桑沟湾沉积物有机质的碳氮稳定同位素分析及其来源解析

本研究分析了桑沟湾表层沉积物的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碳和氮稳定同位素(δ13C和δ15N)的时空分布特征,估算了贝藻生物沉积对近海沉积物有机质的贡献。结果显示,桑沟湾沉积物成分组成以粉砂为主,且粒径分布与海水养殖和水动力学条件密切相关;TOC、TN的季节变化和平面分布均呈相似性,数值上总体表现为春季最高,秋季最低,季节差异不大,在贝藻、鱼贝和贝类养殖区域出现较高值;而δ13C和δ15N的季节变化和平面分布有较大差异。从相关性分析可以看出,TOC和TN呈极显著正相关(r=0.955, P<0.001),表明桑沟湾表层沉积物的TOC和TN具有同源性。根据对δ13C和C/N的综合分析表明,贝类生物沉积、海带(Saccharina japonica)和土壤有机质是桑沟湾沉积物有机质的主要来源。采用三元混合模型估算得到贝类生物沉积贡献率为67.52%,土壤有机质贡献率为26.47%,海带贡献率为5.97%。研究表明,海洋贝藻生物沉积对近海碳埋藏具有显著影响。     

海水鱼类网箱养殖水域沉积物有机质的来源甄别

利用稳定碳氮同位素示踪技术,对南沙港网箱养殖水域沉积物中有机质的来源进行了分析研究。结果表明,网箱养殖区(距离网箱边缘100 m范围内)及对照区(距离网箱边缘大于500 m)沉积物的δ13C值分别为(-17.72±1.2)‰和(-12.73±0.38)‰,δ15N分别为(6.44±0.2)‰和(5.61±0.2)‰。网箱养殖区沉积物的有机质来源主要为残饵和鱼类粪便,比例分别占47.70%和27.71%。随着与养殖网箱距离的增加,网箱养殖源有机质(残饵和鱼类粪便之和)的比例降低,变化趋势符合指数方程y=97.167e-0.007 4x(R2=0.848 1),在潮流驱动的沉积物再悬浮及野生鱼类的扰动影响下,网箱养殖源有机质的水平位移可达400 m。鱼类网箱养殖的养殖废物是南沙港水域沉积物有机污染的主要来源。     

广州市主要湖泊沉积物磷的赋存形态

沉积物中磷的富集及其形态学特征是导致城市水体富营养化的重要因素之一。2016年-2017年对广州市8个主要城市湖泊花都湖、白云湖、东山湖、流花湖、天河湖、海珠湖、荔湾湖、麓湖表层沉积物的总磷（TP）及各形态磷的含量与分布特征进行了研究，并运用单因子污染指数法和生物有效性指数法对沉积物磷污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:广州市湖泊表层沉积物TP含量范围为368~5276 mg/kg，平均值为3277 mg/kg，其分布特征表现为东山湖>白云湖>花都湖>流花湖>天河湖>荔湾湖>麓湖>海珠湖。TP中以无机磷（IP）为主要存在形式，占TP含量的67.56%~87.44%，IP中又以铁结合态磷（Fe-P）为主，占TP含量的32.77%~60.24%，均值为42.88%。相关分析表明TP与Fe-P和有机磷OP，Fe-P与De-P，Ca-P与OP呈显著的正相关关系，表明其来源的相似性。通过分析可将广州市湖泊分为受珠江干流直接影响、接纳河涌入水、相对封闭和无明显外源输入的四类湖泊，表明输入源是决定广州市湖泊沉积物磷含量与分布特征的主要因素，工业废水、生活污水是主要污染源。单因子污染指数与生物有效性指数评价结果显示广州市湖泊沉积物整体处于重度磷污染水平。本研究对于科学评估广州市城区湖泊环境状况、潜在生态风险，有针对性的进行生态修复具有重要的意义。     

