Limiting amino acids for growing lambs fed a diet low in ruminally undegradable protein

Ruminally cannulated Rambouillet wether lambs were used in three 6 x 6 Latin square experiments (n = 6/experiment) to determine which essential AA limit N retention. Lambs (BW = 36.9 +/- 1.9 kg for Exp. 1, 35.1 +/- 1.4 kg for Exp. 2, and 46.0 +/- 1.3 kg for Exp. 3) were housed in metabolism crates and limit-fed (DMI = approx. 1.8% of BW daily) twice daily a soybean hull-based diet low in ruminally undegradable protein. Treatments for Exp. 1 were continuous abomasal infusions of a solution (500 mL/d) containing 1) no AA (CON), 2) a mixture of 10 essential AA and 2 nonessential AA (10EAA), 3) 10EAA with Met removed, 4) 10EAA with Lys removed, 5) 10EAA with His removed, and 6) 10EAA with Thr removed. Treatments for Exp. 2 were abomasal infusions of 1) CON, 2) 10EAA, 3) 10EAA with Leu, Ile, and Val removed (-BCAA), 4) 10EAA with Arg removed, 5) 10EAA with Phe removed, and 6) 10EAA with Trp removed. Treatments for Exp. 3 were abomasal infusions of 1) CON, 2) 10EAA, 3) -BCAA, 4) 10EAA with Leu removed, 5) 10EAA with Ile removed, and 6) 10EAA with Val removed. All lambs received continuous infusions of acetate and propionate into the rumen and dextrose into the abomasum to supply additional energy. Periods were 7 d: 3 d for adaptation to abomasally infused treatments and 4 d for fecal and urinary collections. Blood samples were collected 3 h after feeding on d 7. In all 3 experiments, N retention was greater (P < 0.10) for lambs receiving 10EAA vs. CON, demonstrating that the basal AA supply from CON was limiting. Removal of each of the essential AA from 10EAA decreased (P < 0.10) their concentrations in plasma (except for Trp), indicating that 10EAA supplied these AA in excess of the animal's requirement. In Exp. 1, N retention (g/d) decreased (P < 0.10) in response to the removal of Met and Thr, but was not affected by removal of Lys and His from 10EAA. In Exp. 2, N retention decreased (P < 0.10) in response to removal of all 3 branched-chain AA, Arg, and Trp, whereas the removal of Phe from 10EAA did not affect N retention. In Exp. 3, N retention decreased (P < 0.10) in response to removal of branched-chain AA and Val, but was not affected by the omission of Leu and Ile from 10EAA. The results of this research demonstrated that Met, Thr, Arg, Trp, and Val limited N retention of lambs fed a diet low in ruminally undegradable protein.     

Milk protein responses to balanced amino acid and removal of Leucine and Arginine supplied from jugular‐infused amino acid mixture in lactating dairy cows

This study was undertaken to evaluate the milk protein response when cows were supplied a balanced AA profile and to determine whether a deficiency of Leucine (Leu) or Arginine (Arg) had a negative effect on milk protein. Eight mid‐lactation Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 5‐day continuous jugular infusions of saline (CTL), EAA mixture prepared on the profile of casein and supplied (in % of lysine (Lys)) 100% of Lys, 33.3% of methionine (Met), 110.2% of Leu, 43.6% of Arg, 50.8% of threonine (Thr), 81.6% of valine (Val), 69.7% of isoleucine (Ile), 61.4% of phenylalanine (Phe) and 34.2% of histidine (His) (Casein, 160 g/d), EAA mixture excluding Leu (?Leu, 163 g/d) or EAA mixture excluding Arg (?Arg, 158 g/d) in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four infusion periods separated by 7‐day interval period. The basal diet supplied 1.6 Mcal NE_L and 94.4 g MP per 1 kg DM to meet requirements for lactation. The Casein treatment provided a balanced supply (in % of MP) of 10.3% Leu and 5.3% Arg, whereas in the two subsequent ?Leu and ?Arg treatments, the concentration of Leu and Arg was reduced to 8.4 and 4.6% respectively. Dry matter intake (15.4 kg/day) was not affected by treatments. The Casein treatment increased milk yield (14.9%, p < 0.001), milk protein yield (120 g, p < 0.001) and milk protein efficiency (0.03, p = 0.099) than CTL treatment. However, the ?Leu treatment decreased the responses of above‐measured parameters by 6.25%, 70 g, 0.05 (p < 0.06) (compared with Casein). These effects of Leu were related to decreased Leu concentration and improved concentration of Ile and Val in plasma. The ?Arg treatment decreased the plasma Arg concentration than the Casein treatment, whereby resulted in the decrease of milk yield (5.7%, p = 0.073), milk protein yield (60 g, p = 0.011) and milk protein efficiency (0.04, p = 0.037). In conclusion, supply of EAA profile of casein can increase the lactation production in dairy cows, and 8.6% of Leu in MP partly limits the milk protein response when the requirements of Lys, Met and His were met. The level of Arg at 4.6% MP is not deemed to an ideal profile, as evidenced by decreased milk protein efficiency.     

