奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的二维和三维培养及培养后酪蛋白基因的表达

本试验研究了二维和三维培养对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)形态与β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、αs1-酪蛋白基因表达的影响.试验采用内蒙古地区3头5岁泌乳期健康荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺组织,将BMEC经3代培养纯化后分别进行二维和三维培养,观察不同培养模式下细胞的生长形态,测定β-酪蛋白、A-酪蛋白、αs1-酪蛋白基因的表达量.结果表明:2种培养模式下的BMEC呈现不同的细胞形态,二维培养的BMEC呈典型铺路石样细胞形态,三维培养的BMEC则形成了类腺泡的聚集物和管腔结构.利用三维培养的BMEC的αs1-酪蛋白基因的表达量显著地高于二维培养(P＜0.05),三维培养的BMEC的β-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白基因的表达量极显著地高于二维培养(P＜0.01).结果提示,三维培养的BMEC3种酪蛋白基因的表达量均高于二维培养,三维培养的BMEC在形态上呈现的特点与在体内更加接近.     

颈静脉灌注精氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳性能和牛乳酪蛋白合成的影响

本文旨在研究颈静脉灌注精氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳性能和牛乳酪蛋白合成的影响。将6头体重、胎次、泌乳期、泌乳量和体况基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组(每组2头):酪蛋白模式组(对照组)、精氨酸灌注组、丙氨酸等氮组(与精氨酸灌注组等氮),采用3×3复拉丁方试验设计,每期22 d(7 d灌注期+15 d间隔期),测定其泌乳性能、酪蛋白含量以及酪蛋白基因的表达情况。结果表明:1)灌注的第5天精氨酸灌注组的乳蛋白及乳中非脂固形物含量均显著高于酪蛋白模式组(P0.05);第6天精氨酸灌注组的乳脂率显著高于丙氨酸等氮组(P0.05)。2)酪蛋白模式组的α-酪蛋白含量显著低于其他2组(P0.05);β-酪蛋白含量在3组间没有显著的差异(P0.05);κ-酪蛋白含量则以精氨酸灌注组为最高,显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。3)精氨酸灌注组αs1-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S1)、αs2-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S2)的表达量显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。综上,灌注精氨酸提高了乳蛋白中α-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白含量,以及CSN1S1、CSN1S2在奶牛乳腺组织的表达量,有利于牛乳中乳蛋白率和乳品质的提高。     

黄花蒿乙醇提取物对脂多糖诱导损伤奶牛乳腺细胞中乳蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在通过奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)体外培养技术,研究黄花蒿乙醇提取物(AAE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导损伤BMECs活力以及乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响。试验分为5组,对照组:BMECs用基础培养基常规培养15 h;模型组:BMECs用基础培养基常规培养3 h+10μg/mL LPS处理12 h;AAE+LPS组:BMECs分别用含3、6、12μg/mL AAE的基础培养基培养3 h+10μg/mL LPS处理12 h。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,模型组的BMECs活力显著降低(P0.05)。与模型组相比,6和12μg/mL AAE组的BMECs活力显著增加(P0.05)。2)与模型组相比,12μg/mL AAE组总蛋白含量显著增加(P0.05),6、12μg/mL AAE组β-酪蛋白含量显著增加(P0.05),3、6、12μg/mL AAE组αs1-酪蛋白含量显著增加(P0.05)。3)与模型组相比,12μg/mL AAE组α-酪蛋白(CSN1S1)基因表达量显著增加(P0.05),3、6、12μg/mL AAE组β-酪蛋白(CSN2)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、信号转导和转录激活因子5(STAT5)、真核细胞翻译启动因子4E结合蛋白1(EIF4EBP1)、核糖体S6蛋白激酶1(S6K1)、Janus激酶2(JAK2)基因表达量显著增加(P 0.05),6、12μg/mL AAE组真核起始因子4E(EIF4E)基因表达量显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,12μg/mL AAE对LPS诱导损伤BMECs活性和乳蛋白合成有较好的预保护效果。     