不同形态氮富集对青菱湖沉积物磷释放的影响

为了揭示无机氮和有机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献,在武汉市青菱湖草型湖区和藻型湖区分别采集沉积物,进行添加不同形态不同浓度氮(0.5、2.5 g酪蛋白,0.02、0.2 g氯化铵)的培养实验。结果显示,培养结束时,草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白的处理组上覆水中溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度分别为对照组的64.88倍和5.61倍,而加氯化铵处理组与对照组上覆水中SRP浓度无显著差异;加氯化铵处理组上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度分别为各自对照组的80%左右,而加酪蛋白处理组上覆水DO浓度分别为各自对照组的10%和4%;整个培养过程中,草、藻型湖区沉积物均为加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组的沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)稍高于其他处理组相应值,但无显著性差异;草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组磷平衡浓度(EPC0)分别为对照组的2.08倍和1.77倍;而加氯化铵处理组和加0.5 g酪蛋白处理组沉积物EPC0与对照组相应值无显著差异。研究表明,有机氮的富集会增加沉积物磷的释放,而无机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献不大;有机氮对沉积物磷释放的影响是由形成厌氧的状态、胞外磷酸酶的分泌、改变沉积物磷吸附行为等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

马来眼子菜和POM稳定同位素对污染物的指示作用

为了探究大型植物马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）和颗粒有机物质（Particulate organic matter,POM）对湖泊主要污染来源的指示作用,在贡湖湾选取14个样点,采集马来眼子菜和POM样品,分析其碳、氮稳定同位素的变化。结果显示,马来眼子菜和POM有相似的δ15N值趋势,都是随着离入湖口距离越远,其δ15N值逐渐增加,马来眼子菜的δ15N值为10.8‰～14.1‰,POM的δ15N值为6.69‰～14.1‰;而马来眼子菜的δ13C值随着离入湖口距离越远有下降趋势,变化范围为-17.6‰ ~ -14.5‰;POM的δ13C值则有增加趋势,变化范围为-26.9‰ ~ -24.6‰。马来眼子菜较高的δ15N值指示了人类生活污水来源的氮,表明贡湖湾的主要污染源为生活污水。相关分析表明,水中总溶解磷（TDP）与马来眼子菜的δ15N值有明显的负相关关系,水中的总氮（TN）与POM的δ15N、δ13C值则呈很好的正相关关系。而POM的N占比和底泥的δ15N值分别与POM的δ15N值有明显的正相关性。研究表明,马来眼子菜和POM的δ15N、δ13C值能够指示太湖贡湖湾的主要污染来源。     

不同氮磷比对海洋赤潮藻碳、氮稳定同位素组成的影响

为查明营养盐对不同赤潮藻不同生长阶段的影响,通过测定不同营养条件下培养的7种赤潮藻δ13 C和δ15 N值,比较不同生长阶段、不同藻种之间稳定同位素组成的差别。结果显示,7种赤潮藻δ13 C和δ15 N值存在一定的差异,海洋原甲藻具有较高的δ13 C值;海洋球石藻δ13 C值相对较小;新月菱形藻、威氏海链藻和塔玛亚历山大藻具有相似的δ13 C值。强壮前沟藻、海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻δ15 N值要高于其他赤潮藻,威氏海链藻、海洋球石藻、中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻具有相似的δ15 N值。塔玛亚历山大藻在NP、3N、1/3P和3P组别指数期δ13 C值要低于稳定期,其他6种赤潮藻指数期δ13 C值要高于稳定期。几种赤潮藻δ13 C值与NO3-和PO3-4浓度普遍呈显著正相关;δ15 N值与NO3-浓度普遍呈显著负相关,与PO3-4浓度普遍呈显著正相关。     