Comparative effects of individual amino acid excesses when added to a corn-soybean meal diet: effects on growth and dietary choice in the chick

Six experiments were conducted with 8-d-old crossbred chicks to evaluate the effects of 4% excesses of DL-methionine (Met), L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-tryptophan (Trp), L-lysine (Lys), L-histidine (His), L-threonine (Thr), L-isoleucine (Ile), L-arginine (Arg), L-valine (Val) or L-leucine (Leu) on growth or dietary "choice" (i.e., self-selection) when added to 23% protein corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diets. Arginine and His were supplied as the free base and Lys as Lys X acetate to avoid acid-base problems. In the growth studies, weight gain was reduced 92, 79, 53, 50, 47, 31, 29, 15, 9, 4 and 0% by additions of 4% Met, Phe, Trp, His, Lys, Tyr, Thr, Ile, Arg, Val and Leu, respectively. Improvements (P less than .05) in weight gain, feed intake and gain/feed occurred by addition of 1% Arg to the C-SBM diet supplemented with 4% excess Phe or Tyr. Addition of 1% Arg to the C-SBM diet supplemented with 4% excesses of most of the other amino acids also tended to improve performance, although diets imbalanced with Lys, Val or Leu did not respond to supplemental Arg. Self-selection studies revealed that chicks preferred the C-SBM diet containing 4% excess Lys over diets containing 4% excesses of Met, Thr, Arg or Trp. Moreover, chicks preferred diets with 4% excess Met, Thr or Arg over those containing an equal excess of Trp. When given a choice between the C-SBM diet and this diet supplemented with 4% Leu, chicks consumed similar quantities of both diets.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of herbage ingestion upon ileal digestibility of amino acids in heavy Iberian pigs fed on an acorn‐based diet

We conducted two experiments with heavy Iberian pigs to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in acorns and freshly cut herbage, and the effects of adding fresh herbage upon the supply of ileal digestible AA when pigs were fed on holm‐oak acorns. In Experiment 1, carried out in cannulated pigs of 107 kg bodyweight (BW), daily intake of acorns reached 44.9 g DM/kg^0.75 BW. Arg, His and Thr showed the lowest apparent ileal digestibility (AID) values, whereas Met, the branched‐chain AA and Phe had the highest coefficients. The AID of total EAA was 0.716 but only 0.222 for NEAA. Most of the digestive and absorptive processes of acorn protein occurred before the hindgut. Acorn provides (per kg DM) 2.27 g apparent ileal digestible Lys and 22.7 g apparent total digestible AA. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values for EAA, NEAA and total AA were 0.924 ± 0.020, 0.784 ± 0.041 and 0.860 ± 0.029. In Experiment 2 fresh herbage was given to six cannulated Iberian pigs of 140 kg either as a single feed (13.7 g DM/kg^0.75 BW) or as a supplement to acorns (28.4 g DM/kg^0.75 BW). When only freshly cut forage was offered the AID of the EAA, NEAA and total AA was close to 0.65 and supplied (per kg DM ingested) 5.61 g AID Lys and 91.7 g digestible AA. Standardized ileal values were 0.744 ± 0.023, 0.912 ± 0.038 and 0.831 ± 0.030 respectively. The addition of fresh forage to the acorns led to a significant decrease in AID of AA in acorn due to digesta transfer to the hindgut: His (p < 0.01), Met (p < 0.001), Phe (p = 0.092), Thr (p < 0.05) and Val (p < 0.05), but Arg, Lys and the branched‐chain AA remained unaffected. The main contribution of herbage to AA nutrition of the grazing Iberian pig relies mainly on increasing the supply of digestible AA for pig tissues.     