蛋氨酸三肽对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白和小肽转运载体基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸三肽(Met-Met-Met)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)酪蛋白和小肽转运载体基因表达量的影响。采用酶消化法培养的第3代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为模型,各处理在培养基中分别添加0(对照)、40、50、60、70和80μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,分别培养细胞24、48和72h,检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的相对增殖率,整体试验重复2次,确定最佳培养时间;各处理在培养基中分别添加0(对照)、40、50、60、70和80μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽,每个处理3个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,以最佳培养时间培养,用实时定量PCR法检测酪蛋白基因的表达量,确定适宜蛋氨酸三肽浓度,整体试验重复3次;以最佳培养时间和适宜蛋氨酸三肽浓度培养细胞,以未添加蛋氨酸三肽的培养基为对照,每个处理3个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,测定小肽转运载体基因的表达量,整体试验重复3次。结果表明:在培养基中添加蛋氨酸三肽培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞24h时,相对增殖率最高;培养基中加入60μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽培养细胞24h,αs1-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白的基因表达量最高,同时发现奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中小肽转运载体1和小肽转运载体2基因表达量显著高于对照处理(P0.05)。综上所述,培养基中添加60μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽能够提高奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白和肽转运载体基因的表达量。     

褪黑素对脂多糖诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症反应的缓解作用

本试验旨在探讨褪黑素(MT)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)炎症反应的缓解作用及潜在机制。利用不同浓度(0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0μg/mL)的LPS处理BMECs 6和12 h后,通过测定BMECs活性和炎性细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]含量,确定10μg/mL的LPS诱导12 h用于正式试验。正式试验共设7组,每组设4个重复。对照组BMECs不进行LPS诱导和MT处理,LPS组BMECs进行LPS诱导12 h,LPS+MT组BMECs进行LPS诱导12 h后再经不同浓度(1、5、10、50和100μmol/L)MT处理48 h。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,LPS组BMECs中TNF-α含量升高(P 0.05), BMECs中IL-6和IL-1β含量显著升高(P 0.05)。与LPS组相比,10和50μmol/L MT组BMECs中TNF-α含量显著降低(P 0.05),1、5、10和100μmol/L MT组BMECs中IL-6含量显著降低(P0.05),10μmol/L MT组BMECs中IL-1β含量显著降低(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,LPS组BMECs中Toll样受体4(TLR4)蛋白表达量升高(P0.05),BMECs中核因子-κB同源蛋白(P65)和核因子-κB抑制蛋白-α(IκB-α)蛋白表达量显著降低(P0.05)。与LPS组相比,50和100μmol/L MT组BMECs中TLR4蛋白表达量显著降低(P0.05),1、10和50μmol/L MT组BMECs中P65蛋白表达量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),1、5、10和50μmol/L MT组BMECs中IκB-α蛋白表达量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可见,MT能够降低LPS诱导的BMECs中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量,调控LPS诱导的BMECs中TLR4、P65和IκB-α蛋白表达量,MT可能通过参与核因子-κB炎症通路缓解LPS诱导的BMECs炎症反应。     

IGF-Ⅰ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂和乳蛋白表达的影响

为了研究外源添加不同浓度的胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)乳脂和乳蛋白含量的影响,试验选取生长状态良好的第三代乳腺上皮细胞进行培养,试验组添加浓度分别为25,50,75μg/m L的IGF-Ⅰ,对照组仅添加与试验组等体积的完全培养基,用高效液相色谱法检测乳用三酰甘油的表达量,用Western-blot法测定培养12,24,48,72小时时的细胞乳蛋白中α-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白的表达量。结果表明:添加25μg/m L IGF-Ⅰ的试验Ⅰ组,细胞乳脂表达极显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0. 01);试验组乳蛋白的表达均显著或极显著高于对照组(P0. 05或P0. 01)。说明IGF-Ⅰ对BMECs乳脂和乳蛋白的表达具有一定促进作用。     

中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联研究

本研究的目的是分析中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联。通过高效液相色谱法对260头尼里、摩拉和杂交水牛奶样的乳蛋白基因多态性及蛋白组成进行分析测定。结果表明:κ-酪蛋白有BB、AB和AC3种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白和αs1-酪蛋白基因型分别为AA、AB型和AB、BB型,β-酪蛋白有AA和AB 2种基因型,β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白均仅发现BB型。运用SAS 9.0统计分析多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联后,发现在筛选出的5种κ-αs1-β复合基因型中,BB-AB-AA型与κ-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关;AB-AB-AA型与αs2-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关。研究结果表明,水牛乳蛋白存在基因多态性,κ-αs1-β-复合酪蛋白多态性与κ-酪蛋白和αs2-酪蛋白相对含量显著相关。     

