笋用红竹林施肥效应研究

2001-2006年,采用随机区组排列,对红竹笋用试验林设置施用有机肥、化肥、有机肥和化肥混施及对照(不施肥)4个处理。结合精确施肥和试验区内长期定位观测,研究了不同施肥处理对笋用红竹林笋产量、土壤物理性质等的影响。在此基础上,根据整个竹林的投入、产出计算了竹林的经济效益;用环境能耗评价法研究了竹林小区水文生态效益。结果表明:施肥初期,不同处理对红竹笋产量影响不明显,处理2 a后施肥效应开始显现,表现为有机无机混施>单施无机肥>单施有机肥>对照(不施肥)。不同模式下的经济效益评价结果表明,通过荒山改人工经营红竹林,5 a就可以收回成本。与种植红竹试验林之前的荒山土壤相比,施肥明显改善了土壤物理性质,表现为容重降低,毛管孔隙度增大,使土壤涵养水源的作用明显增强,不同施肥模式下蓄水量从大到小为:混施>有机>无机>对照。生态效益的评价也表明,相比荒山而言,四种施肥模式涵养水源的生态效益分别可达:855.60、662.40、1 035.00和565.8元.hm-2。     

不同施肥措施对西南桦幼林生长的影响

以林地采取施用基肥与追肥相结合的方式,连续2次施用不同肥料(CK、N、P、K、NP、NK、KP、NPK)对西南桦幼林期林木生长的影响进行了试验,其试验结果表明:施用不同肥料对西南桦幼林(3年生)径、高、材积生长有显著影响。经对不同施肥处理的效果作比较,施NP肥的效果最好,其西南桦幼林材积比其他施肥处理高17.8%~138.9%;其次是施NPK处理,其幼林材积比施NP处理低15.1%,比其他施肥处理高10.4%~102.8%;再次是施NK处理,其生长量比施NP和施NPK处理低14.2%~23.1%,比其余5种施肥处理高1.7%~83.7%,施N与施NK处理的生长差异小,两者差异仅1.7%;生长最差是施KP处理,其生长量比不施肥的CK处理低7.2%,CK比施P处理低11.1%,施P处理又比施K处理低14.7%。由此得出,西南桦幼林林地以施用NP复合肥为好,两者采取1?1的比例比较恰当;用常用的NPK复合肥和N肥也能起到较好的结果。但忌K肥与P肥结合使用。     

不同施肥对雷州半岛桉树林地土壤培肥效应研究

本文研究了雷州半岛两种主要类型砖红壤有机肥与无机肥配施对桉树土壤养分特征和土壤培肥效应。结果表明:在雷州半岛低地力的土壤中种植桉树时,浅海沉积物发育的砖红壤有机质有所提高,而玄武岩砖红壤有机质下降;土壤有机质含量与林木生长量相关性为极显著水平,与施肥量的相关性较低,未达到显著水平。随施有机肥数量的增加,有机质呈上升趋势。施用滤泥1.5～2.5 kg.株-1时,土壤有机质比单施无机肥提高0.02%～0.21%,比不施肥提高0.07%～0.26%。经施肥后5a测定,施有机肥处理容重比施无机肥的降低0.01%～0.22%,总孔隙度比施无机肥的提高0.1%～7.1%,说明施用有机肥改良砖红壤物理特性。因此,两种类型砖红壤中有机肥施用对桉树土壤肥力具有极显著培肥效应。     

配方施肥对凤庆红花油茶幼林林分土壤的影响

针对云南高山区凤庆红花油茶大面积产量低、质量差的现状,基于土壤养分肥力状况是影响油茶生长发育的主导因子之一,布设了NP、PK、NK、NPK和对照CK共5组施肥试验,研究分析凤庆红花油茶林下耕作层土壤理化性质对配方施肥的响应。结果表明,(1)凤庆红花油茶幼林土壤耕作层有机质含量丰富,各处理组有机质含量约为42.17-75.19g/kg,而施肥处理组NK、PK、NPK比CK有机质含量稍低,施肥组有机质含量下降幅度比对照组小;(2)随着凤庆红花油茶幼林的生长,耕作层土壤pH值均出现上升趋势,对照组上升幅度相对最大,施肥处理组pH值为4.84-4.89,组别之间差异较小;(3)施肥组的全量养分和速效养分含量均比对照组要高,随着凤庆红花油茶生长进程各处理组养分均有所下降,而施肥组养分含量变化普遍比对照组下降幅度要大,其中又以NPK施肥处理组的下降幅度最大;(4)凤庆红花油茶幼林耕作层土壤含水量、土壤容重、总孔隙度都在一个适中范围,表明土壤的保水性和通气性良好。土壤含水量和总孔隙度上升以及土壤容重的下降显示施肥组的土壤物理性状优于对照组。     