梅溪湖表层沉积物营养盐和有机质分布特征及污染评价

梅溪湖属于城市浅水湖泊，其沉积物特征可反映湖泊的水生态环境状况，对防止湖泊富营养化具有重要意义。2020年11月至2021年7月，分季节对梅溪湖表层沉积物（0～10 cm）进行了采样，分析了沉积物TN、NH4+、NO3-、TP、有效磷（AP）和有机质（OM）等指标的时空分布特征和污染程度。结果表明：沉积物（0～10 cm）TN、NH4+、NO3-、TP、AP和OM的平均含量依次为1654.68± 754.22 mg/kg、24.66± 20.02 mg/kg、13.60± 2.33 mg/kg、512.60± 281.39 mg/kg、8.58± 6.81 mg/kg和2.84± 1.43 %。湖区东部营养物和有机质含量最高。人类活动对梅溪湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布有着较大的影响。梅溪湖沉积物TP和NO3-含量在春季最高（4月份），冬季（1月）最低。AP含量在春季（4月）最高，在夏季最低（7月份）。沉积物TN、NH4+和OM含量没有明显的季节差异。梅溪湖沉积物TN和TP的含量变幅分别为667～4000 mg/kg和184～1475mg/kg，均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物参考阈值范围；TN和TP的标准指数变幅分别为1.21～7.27和0.31～2.46，TN全部超标，梅溪湖生态环境质量受N元素的影响较为严重，对湖泊生态系统安全构成了一定的威胁。相关分析表明，沉积物OM与TN、TP、AP、NH4+、NO3-均显著正相关，说明沉积物有机质的降解和释放对梅溪湖氮磷营养盐具有重要影响。     

草型和藻型湖泊间隙水营养盐特性的比较研究

2006年9月,通过营养水平和水草的差异设计了4个浅水湖泊模拟系统,对草、藻型湖泊间隙水营养盐特性的差异进行研究。2007年9月,采用平衡浓度法测定了各系统间隙水的营养盐浓度,经分析得出以下结论或认识：(1)上覆水中,各系统营养盐浓度比较均一,垂向上梯度变化不明显;与藻型系统相比,草型系统上覆水PO43--P浓度较高,NH4+-N浓度较低;(2)在泥水界面处,各系统PO43--P和NH4+-N浓度均存在极陡的浓度梯度,随泥深增加浓度迅速升高;(3)由于底泥营养负荷高等原因,间隙水中的PO43--P和NH4+-N浓度明显高于上覆水;(4)水生植物生长对间隙水中的营养盐具有“低促高抑”的特性,即降低重污染沉积物间隙水中PO43--P和NH4+-N的浓度,增加微污染沉积物间隙水中的营养盐浓度;(5)藻型系统中,NH4+-N和PO43--P浓度之间存在非常明显的线性相关关系,说明这两种成分均主要来源于有机质的厌氧分解。     

江西内湖鱼蟹混养试验

草型湖泊是养殖河蟹的优良水体。由于湖泊的自然演化，特别是人类活动的影响，草型湖加速演变成了藻型湖。藻型湖、尤其是进行施肥养鱼、富营养化程度较高的大型湖泊，能否进行河蟹的养殖？养殖效益如何？施肥对河蟹有无毒负作用？对河蟹的品质有何影响？为此，我们在面积为8000余hm^2的江西省余干县内湖中进行了鱼蟹混养试验。     

桑沟湾鳗草分布区表层沉积有机碳来源分析与草床碳储量评估

海草床是浅海典型的生态系统之一,其积聚和储存碳的能力备受关注。沉积有机碳是海草床碳汇的重要组成部分,而沉积有机碳的来源与海草的种类及其所处的生态场景密切相关。本研究聚焦我国北方规模化养殖海湾桑沟湾2处主要鳗草(Zostera marina)分布区,基于稳定碳氮同位素(δ13C和δ15N)技术研究了潮间带鳗草床表层沉积有机碳的来源及其碳储量。结果显示,2处草床沉积有机碳均主要来自浮游植物,约占34.0%~41.4%,鳗草自身贡献约占8.3%和17.1%,贝类生物沉积物的贡献约为23.9%~25.3%,大型藻类约贡献25.0%。在楮岛草床周围,鳗草输出碳对周围2 km内站位表层沉积有机碳的贡献约为5.2%~10.7%。碳储量估算结果显示,2处草床沉积物为0~30 cm 的有机碳储量为2.01 Mg C/hm2和3.75 Mg C/hm2,平均为2.88 Mg C/hm2,来自生物沉积的有机碳储量约为0.71 Mg C/hm2。研究结果为深入解析桑沟湾鳗草床分布区沉积碳汇的来源及与规模化海水养殖活动的贡献提供了数据支撑。     

黑龙江省西部地区大型盐碱湖泊渔业资源的开发利用与环境保护

嫩江流域的各大湖泊，由于盐碱性强，导致鱼类种类少，产量低。通过引嫩工程，使各大盐碱湖泊水质得到了改善，改水洗碱，使湖水盐碱率下降，形成了良好的渔业生态环境。旨在通过此种养殖实践，让更多的盐碱湖泊得到开发利用。形成与环境保护相协调的渔业产业发展格局。     

