鳕鱼鱼鳔抗氧化肽制备工艺研究

本研究以鳕鱼(Gadus morhua)鱼鳔为原料,选用6种不同蛋白酶对其进行酶解,通过比较酶解液的水解度与对DPPH自由基的清除能力,筛选出最佳蛋白酶为复合蛋白酶。通过单因素实验与响应面优化实验,确定最佳提取工艺：酶解时间为6 h、pH为7.21、温度为58.56℃、酶添加量为200 U/ml。研究结果显示,DPPH自由基清除率为61.1%,与理论值62.0%接近。鳕鱼鱼鳔肽体外清除自由基能力实验发现,酶解产物对羟基自由基与超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除能力,同时,具有较好的亚铁离子螯合能力。体外模拟胃肠消化后多肽的抗氧化活性变化,结果显示,体外模拟消化产物水解度有增加,对自由基的清除能力与亚铁离子螯合能力有一定的下降,其可能原因为,经模拟胃肠消化后多肽的结构发生一定的变化,导致了抗氧化活性的变化。     

响应面法优化末水坛紫菜蛋白酶解工艺及其酶解液抗氧化活性研究

为实现末水坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)的高值化利用,研究了末水坛紫菜的蛋白酶解工艺及其酶解液的抗氧化活性。以酶解产物水解度和还原力为指标,分别采用单因素和响应面优化实验筛选出最适蛋白酶和最佳酶解工艺参数;通过测定酶解液还原力对1,1-二苯基-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O_2^-·)的清除作用,研究了最高水解度下的酶解液的抗氧化性活性。结果表明,中性蛋白酶是6种蛋白酶中的最适用酶;最佳酶解条件为:底物质量浓度35 g·L^-1、加酶量31 200 U·g^-1、温度45℃、pH 7.6、酶解时间5 h,在此条件下坛紫菜水解度达31.37%;酶解液还原力为2.2,对DPPH、·OH和O_2^-·自由基清除率分别为56.26%、85.84%和72.73%。结果表明,中性蛋白酶可以有效水解末水坛紫菜,水解后的酶解产物具有较好的抗氧化能力和应用前景。     

酶法制备鲢鱼蛋白抗氧化肽研究

为制备具有良好抗氧化活性的鲢鱼蛋白肽段,选择了5种蛋白酶在相同酶活力下水解鲢鱼鱼肉蛋白,通过三硝基苯磺酸法(TNBS法)和分光光度法分别测定了鲢鱼鱼肉蛋白的水解度及酶解产物的抗氧化活性,并分析了水解度与抗氧化各指标间的相关性.结果表明:鲢鱼鱼肉蛋白的5种酶解产物中,碱性蛋白酶酶解鲢鱼鱼肉蛋白5 h后的水解度最高;清除DPPH自由基能力和还原力较强的是胃蛋白酶酶解产物,其清除DPPH自由基能力最高达到了61%,还原力最高达到了1.6;酶解产物的水解度和还原力分别与亚铁离子螯合力具有显著的相关性(P﹤0.05).酶的种类对鲢鱼蛋白的水解度和酶解产物的抗氧化活性有较大的影响.     

海参水煮液酶解多肽的抗氧化活性

以海参水煮液的冻干粉为原料,选取中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶分别酶解制备多肽,测定其对·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基的清除能力,并与合成抗氧化剂TBHQ对比.结果表明,3种蛋白酶酶解制得的海参水煮液多肽对·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基的清除能力均随样品质量浓度的升高而增强;其中,中性蛋白酶酶解制得的海参水煮液多肽清除·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基的IC50值依次为8.565、6.658和2.015mg/ml,其对O2·的清除能力优于TBHQ.经液相色谱法测定,中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解制得的海参水煮液多肽分子量分别分布在＜2 500、＜3 500和＜1 000 D的小分子肽中.     

Optimization of the preparation of bioactive peptides from Sinonovacula constricta and its hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity

以缢蛏为试验材料,采用羟自由基清除率为评价指标,从胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶5种蛋白酶中筛选最适水解用酶,在单因素试验基础上使用响应面法优化酶解工艺条件,考察缢蛏蛋白肽的羟自由基清除能力并通过SephadexG-15凝胶层析测定其分子质量分布.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解制备的缢蛏蛋白肽清除羟自由基能力明显强于其他蛋白酶,优化后的碱性蛋白酶水解缢蛏蛋白工艺条件为底物浓度6 mg/ml、加酶量3％、pH8.0、温度55℃、酶解时间4h,蛋白肽的羟自由基清除率为76.60％,IC50值为1.89 mg/ml,蛋白肽中80％以上是分子质量小于1500 Da的小分子肽.     