不同施肥处理对宜昌楠苗木生长及光合生理影响

以宜昌楠2 a生的苗木为试材,采用N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK和CK 8种施肥配方处理,研究其在不同施肥配方处理下形态特征和叶片光合生理的变化.结果表明:(1)NPK平衡施用具有明显促进宜昌楠生长的作用.N肥能使叶色变的深绿,叶面积增大;P肥能促使地下和地上部加快生长;K肥提高光合作用的强度,增强作物抗逆、抗病能力.K能促进N肥的吸收和利用.(2)施用NPK、NP、P、NK、PK肥宜昌楠苗木的净光合速率较高;施用NPK、P、NK、N、NP、PK肥宜昌楠苗木的蒸腾速率较高;施用NPK、NK、N、P肥使宜昌楠苗木的气孔导度上升;施用K、P、NK肥对宜昌楠苗木的胞间CO2浓度影响较大.     

造纸污泥在竹林基地上的肥效研究

在对污泥所含有机质等理化成分进行分析的基础上,以造纸污泥作为有机肥,对比分析了不同施肥处理对竹林生长的影响。结果表明,施用污泥可使竹林的发笋时间提前,比施用无机竹肥平均提前15天,比不施肥平均提前了25天;施用污泥有利于竹子的生长,其中专用竹肥掺混污泥对竹子生长有明显的促进作用;污泥中含有的养分及大量有机质,对改良土壤结构、增加土壤肥力,促进竹子良好生长效果明显。     

山桂花人工林3年生幼林期的施肥效应研究

在云南省孟连县进行了山桂花人工林3年生幼林期施用N、P、K、NP、NPK、NK、KP肥及不施肥(CK)的试验,以观测其施肥效应。通过对各施肥处理的山桂花3年生幼林期林木的胸径、树高、材积、树冠生长的观测、分析,表明在山桂花3年生的幼林期间,对其幼林生长的促进作用。以施用N肥的效果最好;其次是施用NP肥;再次是施用NPK混合肥;第4是施用NK肥;另4种施肥处理(含CK),对山桂花幼树生长的促进作用不大。试验结果还表明,在山桂花3年生的幼林期内,2.5年生基本是其幼林径、高生长的高峰期;而年生长节律显现的是6~10月雨季山桂花林木的生长量比11月~次年5月旱季大得多。     

云南橡胶园肥力变化特点与有机肥施用

云南橡胶园土壤存在明显酸化、有机质下降、有效养分降低、缺素和营养失调等问题。为有效保持胶园肥力和橡胶产业的可持续发展,胶园施肥不宜单施化肥,应重施有机肥,以有机肥为主,配合施用化肥。最好是因土对症(缺素)配方,将配方的化肥加入有机肥中制成有机混合肥施用;施肥时期应与每年产胶高峰期相配合,即秋未冬初和七八月两次施肥。     

施肥种类对毛竹林地土壤性质及出笋成竹的影响

施肥试验结果表明:施有机肥有利于增加土壤的速效性养分,增强土壤的供肥能力;同一土层毛竹林地土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度以及通气度等土壤孔隙组成指标呈现出有机肥对照复合肥。毛竹林施肥后,其出笋数、成竹数及成竹胸径显著或极显著大于对照。     

不同施肥方式对苹果园土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

以辽西地区种植的富士苹果为试验对象,研究了不同施肥方式对富士苹果园土壤养分及酶活性的影响。试验结果表明:土壤施肥处理对果园土壤养分和土壤酶活性都有显著影响,有效养分含量及酶活性大小顺序都是有机+无机有机肥无机肥CK,养分含量和活性都是以有机+无机处理最高,所以这种施肥方式对土壤质量的改善有很好的促进作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.