甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因家族及其启动子的克隆与表达分析

从甘蓝型油菜中克隆了MAPK7基因家族3个成员BnMAPK7-1、BnMAPK7-2和BnMAPK7-3的全长cDNA序列,它们最长标准mRNA分别为1593、1434和1547 bp。系统进化分析表明,甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因全部来自白菜,而且BnMAPK7-1/-2的是由白菜Bra03723祖先基因加倍产生的,而BnMAPK7-3则由白菜中Bra037234的祖先基因进化形成的。同时,克隆获得BnMAPK7-1/-2的启动子序列,该启动子里含有多个与光诱导相关的元件、激素响应元件和逆境胁迫响应元件。实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)显示甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因家族在所有的组织器官中均表达,并发现该基因家族的表达受植物激素(MeJA、ABA、SA)、信号分子(H₂O₂)、逆境(高温)以及伤害(损伤和核盘菌)的诱导,初步证明甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因在植物逆境胁迫应答中起一定作用。实现了甘蓝型油菜MAPK7-1/-3基因的原核表达,并证明它们编码的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,为后续的研究提供了基础。     

BnMAPK1超量表达提高甘蓝型油菜菌核病抗性

植物MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases)在多种生物和非生物胁迫中起重要作用。课题组前期克隆了甘蓝型油菜BnMAPK1基因,并获得BnMAPK1超量表达植株。本文以甘蓝型油菜中油821DH系为对照,以超量表达BnMAPK1的转基因油菜为试材,采用离体叶片接种的方法,测定染病叶片病斑的大小及病斑周围叶片的草酸含量,并用qRT-PCR检测转基因植株4个病程相关蛋白(OXO、Cu/ZnSOD、PR2、PR3)编码基因在核盘菌胁迫下的相对表达动态变化。结果表明,甘蓝型油菜BnMAPK1超量表达可显著抑制核盘菌对离体叶片的侵染,控制染病叶片内草酸毒素的积累,可能可以解除核盘菌对OXO表达的负调控,使另外3个病程相关蛋白基因(Cu/ZnSOD、PR2、PR3)表达上调。表明BnMAPK1超量表达可有效提高油菜菌核病抗性。     

甘蓝型油菜蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)基因家族成员鉴定及表达分析

蔗糖磷酸合酶(sucrose phosphate synthase, SPS)是调控植物蔗糖合成的限速酶, 对光合产物的转运和积累有重要影响。利用拟南芥SPS蛋白保守结构域在甘蓝型油菜基因组数据库鉴定出11个甘蓝型油菜SPS基因家族成员, 根据系统进化分析将其分成A、B和C共3个亚家族。基因结构预测表明, SPSC-1有5个外显子, 其他SPS基因均有11~15个外显子。顺式作用元件分析表明, 油菜SPS基因除含基本的启动子保守元件外, 还含有许多与逆境和激素响应相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, BnSPSA1在花中表达量最高, BnSPSA2在各组织中均有不同程度的表达, BnSPSB只在叶、蕾和花中表达, BnSPSC在叶中表达量最高, 在蕾和花中有少量表达而在其他组织中基本不表达, 说明SPS基因在甘蓝型油菜中的表达具有明显的组织特异性; BnSPSA1和BnSPSC在高生物产量油菜叶片中的表达高于低生物产量油菜, BnSPSB则在低生物产量油菜中的表达量更高, 说明SPS基因与油菜生物产量密切相关。本研究为油菜SPS基因的功能研究和利用奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

为了进一步了解启动子在甘蓝型油菜FIL基因(BnaFIL)表达调控中的作用,根据甘蓝型油菜基因组数据,以甘蓝型油菜叶片提取的DNA为模板,对甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因的启动子序列pBnaFIL进行克隆,长度为1 326 bp。采用PlantCARE在线分析软件对该启动子序列进行生物信息学序列分析,结果表明,该序列含有参与光反应的部分保守DNA模块以及CAAT-box和TATA-box等核心启动子必备元件,与分生组织表达有关的顺式作用的调控元件CAT-box以及光敏反应元件。通过该启动子序列替换pBI121植物表达载体上的CaMV35S启动子,使该启动子与GUS基因融合获得pBnaFIL-GUS表达载体,将载体通过农杆菌花序浸染的方法转入拟南芥中,获得了早花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系和晚花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系。之后对转基因拟南芥植株进行GUS染色分析,对启动子的表达效果进行了检测,最终在不同的转基因拟南芥植株中均发现了GUS基因的表达。结果表明,早花材料与晚花材料中启动子表达强弱存在差异,早花材料启动子的驱动基因表达效果比晚花材料启动子的驱动效果要好,由此推断,启动子的驱动效果...     