鳕碎肉酶解物清除羟自由基作用研究

通过测定鳕碎肉酶解物对Fenton体系产生的羟自由基的清除效果,从海洋蛋白酶YS-894、海洋蛋白酶YS-80、胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶中,筛选出海洋蛋白酶YS-894作为酶解鳕碎肉制备具有较高清除羟自由基活性酶解物的水解酶;用正交试验L9(34)对该酶的水解条件进行优化,并确定了水解的最佳肉水比。最终工艺条件为40℃、酶解45 m in、pH 9.0、酶解质量分数0.25%、底物∶水=1∶3的条件下进行水解,水解物对羟自由基的清除效果较好,清除率为68.88%。     

缢蛏蛋白肽制备工艺优化及其清除羟自由基作用

以缢蛏为试验材料,采用羟自由基清除率为评价指标,从胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶5种蛋白酶中筛选最适水解用酶,在单因素试验基础上使用响应面法优化酶解工艺条件,考察缢蛏蛋白肽的羟自由基清除能力并通过Sephadex G-15凝胶层析测定其分子质量分布。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解制备的缢蛏蛋白肽清除羟自由基能力明显强于其他蛋白酶,优化后的碱性蛋白酶水解缢蛏蛋白工艺条件为底物浓度6mg/ml、加酶量3%、pH8.0、温度55℃、酶解时间4h,蛋白肽的羟自由基清除率为76.60%,IC50值为1.89mg/ml,蛋白肽中80%以上是分子质量小于1500Da的小分子肽。     

黄缘盒龟肉的酶解工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性研究

龟类不仅营养价值高,而且具有潜在的药用价值,通过研究龟肉酶解产物的功能特性,可以科学认识其营养保健功能.以黄缘盒龟肉为原料,羟自由基清除率为指标,碱性蛋白酶为水解酶,通过正交试验L9(34)得到制备抗氧化肽的最佳酶解条件为pH值8.0、酶解温度55℃、料液比1.5∶20 g/mL、加酶量(酶/底物,E/S)3.0％、酶解时间3h,酶解液对羟自由基清除率达到82.08％.酶解产物体外抗氧化活性的结果表明,酶解产物对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基和过氧化氢均有较好的清除作用,还具一定的还原能力、亚铁离子螯合能力和亚油酸自氧化抑制能力.总体而言,黄缘盒龟酶解产物在不同的体外抗氧化体系中均表现出一定的抗氧化效果,具有良好的开发利用前景.     

鲢酶解物对羟自由基的清除作用

通过测定酶解物对Fenton体系产生的羟自由基的清除效果，从胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶5种酶中，筛选出木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶作为酶解鲢制备具有较高清除羟自由基活性酶解物的理想水解酶；用正交试验L9(3^4)对两种酶的水解条件进行了优化，并对最佳酶解条件下得到的酶解物进行Sephadex G-25凝胶柱分离，洗脱液分别在波长280nm处比色，测定酶解物中主要抗氧化活性肽的分子量分布。结果表明，木瓜蛋白酶在温度50℃、酶解时间15min、pH=6．5、酶质量分数1．50％、底物：水=1：2的水解条件下，酶解物对羟自由基清除效果较好，清除率为88．2％；胰蛋白酶在温度55℃、酶解时间60min、pH=8．0、酶质量分数0．25％、底物：水=1：2的水解条件下，酶解物对羟自由基清除效果较好，清除率为84．2％。木瓜蛋白酶酶解物在最大洗脱峰时有最大羟自由基清除率峰，清除率为95．1％，在最大峰处酶解物中活性肽的分子量为2．2kDa；胰蛋白酶酶解物在最大洗脱峰时也有最大羟自由基清除率峰，其清除率为89．6％，该峰处活性肽的分子量为14．2kDa。     

刺参蛋白胰蛋白酶解产物生物活性的研究

用胰蛋白酶对刺参蛋白进行水解,研究其酶解液所具有的抗氧化活性及其对肠道菌群的作用。通过测定刺参蛋白酶解液清除DPPH(二苯基苦基苯肼)自由基、Feton体系产生的羟基自由基和邻苯三酚自氧化体系产生的超氧阴离子自由基的能力。同时,研究了刺参蛋白酶解液体外对肠道菌群生长的影响。结果表明,刺参蛋白胰蛋白酶解液具有抗氧化活性和促进乳酸杆菌生长、抑制大肠杆菌和产气杆菌生长的作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.