阳澄湖网围养殖区水体营养盐的时空变化与水质评价

2008年5月至2009年5月在阳澄湖中湖网围养殖区采集上、下层水样进行水质检测,并采用营养状态指数法对养殖区营养状况进行综合评价。结果显示,（1）养殖区营养盐的分布存在明显的时空变化,除了硝酸盐以外,所测指标均表现为养殖季节高于非养殖季节,高密度养殖区高于低密度养殖区,底层水高于表层水,说明高密度养殖造成氮磷的大量沉积。（2）高密度养殖区呈重度富营养状态,低密度养殖区也达到中度富营养。（3）2008年5月与2009年5月同期的水质监测数据显示,单季养殖的湖泊水质变化不明显。本研究表明,短期养殖对水质影响较小,但长期养殖则影响明显。网围养殖区富营养化日趋严重,目前已接近重度富营养状态,且磷污染较氮污染严重。     

Perch production in forest lakes: the contribution of abiotic and biotic factors

Horppila J, Olin M, Vinni M, Estlander S, Nurminen L, Rask M, Ruuhijärvi J, Lehtonen H. Perch production in forest lakes: the contribution of abiotic and biotic factors.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 257–266. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – The biomass, growth and production of perch (Perca fluviatilis (L.)) in five humic forest lakes in southern Finland were estimated and the abiotic and biotic factors contributing to the between‐lake differences were explored. The average perch biomass in the study lakes varied from 13.1 to 45.6 kg·ha^?1 and annual production from 6.0 to 16.5 kg·ha^?1. The highest biomass and production were found in Lake Majajärvi with highest water colour and nutrient concentration. Variability in fish density rather than in individual growth rate seemed to be the main factor behind the between‐lake differences in perch production. No dependence of perch production on water transparency was found, because transparency had a stronger effect on individual growth than on fish density. The length increment of perch in their second year increased significantly with water transparency but at older ages no such dependence was found. At age of 4 years, the growth rate of perch decreased with perch density, indicating intraspecific competition for benthic food resources. At age of 7 years, the growth rate increased with increasing roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) abundance, suggesting that roach served as a resource for piscivorous perch. The effects of predatory top‐down control on perch populations were probably obscured due to the variable size and water quality of the study lakes.     

新疆盐湖与卤虫分布

本论述了新疆盐湖分布及形成特点，同时还论述了新疆盐湖卤虫分布及开发利用前景。     

湖泊浮游生物小型化的分析

通过查阅相关文献资料,结合目前对湖泊浮游生物的调查数据,以湖泊浮游藻类优势种的变化、轮虫、枝角类体长的变化来阐述浮游生物小型化的现象。并对浮游生物小型化的原因和可能导致的生态后果进行了分析,初步探讨了如何积极的应对浮游生物的小型化。     

中国内陆盐湖卤虫资源开发利用的研究

我国内陆盐湖卤虫资源分布地区约有４３处，其中重点产区有内蒙古的额吉淖尔、黄旗海；青海的尕海、小柴旦湖；新疆的艾比湖、巴里坤湖；山西的解池等７处。卤虫资源量为２５０００～３００００ｔ／ａ；卤虫卵５００～７００ｔ／ａ；可开发量：鲜卤虫１５００ｔ／ａ，原料卤虫卵２００～３００ｔ／ａ。研究了主要盐湖卤虫生物学特性和投喂对虾幼体的饵料效果以及卤虫的孵化特性和加工工艺。并对我国内陆盐湖卤虫资源进行了评估，提出了繁殖保护和开发利用的意见。     