含蛋氨酸二肽影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成相关基因表达

本试验旨在研究含蛋氨酸(Met)二肽对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)内乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响。试验分3部分,均采用单因子完全随机试验设计,Met的添加浓度及培养时间分别为60μg/m L(0.402 mmol/L)、48 h。第1部分,培养液添加8种含Met二肽[蛋氨酸-蛋氨酸(P-Met-Met)、蛋氨酸-赖氨酸(P-Met-Lys)、蛋氨酸-色氨酸(P-Met-Trp)、蛋氨酸-苯丙氨酸(P-Met-Phe)、蛋氨酸-苏氨酸(P-Met-Thr)、蛋氨酸-异亮氨酸(P-Met-Ile)、蛋氨酸-亮氨酸(P-Met-Leu)、蛋氨酸-缬氨酸(P-Met-Val)],以不添加二肽为对照,测定BMECs乳蛋白合成相关基因(αs1-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、Ⅱ型小肽转运载体和氨肽酶氮)的表达量;第2部分,培养液添加8种与上述二肽对应的游离氨基酸(F-Met-Met、F-Met-Lys、F-MetTrp、F-M et-Phe、F-M et-Thr、F-M et-Ile、F-M et-Leu、F-M et-Val),以不添加游离氨基酸为对照,测定BM ECs乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达量;第3部分,用二肽等物质的量替代相应游离氨基酸,测定BMECs乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达量以及细胞内外氨肽酶含量。结果表明:P-Met-Met和P-M et-Lys组较对照组和其他二肽组上调了αs1-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白基因的表达量,且P-M et-M et组优于P-Met-Lys组。F-Met-Met和F-Met-Lys组较对照组和其他游离氨基酸组显著提高了αs1-酪蛋白基因的表达量(P0.05)。除P-Met-Val和P-Met-Leu组外,其他二肽替代游离氨基酸后均不同程度地提高了乳蛋白和Ⅱ型小肽转运载体基因的表达量,其中P-Met-Met表现出较好的促进效果。总之,含Met二肽等量替代对应的游离氨基酸能够促进乳蛋白基因的表达,其中尤以P-Met-Met的效果最好。     

不同氨基酸模式对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在验证氨基酸模式的不同是否会影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白的合成。采用完全随机试验设计设置4个组,分别为低蛋白质饲粮条件下血液氨基酸模式组(LPBP)、全乳蛋白氨基酸模式组(MP)、80%酪蛋白+20%乳清蛋白氨基酸模式组(CLP)、酪蛋白氨基酸模式组(CP),每组3个重复,并重复试验3次。分别用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测乳蛋白合成基因αs1-酪蛋白(CSN1S1)和κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)mRNA表达量及αs-酪蛋白合成量。结果表明:氨基酸模式能够显著影响CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。MP组CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量分别显著和极显著高于LPBP组(P<0.05和P<0.01);相对于LPBP组,MP组CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量分别上调了1.70和2.12倍。MP组αs-酪蛋白合成量显著高于CLP、CP组(P<0.05),极显著高于LPBP组(P<0.01)。由此可见,氨基酸模式的不同能够影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白的合成,全乳蛋白氨基酸模式可能是一种较为理想的氨基酸模式。     

Leptin对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞主要乳蛋白基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究不同处理浓度Leptin对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中主要乳蛋白基因表达的影响。分别在有催乳素(PRL)(1μg/mL,+)和无PRL(0μg/mL,-)条件下进行,均以无Leptin组为对照组,10、100、1 000 ng/mLLeptin组为处理组。采用荧光定量PCR技术测定奶牛乳腺细胞中α-酪蛋白(α-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LGB)的基因表达。结果表明:无PRL条件下,Leptin未促进、甚至抑制奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中α-CN和β-CN基因的表达;有PRL条件下,Leptin极显著促进二者表达(P<0.001),以100 ng/mL处理组效果最显著;无论有、无PRL,Leptin均促进β-LGB基因的表达,但有PRL条件下,1 000 ng/mL处理组显著抑制β-LGB基因表达(P<0.001)。结果显示,有PRL条件下,Leptin促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞主要乳蛋白基因的表达。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.