含蛋氨酸二肽影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成相关基因表达

本试验旨在研究含蛋氨酸(Met)二肽对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)内乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响。试验分3部分,均采用单因子完全随机试验设计,Met的添加浓度及培养时间分别为60μg/m L(0.402 mmol/L)、48 h。第1部分,培养液添加8种含Met二肽[蛋氨酸-蛋氨酸(P-Met-Met)、蛋氨酸-赖氨酸(P-Met-Lys)、蛋氨酸-色氨酸(P-Met-Trp)、蛋氨酸-苯丙氨酸(P-Met-Phe)、蛋氨酸-苏氨酸(P-Met-Thr)、蛋氨酸-异亮氨酸(P-Met-Ile)、蛋氨酸-亮氨酸(P-Met-Leu)、蛋氨酸-缬氨酸(P-Met-Val)],以不添加二肽为对照,测定BMECs乳蛋白合成相关基因(αs1-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、Ⅱ型小肽转运载体和氨肽酶氮)的表达量;第2部分,培养液添加8种与上述二肽对应的游离氨基酸(F-Met-Met、F-Met-Lys、F-MetTrp、F-M et-Phe、F-M et-Thr、F-M et-Ile、F-M et-Leu、F-M et-Val),以不添加游离氨基酸为对照,测定BM ECs乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达量;第3部分,用二肽等物质的量替代相应游离氨基酸,测定BMECs乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达量以及细胞内外氨肽酶含量。结果表明:P-Met-Met和P-M et-Lys组较对照组和其他二肽组上调了αs1-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白基因的表达量,且P-M et-M et组优于P-Met-Lys组。F-Met-Met和F-Met-Lys组较对照组和其他游离氨基酸组显著提高了αs1-酪蛋白基因的表达量(P0.05)。除P-Met-Val和P-Met-Leu组外,其他二肽替代游离氨基酸后均不同程度地提高了乳蛋白和Ⅱ型小肽转运载体基因的表达量,其中P-Met-Met表现出较好的促进效果。总之,含Met二肽等量替代对应的游离氨基酸能够促进乳蛋白基因的表达,其中尤以P-Met-Met的效果最好。     

Limiting order of amino acids and the effects of phytase on protein quality in corn gluten meal fed to young chicks

An amino acid deletion assay, a protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay, and a slope-ratio growth assay were used to establish the limiting order of AA, and to determine the effects of microbial phytase on protein utilization in corn gluten meal (CGM) fed to chicks during the period of 8 to 21 d posthatching. In Assay 1, a 12% CP CGM diet was fortified with AA to fulfill the digestible AA ideal profile (only Phe + Tyr, Leu, and Pro exceeded requirements) for young chicks. Amino acids were then individually deleted, and all diets were fortified to 23% CP, with Glu varying as necessary. A Met-fortified 23% CP corn-soybean meal diet served as a positive control. No weight gain or feed efficiency differences were observed between the fully fortified CGM basal diet and the corn-soybean meal positive-control diet. The limiting order of AA established in CGM was 1) Lys, 2) Trp, 3) Arg, 4) Thr, 5) Val, 6) Ile, 7) His, 8) cystine, and 9) Met. In Assay 2, diets with 10% CP furnished by CGM or casein were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. A protein source x phytase interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for weight gain, gain:feed, and PER, indicating positive responses to phytase when casein was fed but negative responses to phytase when CGM was fed. In Assay 3, graded levels of protein (8, 16, and 24% CP) furnished by CGM were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. Weight gain and gain:feed increased linearly (P < 0.05) as a function of protein intake, but phytase supplementation had no effect on weight gain or gain:feed slopes. These results indicate that 1,200 U/kg phytase did not increase either CP or AA utilization in CGM for young chicks.     

