为明确天津市烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci隐种的类别及其寄主适应性、传毒能力、携带内共生菌情况和抗药性,采用mt COI酶切法对从武清、西青、蓟州和宁河4个区的番茄、黄瓜及辣椒3种寄主上采集的12个烟粉虱种群进行隐种鉴定,采用PCR检测其携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒（tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV）和内共生菌情况,并采用浸叶法测定其对4种常用药剂的抗性。结果表明,采集的烟粉虱种群以MED隐种为主,占所有检测个体的93.33%,有3个种群为MED和MEAM1隐种混合发生。所有检测个体中有36.25%的个体携带TYLCV,在6个种群中检测到TYLCV,其中5个种群有超过50%的个体携带TYLCV。在12个种群中共检测到Hamiltonella、立克次氏体Rickettsia、Cardinium和杀雄菌属Arsenophnus共4种内共生菌,携带个体比例分别为90.63%、48.96%、43.75%和8.33%,进一步对内共生菌协同感染情况进行分析,发现有HARC、HRC、HAC、HR、HC和AC共6个协同感染型,感染率分别为4.17%、28.13%、3....     

Evaluation of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as reservoirs of tomato severe rugose virus and whiteflies

Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) is the most important begomovirus transmitted and spread by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in tomato crops in Brazil. Cultural practices are being adopted, along with insecticides, for controlling this virus. However, little is known about the importance of weeds in the pathosystem, which can contribute to the failure of these practices. This work aimed to evaluate the role of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as alternative hosts of ToSRV and verify the viral influence on the biological performance of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species. N. physaloides was a better alternative host for ToSRV when combined with MEAM1 whiteflies, while D. stramonium was mostly a good host for whitefly reproduction. Viral infection improved MEAM1 performance on both host plants but affected MED performance negatively. These data suggest that both weeds can be of some importance for the pathosystem, and their control should be included in management programmes.     

Detection of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean cryptic species on soybean in São Paulo and Paraná States (Brazil) and interaction of cowpea mild mottle virus with whiteflies

Since the detection of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species in Brazil in the early 1990s, this whitefly has been the predominant species and the main viral vector in the country. In this work, whiteflies were collected from commercial soybean fields near and far from greenhouses where Mediterranean (MED) species had previously been detected infesting vegetable crops. Results indicated that MEAM1 was the predominant whitefly species in soybean in most sampling sites, while MED was found colonizing soybean plants in open field conditions alone and/or with MEAM1 in several places. Among the tested insects, MED species was mostly detected harbouring the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella. We also detected cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infecting soybean plants. Transmission assays demonstrated that MED species was more efficient transmitting CPMMV from beans to beans and from soybean to soybean plants than MEAM1, while MEAM1 was more efficient in transmitting the virus from soybean to bean than MED. Performance assays indicated that adult emergence of both species on CPMMV-infected soybean plants was higher when compared with the emergence on healthy plants. Moreover, nonviruliferous MED and MEAM1 adults preferred to settle more often on healthy plants, while viruliferous adults settled more often on CPMMV-infected soybean plants. As MED has already been found in soybean open fields in São Paulo and Paraná States, Brazil, and it is a good vector of CPMMV, we anticipate problems related to whitefly management and to increase in the incidence of the virus in soybean.     

小黑瓢虫雌成虫滞育基因的转录组测序分析

为明确小黑瓢虫Delphastus catalinae滞育的分子机制,使用Illumina HiSeq2500高通量测序平台分析小黑瓢虫雌成虫非滞育期、滞育期和滞育解除期的相对转录水平,从转录组测序数据中选取碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）基因、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）基因、乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）基因、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）基因、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）基因、海藻糖酶（trehalase,TRE）基因、促葡萄糖转运1蛋白亚基基因Ref和SCoAL琥珀酰辅酶连接酶基因GDP-forming,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRTPCR)技术检测上述基因在小黑瓢虫雌成虫3个不同时期的表达特征。结果显示,从9个样品中共筛选出67.86 Gb的clean data;936 447条contig被组装成52 255条unigene,所有的unigene都通过BLAST对Nr数据库进行了注释,有23 539...     

Differential reaction of sweet pepper to infection with the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus probably depends on the viral variant

The tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), transmitted by whitefly species of the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes in a semipersistent manner, causes significant losses in solanaceous crops including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum). Worldwide reports of natural and experimental infection of sweet pepper plants with ToCV are contradictory, raising the question of whether the critical factor determining infection is related to the susceptibility of sweet pepper cultivars or the genetics of virus isolates. In this work, ToCV isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical origins were biologically and molecularly analysed, transmitted by B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED, and the reaction of different sweet pepper cultivars was evaluated under different environmental conditions. Brazilian ToCV isolates from tomato, potato (S. tuberosum), S. americanum, and Physalis angulata did not infect plants of five sweet pepper cultivars when transmitted by B. tabaci MEAM1. Temperatures did not affect the sweet pepper susceptibility to tomato-ToCV isolates from São Paulo, Brazil, and Florida, USA. However, sweet pepper-ToCV isolates from Spain and São Paulo, Brazil, were transmitted efficiently to sweet pepper plants by B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED. Although the results indicated that ToCV isolates from naturally infected sweet pepper plants seem to be better adapted to plants of C. annuum, phylogenetic analyses based on the complete nucleotide sequences of RNA1 and RNA2 as well as the p22 gene did not reveal significant nucleotide differences among them. Additional studies are needed to identify intrinsic characteristics of ToCV isolates that favour infection of sweet pepper plants.     

普通烟对烟粉虱取食及其与TYLCCNV共侵染的生理生化反应

为明确普通烟遭受烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci取食及与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus,TYLCCNV)共侵染时的响应机制,采用常规生理生化指标测定法分析比较MED隐种烟粉虱取食及其与TYLCCNV共侵染处理对普通烟植株中营养组分、防御物质积累及主要氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,与对照植株相比,烟粉虱取食及其与TYLCCNV共侵染均可导致普通烟植株中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量明显降低,多酚含量显著升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈现先升后降的变化趋势。与烟粉虱取食植株相比,烟粉虱与TYLCCNV共侵染后1 d时普通烟植株中可溶糖含量显著降低了21.05%,3、7和9 d时可溶性蛋白含量分别显著降低了27.40%、26.84%和20.90%;共侵染后的1、3、5和9 d时多酚含量分别显著降低了34.60%、14.30%、3.07%和15.19%;共侵染后的1、3、5和7 d时CAT活性分别提高了3.04倍、1.42倍、1.68倍和1.96倍;共侵染后7 d时POD活性显著降低,共侵染后9 d时SOD活性显著升高。表明普通烟可通过改变其营养组分及积累防御物质或提高氧化酶活性来防御烟粉虱取食及其与TYLCCNV的共侵染,而烟粉虱与TYLCCNV共侵染可诱导植株内产生较单独取食时更少的多酚类防御物质,以提高其在宿主植物上的适应性。