甘蓝型油菜BnMAPK1的原核表达、亚细胞定位及酵母双杂交文库筛选

植物的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-ActivatedProteinKinases,MAPKs)级联是生长进程中多种信号跨膜传递的共同通路,它可以将外源刺激转入细胞内并引发细胞应答。目前C族MAPKs在甘蓝型油菜中的研究报道还很有限。本研究通过1个甘蓝型油菜的C族BnMAPK1基因的生物学进程聚类分析发现, BnMAPK1可能参与蛋白磷酸化、生长素介导的信号途径、逆境应答、细胞周期及转录等过程。BnMAPK1具有369个氨基酸残基,其相对分子质量约为42.5 kD,其可溶性蛋白可在原核系统中被诱导表达。BnMAPK1的亚细胞定位结果显示, BnMAPK1主要在细胞核内表达。Bait质粒pGBKT7-BnMAPK1在酵母双杂交系统中无毒性及自激活活性。为深入研究BnMAPK1蛋白参与的生物学进程,从甘蓝型油菜中油821苗期根、茎、叶中分别提取总RNA,分离得到mRNA,利用SMART技术合成并纯化双链cDNA后建立甘蓝型油菜混合cDNA文库。以共转化法筛选与BnMAPK1相互作用的蛋白,对其分析与鉴定显示, BnMAPK1在生长发育、非生物及生物逆境、转录、蛋白合成及代谢、翻译及翻译后修饰等过程中起作用。研究结果为MAPKs级联,尤其是C族MAPKs的研究提供了新的视野,为甘蓝型油菜抗性的机理研究及分子育种奠定了重要的理论依据。     

甘蓝型油菜BnAPs基因家族成员全基因组鉴定及分析

天冬氨酸蛋白酶(AP)属于四大蛋白水解酶之一,在蛋白质加工、信号转导和胁迫反应中发挥着重要作用。甘蓝型油菜是我国重要的油料作物,利用蛋白质同源性分析,在甘蓝型油菜中鉴定出154个APs编码基因,分别编码典型、非典型和珠心类天冬氨酸蛋白酶。基因结构分析结果表明,多数BnAPs基因包含1～4个外显子,同一类型的天冬氨酸蛋白酶成员之间蛋白质基序(Motif)分布相似。共线性分析表明,甘蓝型油菜与白菜、甘蓝和拟南芥存在大量的同源基因,约89%的BnAPs基因来自于全基因组复制事件。转录水平检测结果表明,BnAPs基因家族成员在各个组织中均有表达,其中BnAP30.A05.1/A05.2/C05.1/C05.2、BnAP36.A04/C08、BnAP39.A06/C03在授粉后的柱头显著提高。BnAPs基因启动子区域顺式元件分析结果表明,逆境相关的顺式调控元件被显著富集;进一步利用RT-qPCR验证了这些富含逆境相关顺式调控元件的基因在逆境(ABA、NaCl或4℃)处理后的表达水平显著变化,推测这些BnAPs基因可能参与甘蓝型油菜对逆境的响应。进一步和拟南芥同源基因组织表达模式进行比较后发现,大...     

甘蓝型油菜BnMAPK1超量表达及中油821的转录差异表达分析

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)是我国重要的油料作物之一,具有较高的产量及营养价值。挖掘油菜广谱抗逆基因并深入探究其分子机制,对提高油菜抗逆性且保证产量及品质具有重要意义。MAPK级联(Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades)是多种信号跨膜传递的交汇点,参与生长发育、生物及非生物胁迫应答等生物学过程。为了解甘蓝型油菜BnMAPK1基因的生物学功能,本研究以BnMAPK1超量表达(OE)和中油821(CK)油菜为材料进行数字基因表达谱分析。结果显示,与CK相比, 650个基因在OE油菜中差异表达;其中上调表达基因243个,下调表达基因407个。GO注释共富集到生物学过程118条途径,其中18条与光合作用相关(包含77个差异表达基因);分子功能7条途径,包括草酸氧化酶活性、锰离子结合、氧化还原酶活性等;细胞组分38条途径,包括叶绿体、质体、类囊体等。KEGG分析结果表明, BnMAPK1参与调控油菜光合作用、碳代谢、次生代谢物生物合成等14条过程。此外,利用实时荧光定量PCR验证8个候选基因在OE和CK油菜中的表达,其表达变化与测...     

甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因的鉴定与生物信息学分析

PIN家族基因是一类调控植物生长素极性运输的重要载体元件, PIN基因编码生长素输出蛋白, 介导生长素在植物体的运输, 然而在基因组较复杂的甘蓝型油菜中缺乏系统研究。本研究运用生物信息学方法在甘蓝型油菜全基因组数据库筛选甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因, 对鉴定出的29个BnPINs基因开展拷贝数变异、分子特征、跨膜结构域、保守基序、染色体定位、系统进化树构建、PIN蛋白二级结构及三级结构预测等研究, 结合高通量转录组测序进行低氮胁迫下的转录水平分析。结果表明, 甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因拷贝数明显多于拟南芥、甘蓝和白菜所具有的PIN家族基因数量; BnPINs蛋白多属于由碱性氨基酸组成的稳定蛋白, 含有保守的N末端结构域, 二级结构与拟南芥PIN蛋白相似; 系统进化选择能力分析表明, BnPINs基因与甘蓝和白菜PIN家族基因进化关系相近。转录组测序表明, BnPIN1s、BnPIN2s、BnPIN3s基因主要在甘蓝型油菜根部表达且受长期低氮(72 h)诱导, BnPIN6s和BnPIN8s基因主要在地上部表达, 低氮会抑制BnPIN6s表达。本研究结果为进一步研究甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因生物学功能尤其是在响应低氮胁迫中的功能奠定基础, 为已知大量数据的其他物种家族基因生物信息学研究提供参考。     

甘蓝型油菜烯脂酰-CoA还原酶基因BnECR的克隆及功能分析

反式烯脂酰-CoA还原酶(trans-2, 3-enoyl-CoA reductase, ECR)是催化超长链脂肪酸(VLCFAs)合成的脂肪酰-CoA延长酶之一。根据已报道拟南芥等的ECR基因设计引物,采用RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends)方法从甘蓝型油菜中克隆ECR的全长cDNA序列和对应的基因组序列,命名为BnECR (GenBank登录号分别为FJ899705和FJ899706)。序列分析结果显示,BnECR的全长cDNA序列为1 328 bp,对应的基因组序列为2 093 bp,由4个外显子组成,在ORF的上、下游分别有一个163 bp的5′UTR和一个232 bp的3′UTR。根据编码区预测BnECR前体蛋白为一个310个氨基酸残基的多肽链,包含ECR蛋白的重要功能位点K₁₄₄、R₁₄₅及一个NAD(P)H结合基序G₂₂₅SGGYQIPR/HG₂₃₄。NCBI Blastn、氨基酸序列多重比对及保守域分析表明, 该基因与拟南芥AtECR基因的同源性最高,是对应拟南芥AtECR的垂直同源基因。RT-PCR分析表明,BnECR基因在甘蓝型油菜根、茎、叶、花及角果中均有表达,其中在茎中的表达量最高。BnECR在高芥酸材料种子发育中后期的表达量显著高于低芥酸种子,表明BnECR可能参与甘蓝型油菜芥酸的合成。将BnECR克隆到酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体中,分别转化野生型酵母By4743和突变体菌株YDL015c,添加半乳糖诱导表达。气相色谱分析表明,BnECR在酿酒酵母中有效表达,转化菌株中的芥酸(C22:1)占总脂肪酸含量的1.34%,比对照增加了52%;对突变体的转化结果表明芥酸含量恢复到野生型水平。     

Napin启动子特异性表达油菜BnGPAT9基因

甘油三磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)基因编码参与植物油脂生物合成的酶。为了提高油菜籽含油量,促进油菜增产增油,改善菜籽油脂肪酸组分,克隆甘蓝型油菜Napin启动子与三酰甘油合成相关基因BnGPAT9,构建pBI121-Napin-BnGPAT9植物过表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥,采用气相色谱法分析种子中脂肪酸组分,通过索式抽提法测定种子中油脂含量,研究在种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因对种子油脂合成的影响。Napin启动子在线分析表明,克隆到的启动子具有大量TATA-box、CAAT-box以及ABRE、GCN4等特征元件,完全具备种子特异性表达功能;种子中脂肪酸组分分析显示,拟南芥种子中油酸(C18∶1)含量提高0.70～1.01百分点,亚油酸(C18∶2)和芥酸(C22∶1)含量降低;拟南芥种子含油量测定结果显示,种子中含油量显著增加1.91～2.56百分点。综上,甘蓝型油菜BnGPAT9基因对植物油脂合成具有重要作用,利用Napin启动子在拟南芥种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因可提高种子含油量并改善脂肪酸组成成分,为BnGPAT9基因应用于油菜油脂改良方面打下一定基础。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...