68个去皮和带皮豆粕的氨基酸组成及其回归估测

采集美国、巴西、中国加工的11个去皮豆粕和中国13个省市的51个大、中、小型企业加工的57个带皮豆粕,对其必需氨基酸组成进行比较研究。结果显示:去皮豆粕优于带皮豆粕。去皮豆粕的赖氨酸(88%干物质基础)为3.08%,比带皮豆粕高0.09%P(<0.01);其它氨基酸如Ile、Lys、Met、Phe、Cys和总必需氨基酸(P<0.01),Leu、Thr和V alP(<0.05)的含量均高于带皮豆粕。本次研究建立了以豆粕中粗蛋白质含量为自变量估测豆粕中必需氨基酸含量的有效方程;Lys、Thr、Trp、Met+Cys和Arg的回归估测值与实测值的差异较小,差异度分别为0.95%、0.30%和-2.19%;通过豆粕粗蛋白质含量回归估测Lys、Thr和Arg含量是可行的。     

真胃灌注缺失精氨酸、苏氨酸或组氨酸的混合氨基酸对泌乳山羊乳腺氨基酸代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究真胃灌注缺失精氨酸(Arg)、苏氨酸(Thr)或组氨酸(His)的混合氨基酸对泌乳山羊乳腺氨基酸代谢的影响。选择4只泌乳中期萨能奶山羊,安装真胃插管(用于灌注氨基酸)、颈动脉和乳静脉血管插管(用于采集血样),在外阴动脉安装血液流量计探头(记录乳腺血流量)。试验羊限饲基础饲粮,满足维持能量和蛋白质需要。真胃灌注葡萄糖和按瘤胃微生物蛋白氨基酸构成配制的混合氨基酸。采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组灌注全混合氨基酸,试验组分别灌注缺失Arg、Thr、His的混合氨基酸;试验共进行4期,每期7 d,前4天为灌注期,后3天为采样期。结果表明:1)单一氨基酸缺失灌注对产奶量和乳蛋白产量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)Arg和Thr缺失显著提高了乳腺血流量(P≤0.05),降低了该氨基酸的动脉浓度、静脉浓度,乳腺清除率分别上升25.9%和199.2%;单一氨基酸缺失灌注对该氨基酸乳腺吸收量和乳腺吸收产出比无显著影响(P0.05)。3)Arg、Thr和His缺失,泌乳转化效率分别提高25.4%(4.02 vs.5.04,P≤0.05)、34.5%(9.09 vs.12.23,P≤0.05)和14.6%(10.51 vs.12.04,0.05P≤0.10)。结果提示,泌乳山羊通过提高乳腺血流量和乳腺清除率增加了饲粮对乳腺缺失氨基酸的供给,从而提高了缺失氨基酸的泌乳转化效率。     

泌乳奶牛氨基酸营养

给产奶牛补加过瘤胃蛋白质如鱼粉和保护的大豆饼粕对提高乳蛋白含量和乳产量并不是最好的方法。奶牛在乳蛋白合成上也需要多肽或短肽,它们在乳腺中可能作为前体直接参与乳蛋白合成。奶牛通过注射补充混合氨基酸(必需AA+ 非必需AA)或只注射必需AA 都可提高奶产量并明显提高乳蛋白含量和产量,但乳糖含量有所下降。进而,向奶牛日粮中添加经保护处理的氨基酸,如赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸,也能明显提高产奶量和乳蛋白含量。     

Utilization of milk amino acids by the suckling Iberian piglet

Sixteen pure-bred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two trials to determine the efficiency of utilization of milk protein and amino acid (AA) for growth in suckling piglets. It was hypothesized that there may be one or more strongly limiting essential AA (EAA) responsible for the slow rate of growth of the IB piglet. This AA will show the highest fractional retention. Daily milk yield and composition were determined weekly over a 34-day lactation period. Within each litter, one piglet at birth and four piglets on d 35 of life were slaughtered. The protein content of the IB sow milk was similar to that reported for conventional breeds. However, branched-chain AA, Thr, Pro, Asp and Ala were in concentrations somewhat below the range of literature values and Arg and Met, substantially above it. Milk intake per piglet tended to be greater in Trial 2 (832 vs. 893 g/day respectively; p = 0.066). However, the IB piglets grew at 168 ± 3.3 g/day, irrespective of the trial. The whole-body protein of piglets at weaning and the protein deposited in their body during the lactating period showed very close AA pattern. Among EAA, His and Arg show the highest fractional retentions (g AA retained/g AA ingested) in whole-body tissues (1.019 ± 0.025 and 0.913 ± 0.017 respectively) and also the highest body to milk ratios (1.50 and 1.41 respectively). Gly and Ala presented, among non essential AA, the highest efficiencies of utilization for tissue deposition (1.803 ± 0.057 and 1.375 ± 0.026 respectively) and body to milk ratios (2.75 and 2.12 respectively). These results suggest that the low efficiency of utilization of milk protein and the low rate of gain of the IB suckling piglet can be explained by a marked shortage in His supply, in addition to the suboptimal milk provision of Arg, Gly and Ala.     