长江中下游地区湖泊中蓝藻及其与氮磷浓度的关系

根据对长江中下游地区30个浅水湖泊的调查,分析了蓝藻的群落结构特征及其与环境中氮磷浓度的关系。研究显示蓝藻生物量生长季节比非生长季节高很多,生长季节最大值出现在三角湖(5.719 mg/L),最小值出现在天鹅洲(0.001 mg/L)。半通江湖泊蓝藻生物量高于其他类型湖泊;生长季节,蓝藻生物量占浮游植物总生物量比例在半通江湖泊和城郊湖泊均大于40%,而在通江湖泊和城市湖泊均不到20%;半通江湖泊最大,之后依次为城郊湖泊、通江湖泊和城市湖泊。氮磷比无论生长季节还是非生长季节在大部分湖泊均低于40。对蓝藻优势类群与氮磷浓度进行Pearson相关性分析结果显示,在生长季节仅集胞藻属(Synechocystis)与总磷极显著正相关(P0.01);在非生长季节,集胞藻属与氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷极显著正相关(P0.01),与硝酸盐氮显著相关(P0.05),蓝纤维藻属(Dactylococcopsis)与氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

Drivers of biodiversity loss in freshwater environments: A bibliometric analysis of the recent literature

1. Species are disappearing at a rate comparable with previous mass extinctions. Freshwater environments are being particularly affected, with biodiversity losses occurring much faster in freshwater than in terrestrial or marine ecosystems.
2. This study assessed the research on drivers of biodiversity loss in freshwater environments as described in nearly 37,000 articles published in the last decade. Articles on biodiversity published between 2010 and 2019 were retrieved from the Web of Science to determine the number of articles that addressed a particular driver of biodiversity loss, by analysing the titles, abstracts, and keywords. The biodiversity and development status of a country was also investigated to see how it affects its scientific output (i.e. number of published articles).
3. Twenty per cent of the articles on biodiversity addressed freshwater biodiversity. Researchers devoted considerable effort to six drivers – climate change, water pollution, flow modification, expanding hydropower, species invasions, and habitat degradation – but practically ignored other threats, such as plastic and light pollution. It was also found that megadiverse countries, which for the most part were also developing countries, published substantially fewer articles than developed but less biodiverse countries.
4. We recommend a series of actions that could contribute to mitigate the biases found in this study.

     

Management of selected Polish commercial and recreational lake fisheries activities

The objective of management of Polish lakes is to fulfil the needs of commercial and recreational fishermen that developed after the political changes of the last decade. The effectiveness of the policies and practices adopted has never been studied. Six lake enterprises were selected, two in each of the lake districts: Mazuria, Pomerania and Great Poland. The two Mazurian enterprises manage a total of 13 325 ha of lakes, the Pomeranian ones 6130 ha and those of Great Poland 4156 ha. All data on commercial fisheries were collected and studies of anglers' activities were carried out through 550 questionnaires. The six enterprises were analysed as a whole and separately, with attention being paid to commercial landings and stockings in 1995–1999, and anglers' catches in 1998. Two enterprises and lakes were chosen for closer analysis. It was estimated that an average lake angler caught 59.2 kg of fish in 1998, and the overall landings by anglers was 35.0 kg ha^–1 yr^–1. Fish yield from lakes was 50.0 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 without considering poachers' catches.     

Fattv acid content of some freshwater fish in lakes of different trophic levels – a bottom-up effect?

Abstract– Various sizes of roach, perch, pike, zander (pike-perch) and crucian carp were collected from lakes of different trophic levels in order to study the variation of lipids and fatty acids (FA) within and between species. Freeze-dried samples of the dorsal muscle were analysed quantitatively for total lipid content and FA content. The results indicate that total lipid and FA contents can vary considerably, both within and between species. In contrast to herbivorous fish, carnivorous-piscivorous fish FA patterns were more constant and independent of size - fry excepted. Lipid and FA contents of roach from two oligotrophic lakes were significantly higher than in roach from a eutrophic lake. Differences in basic food webs may be responsible for these results. In the oligotrophic lakes, the algal flora was dominated by species classified as high quality food for grazers, e. g. flagellates and diatoms. It was shown in earlier papers that these algal groups contain two long-chained FA of φ 3 type (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) which are used as criteria indicating high nutritional value. Conversely, the eutrophic lake was dominated by blue-greens, a group of autotrophs lacking these long-chained φ 3 FA. Blue-greens have generally been classified as poor food for grazers. (The fatty acids are described by three numbers, x:yφz, where x=number of carbon atoms, y=number of double bonds, and z=position of the first double bond counted from the methyl end of the molecule.)