Muscle growth and plasma concentrations of amino acids, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin in growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets

Twenty barrows were used to determine if partial replacement of protein-bound AA with crystalline AA (CAA) reduces AA use for muscle tissue and whole-body growth. Barrows (44.2 +/- 1.3 kg of BW) were assigned to 4 diets in a randomized complete block design. Diets consisted of 16.1% CP with no CAA, and 12.8, 10.1, and 7.8% CP containing CAA. As the CP concentration decreased, CAA were gradually increased to meet requirements on a true ileal digestibility basis. Barrows were weighed on d 0 and 13. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on d 0, 6, and 12 (prefeeding), and 2 h after the morning feeding on d 13 (postfeeding). Pigs were euthanized on d 13, and liver and right LM were removed and weighed. The reduction in the dietary CP concentration linearly decreased (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, LM weight, and the CP content of LM. Reducing the CP concentration decreased pre- and postfeeding plasma concentrations of IGF-I (linear, P < 0.01) and insulin (linear, P < 0.10). The reduction in the dietary CP concentration increased prefeeding plasma concentrations of Ala, Gln, Gly, and total AA but decreased Arg, Asn, His, Ile, Phe, Trp, and Tyr (linear, P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of total indispensable AA decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.01). The reduction in the dietary CP concentration increased postfeeding plasma concentrations of Ala, Lys, Met (linear, P < 0.01), and Gly (linear, P = 0.073) and decreased Asn, Ser, Tyr, Arg, His, and Leu (linear, P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of Ile, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.05). In muscle tissue, concentrations of free Ala, Asp, Glu, Gln, Gly, and Lys increased (linear, P < 0.05) as the dietary CP concentration decreased. Concentrations of free His, Ile, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val in muscle tissue decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.05). In summary, the reduction in the dietary protein-bound AA decreased whole-body and LM growth, altered the free AA pool profile in muscle tissue, and decreased plasma insulin and IGF-I. As the replacement of protein-bound AA with CAA increased, 1) free Ala and Gln in muscle tissue increased, indicating an increase of muscle tissue protein breakdown; and 2) utilization of indispensable AA in muscle tissue decreased.     

黄河滩区２种豆科牧草不同生育期氨基酸瘤胃降解特性的研究

 以６头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊为试验动物,用尼龙袋法测定了２种不同生育期豆科牧草苜蓿和白三叶在绵羊瘤胃降解前后氨基酸的变化差异。结果表明,１）２种豆科牧草总氨基酸含量总体上随生育期呈下降趋势,即在分蘖期最高,成熟期最低。总氨基酸／粗蛋白的高峰值都出现在开花期;２）２种豆科牧草的天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸在瘤胃中较易降解（犘＜０．０５或犘＜０．０１）;丙氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、胱氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸在瘤胃中有比较好的抗降解作用（犘＞０．０５）;３）随着生育期的推进,成熟牧草中的各种氨基酸在瘤胃中越不易降解。     

Biochemical and morphological developments are partially impaired in intestinal mucosa from growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

The objective of this study was to determine if a reduction in dietary CP, with partial replacement of the intact protein with crystalline AA (CAA), would alter growth, morphology, and free or peptide-bound AA concentrations of intestinal mucosa in growing pigs. Twenty-four barrows (37.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 24 d: 16.1% CP with no CAA, or 12.8, 10.1, or 7.8% CP (analyzed values, as-fed) containing CAA. As CP decreased, CAA were gradually increased to meet requirements on a true ileal digestible basis. Pigs were euthanized 2 h postmeal on d 24, and mucosal samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected. Reducing dietary CP decreased ADG, G:F, and final weight (linear, P < 0.05). With reduced dietary CP, mucosal protein concentration decreased in the jejunum (quadratic, P < 0.05) and tended to decrease in the ileum (linear, P = 0.062). Reduction of the dietary CP concentration from 16.1 to 7.8% tended to decrease the crypt depth (linear, P < 0.10) and decreased villus width (linear, P < 0.05) in duodenum and jejunum mucosa but did not reduce villus height or villus surface area in any regions of the small intestine. In the duodenum, a reduction in dietary CP increased free Lys, Met, and Thr (linear, P < 0.05) and peptide-bound Lys and Thr (quadratic, P < 0.10). In the jejunum, reducing CP decreased free Cys (linear P < 0.05) and tended to decrease free Asn and His (linear, P < 0.10) and peptide-bound His (quadratic, P = 0.061) and Ile, Leu, and Val (linear, P < 0.10). In the ileum, reducing CP decreased free Asn, Ser, Tyr, Arg, His, Phe (linear, P < 0.05), and Leu (linear, P = 0.054) and peptide-bound Gly and Ser (linear, P < 0.05) and tended to decrease peptide-bound Ile, Leu, Phe, Val (linear, P < 0.10), and Lys (linear P < 0.05). In conclusion, reduced-CP diets supplemented with CAA lead to a reduction in growth performance, associated with biochemical and morphological modifications of the intestinal mucosa.     

不同能量水平日粮对肉牛瘤胃微生物氨基酸组成的影响

:选用 1 2头杂种黄牛研究了不同能量水平 ( 5 2 0、6 2 7、7 87MJ/kg)的日粮对存在于瘤胃液中的微生物 (liquid associatedmicroorganisms,LAM)和在瘤胃中与饲料颗粒紧密结合的微生物 (solid associatedmi croorganisms,SAM)的氨基酸组成的影响。日粮由玉米、棉籽饼和玉米秸秆组成。结果表明 :能量水平对LAM中的Leu(P <0 0 0 1 )、Phe(P <0 0 1 )、Lys(P <0 0 0 1 )、His(P <0 0 0 1 )、Arg(P <0 0 0 1 )、Asp(P <0 0 0 1 )和Gly(P <0 0 0 1 )等 7种氨基酸的含量影响显著 ;对SAM中的Thr(P <0 0 5)、Val(P <0 0 5)、Lys(P <0 0 5)和Met(P <0 0 5)等 4种氨基酸的含量影响显著。不同组分的瘤胃微生物中 ,有 6种氨基酸的组成显著不同。在LAM中Glu(P <0 0 5)、Ala(P <0 0 0 1 )和Cys(P <0 0 0 1 )的含量明显高于在SAM中的含量而Leu(P <0 0 5)、His(P <0 0 1 )和Pro(P <0 0 0 1 )的含量则相反。另外His(P <0 0 5)、Arg(P <0 0 1 )、和Asp(P <0 0 1 )等 3种氨基酸在LAM和SAM中的相对组成受日粮能量水平的影响。结论 :不同组分瘤胃微生物的氨基酸组成有所差异 ,日粮能量水平对瘤胃微生物的氨基酸组成有明显影响     

皖西白鹅3种常用蛋白饲料原料的氨基酸标准回肠消化率测定

为研究皖西白鹅对常用蛋白饲料原料豆粕、菜籽粕及DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率（SIAAD）,选取体重相近的56日龄皖西白鹅288只,随机分为24个饲喂栏,每个饲喂栏12只（公、母各半）,试验期为35 d,0~28 d为预饲期,全部饲喂相同基础日粮;29~35 d为试验期,分别饲喂待测饲粮和无氮饲粮6 d,每种饲粮6个饲喂栏（重复）,第35天早上饲喂前采集回肠食糜并测定食糜中的氨基酸含量。结果显示：豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS的平均SIAAD分别为88.30%、81.17%、88.99%,且豆粕和DDGS平均SIAAD显著（P<0.05）高于菜籽粕。豆粕中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：赖氨酸（Lys）81.27%、蛋氨酸（Met）95.14%、苏氨酸（Thr）85.08%、缬氨酸（Val）88.25%、亮氨酸（Leu）88.20%、异亮氨酸（Ile）87.33%、苯丙氨酸（Phe）91.66%、组氨酸（His）87.77%和精氨酸（Arg）92.18%;菜籽粕氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 75.19%、Met 87.87%、Thr 82.96%、Val 84.25%、Leu 83.19%、Ile 81.94%、Phe 86.08%、His 84.39%和Arg 83.10%;DDGS 中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 83.74%、Met 94.59%、Thr 90.85%、Val 91.97%、Leu 93.67%、Ile 91.38%、Phe 94.73%、His 90.59%和Arg 94.09%。该试验结果为豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS在皖西白鹅饲粮上的高效利用和合理配制低氮饲粮提供数据参考。     

Catheterization of Arteria Epigastrica Cranialis,Measurement of Nutrient Arteriovenous Differences and Evaluation of Daily Plasma Flow Across the Mammary Gland of Lactating Sows

The objectives of the present study were: (i) to evaluate a novel procedure for catheterization of the mammary artery; (ii) to measure amino acid, glucose and calcium arteriovenous differences in lactating sows; and (iii) to evaluate the use of different markers in estimating mammary plasma flow by the Fick principle. Five multiparous sows were fitted with two catheters, in the cranial epigastric artery and anterior mammary vein. Catheterization of the cranial epigastric artery was carried out with a new surgical technique. Implanted catheters remained functional until day 15 (in two animals), day 21 (one animal) and day 27 (one animal), whereas in one case this technique failed. Sampling of arterial and venous blood took place on days 9, 15, 21 and 27 of lactation. Mean extraction rates - SEM (percent) were 31.2 - 3.1 arginine (Arg), 16.4 - 2.5 glutamine (Gln), 27.2 - 5.7 threonine (Thr), 8.3 - 2.6 glycine (Gly), 12.4 - 2.7 alanine (Ala), 20.2 - 3.4 tyrosine (Tyr), 18.1 - 2.8 proline (Pro), 28.2 - 6.2 methionine (Met), 18.5 - 2.2 valine (Val), 26.4 - 3.1 phenylalanine (Phe), 30.2 - 3.1 isoleucine (Ile), 41.4 - 3.4 leucine (Leu), 32.2 - 4.0 lysine (Lys) and 20.0 - 2.76 glucose. There was a relatively high abundance of lysine in milk compared with the amount extracted from plasma. This suggests lysine to be limiting in the present experimental situation, which was probably due to a low feed intake only providing 31.4 g Lys day -1 on average. Mean mammary plasma flow (litres plasma day -1 ), evaluated by use of Lys, Met and calcium as markers in the metabolic Fick principle, amounted to 7869 - 989 Lys, 6391 - 2139 Met and 4059 - 747 calcium. The large difference in the results implies that there is a need for other markers to measure the mammary plasma flow or novel methods based on other principles to measure mammary plasma flow, which is an important factor in quantitative studies of daily mammary uptake of nutrients.     

圈养大熊猫主食竹的氨基酸分析

拟通过对大熊猫主食竹中氨基酸含量及其相互间比例的分析,为圈养大熊猫的饲料配方中平衡氨基酸提供理论参考依据。采集了大熊猫喜食的3个产地4种竹叶和竹杆样品各1 7个,共34个样品,并测定了其中1 7种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,竹样品中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,其中竹叶中为1 .37%±0 .1 8% ,竹杆中为0 .2 8%±0 .0 6% ;其次为天冬氨酸(Asp)、亮氨酸(Leu)、丙氨酸(Ala)、缬氨酸(Val)、赖氨酸(Lys)、脯氨酸(Pro)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、酪氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg) ;半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最低,竹叶中为0 .0 7%±0 .0 4% ,竹杆中为0 .0 4%±0 .0 5 %。竹叶中除Cys含量显著(P <0 .0 5 )高于竹杆外,其余所有氨基酸含量都极显著(P <0 .0 1 )高于竹杆。竹叶中总非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的平均含量为6.2 8%±0 .79% ,竹杆中为4.32 %±2 .5 8% ;竹叶总必需氨基酸(EAA)平均含量为4.66%±0 .5 9% ,竹杆中为3.2 0 %±1 .98%。竹叶和竹杆中NEAA/EAA平均比值分别为1 .35±0 .0 8和1 .2 2±0 .47。     

颈静脉灌注不同模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在比较颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛乳产量、乳成分以及乳腺对氨基酸摄取利用的影响。选择8头泌乳中期[泌乳天数:(82±11)d]荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,试验采用随机区组设计,将试验牛随机分为2组,分别颈静脉灌注160g/d酪蛋白模式(Casein组)和理想模式的氨基酸混合物(R组)。2个试验组分别以各自灌注前作为空白对照组(C1组为Casein组的空白对照组,C2组为R组的空白对照组)。预试期14d,灌注期5d。试验采用全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂,以玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕、玉米青贮、苜蓿干草和羊草为主要原料,参照NRC(2001)奶牛饲养标准配制。结果表明:灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白产量和含量较灌注前呈上升趋势(乳蛋白产量上升7.14%,P=0.078;乳蛋白含量上升3.27%,P=0.072);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)和组氨酸(His)的浓度较灌注前有不同程度的上升(Ile的浓度提高31.5%,P=0.097;Leu的浓度提高65.9%,P=0.041;Lys的浓度提高36.9%,P=0.088;His的浓度提高40.1%,P=0.010),而苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和精氨酸(Arg)的浓度在数值上虽较灌注前高但无显著差异(P0.05)。灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对天冬氨酸(Asp)和半胱氨酸(Cys)的摄取率显著升高(Asp的摄取率提高95.2%,P=0.031;Cys的摄取率提高49.6%,P=0.031),而奶牛乳腺对甘氨酸(Gly)的摄取率显著降低(降低158.3%,P=0.041)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白含量比灌注前有上升趋势(提高5.78%,P=0.064),而乳脂产量显著低于灌注前(降低8.57%,P=0.015);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中Arg的浓度有上升趋势(提高18.0%,P=0.093),而酪氨酸(Tyr)的浓度呈下降趋势(降低47.8%,P=0.074)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对谷氨酸(Glu)、Cys和Ile的摄取率显著上升(Glu的摄取率提高118.7%,P=0.015;Cys的摄取率提高77.4%,P=0.032;Ile的摄取率提高46.0%,P=0.012),而奶牛乳腺对Ser的摄取率呈下降趋势(降低56.2%,P=0.052)。灌注氨基酸混合物后,Casein组乳脂产量增量显著高于R组(P=0.012),且Casein组的乳产量增量(P=0.095)和乳糖产量增量(P=0.091)较R组有升高的趋势,而2组间其他指标增量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物均可提高泌乳奶牛的乳蛋白含量,而灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物同时可以促进乳蛋白产量的升高,因此,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物的效果优于灌注理想模式氨基酸混合物。     

Endogenous nitrogen metabolism processes in 15N-labeled swine. 2. Fecal excretion of amino acids and 15N-labeled amino acids with diets differing in crude fiber content

Four pigs were labelled with 15N-ammonium salt over a period of 10 days in the feeding of a fishmeal diet, a fishmeal diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal, a field bean diet and a field bean diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal. The 14N-amino acids and the 15N-amino acids excreted in faeces showed highly significant correlation coefficients with the increasing content of crude fibre in the diets, which amounted to 3.0, 5.3, 10.0 and 12.1% in the DM. The following sequence was established for the growth angle (tan alpha) of the essential 14N-amino acids: Leu, Lys, Arg, Thr, Phe, Ile, Val, His and of the 15N-amino acids: Lys, Arg, Val, Leu, Ile, Thr, Phe and His. As Lys, His and Thr cannot incorporate 15N in transamination reactions in the intermediate metabolism, their level of labelling was considerable in case of diet 4. Nevertheless, tan alpha is highest for 15N-Lys and lowest for 15N-His. This means that His in contrast to Lys, parallel to increased synthesis, is also increasingly decomposed in the large intestine. In contrast to this, proline was not labelled with 15N even with the highest content of crude fibre in the diet. Despite this, 14N-proline excretion, next to glutamic acid, increased most with the growing content of crude fibre in the diet. Due to the hydrophilic character of glutamic acid and the increased water influx in the large intestine and the increased content of crude fibre in the diet, a growing proline transport parallel to the increased influx of crude fibre and water must be assumed. If the growth angle tan alpha for the excretion of 14N-amino acids is ascertained regressively for a crude fibre content of diet of 10%, one can prove from the proportion of the amino acids and a comparison from literature for faecal bacteria and ileum digesta that the amino acid composition for this measuring point largely corresponds to that of bacteria protein.