piRNA在癌症上的研究进展

piRNAs(piwi-interacting RNAs)是一类新型的长约30 nt的非编码单链小RNAs,参与生殖细胞的发育,抑制DNA的自我复制,维持生殖DNA的完整。但是,对piRNAs与疾病的关系研究目前相对较少。主要综述了其对癌症调控作用的最新研究进展。     

Evolutionary ecology of the prezygotic stage

The life cycles of sexually reproducing animals and flowering plants begin with male and female gametes and their fusion to form a zygote. Selection at this earliest stage is crucial for offspring quality and raises similar evolutionary issues, yet zoology and botany use dissimilar approaches. There are striking parallels in the role of prezygotic competition for sexual selection on males, cryptic female choice, sexual conflict, and against selfish genetic elements and genetic incompatibility. In both groups, understanding the evolution of sex-specific and reproductive traits will require an appreciation of the effects of prezygotic competition on fitness.     

Extraordinary flux in sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a species is often considered to be relatively constant, at least over ecological time. Hamilton noted that the spread of "selfish" sex ratio-distorting elements could be rapid and produce a switch to highly biased population sex ratios. Selection against a highly skewed sex ratio should promote the spread of mutations that suppress the sex ratio distortion. We show that in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina the suppression of sex biases occurs extremely fast, with a switch from a 100:1 population sex ratio to 1:1 occurring in fewer than 10 generations.     

Genetic selection of a Plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

The anopheline mosquito is the target in most malaria control programs, primarily through the use of residual insecticides. A mosquito was studied that is refractory to most species of malaria through a genetically controlled mechanism. A strain of Anopheles gambiae, which was selected for complete refractoriness to the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi, also has varying degrees of refractoriness to most other malaria species examined, including the human parasites P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. vivax for which this mosquito is the principal African vector. Furthermore, the refractoriness extends to other subhuman primate malarias, to rodent malaria, and to avian malaria. Refractoriness is manifested by encapsulation of the malaria ookinete after it completes its passage through the mosquito midgut, approximately 16 to 24 hours after ingestion of an infective blood meal. Fully encapsulated ookinetes show no abnormalities in parasite organelles, suggesting that refractoriness is due to an enhanced ability of the host to recognize the living parasite rather than to a passive encapsulation of a dead or dying parasite. Production of fully refractory and fully susceptible mosquito strains was achieved through a short series of selective breeding steps. This result indicates a relatively simple genetic basis for refractoriness. In addition to the value these strains may serve in general studies of insect immune mechanisms, this finding encourages consideration of genetic manipulation of natural vector populations as a malaria control strategy.     

关于集体主义价值的理解

~~关于集体主义价值的理解@王萌荣$宜阳县教师进修学校!河南宜阳471600~~~~~~     

The Piwi-piRNA pathway provides an adaptive defense in the transposon arms race

Increasingly complex networks of small RNAs act through RNA-interference (RNAi) pathways to regulate gene expression, to mediate antiviral responses, to organize chromosomal domains, and to restrain the spread of selfish genetic elements. Historically, RNAi has been defined as a response to double-stranded RNA. However, some small RNA species may not arise from double-stranded RNA precursors. Yet, like microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, such species guide Argonaute proteins to silencing targets through complementary base-pairing. Silencing can be achieved by corecruitment of accessory factors or through the activity of Argonaute itself, which often has endonucleolytic activity. As a specific and adaptive regulatory system, RNAi is used throughout eukarya, which indicates a long evolutionary history. A likely function of RNAi throughout that history is to protect the genome from both pathogenic and parasitic invaders.     

Endogenous siRNAs derived from transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila somatic cells

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotes. In flies, somatic cells produce siRNAs from exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a defense against viral infection. We identified endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), 21 nucleotides in length, that correspond to transposons and heterochromatic sequences in the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. We also detected endo-siRNAs complementary to messenger RNAs (mRNAs); these siRNAs disproportionately mapped to the complementary regions of overlapping mRNAs predicted to form double-stranded RNA in vivo. Normal accumulation of somatic endo-siRNAs requires the siRNA-generating ribonuclease Dicer-2 and the RNAi effector protein Argonaute2 (Ago2). We propose that endo-siRNAs generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-interacting RNAs do in the germ line.     

A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline

In the Drosophila germline, repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) ensure genomic stability by silencing endogenous selfish genetic elements such as retrotransposons and repetitive sequences. Whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derive from both the sense and antisense strands of their double-stranded RNA precursors, rasiRNAs arise mainly from the antisense strand. rasiRNA production appears not to require Dicer-1, which makes microRNAs (miRNAs), or Dicer-2, which makes siRNAs, and rasiRNAs lack the 2',3' hydroxy termini characteristic of animal siRNA and miRNA. Unlike siRNAs and miRNAs, rasiRNAs function through the Piwi, rather than the Ago, Argonaute protein subfamily. Our data suggest that rasiRNAs protect the fly germline through a silencing mechanism distinct from both the miRNA and RNA interference pathways.     

Reversal of catecholamine refractoriness by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis

The generation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in response to catecholamines in the 2B subclone of RGC6 rat glioma cells previously exposed to norepinephrine and refractory to further norepinephrine addition is substantially increased by addition of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The time course of the effect of these inhibitors on cyclic AMP concentration suggests that rapid protein synthesis and turnover are involved in catecholamine refractoriness. Norepinephrine induction of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is demonstrable in RGC6 cells but not in the 2B subclone. Thus, catecholamine refractoriness cannot be attributed to induction of phosphodiesterase. This implies that induction of a protein or proteins, important in catecholamine refractoriness, affects the synthesis rather than the degradation of cyclic AMP.     

一类食饵具有自私和无私两种行为的捕食者-食饵模型

分析了食饵具有自私和无私两种行为的自治捕食者-食饵模型.证明了在适当条件下稳定极限环的存在性及物种的持久性.     

洋葱ANS基因启动子的克隆与瞬时表达分析

通过PCR方法对洋葱花青素合成酶基因(AcANS)上游启动子序列进行扩增,获得长度为1.8 kb和2.2 kb的两种片段,命名为ANSPM1和ANSPM2。序列分析表明,克隆到的两个启动子除含有多个TATA-box、CAAT-box等基本启动子元件,还含有与MYB转录因子结合的元件,以及参与光响应、逆境、激素应答的顺式作用元件。同时构建ANSPM1和ANSPM2驱动GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,通过洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达分析,表明两个启动子均有活性。     

Thalamocortical relay neurons: antidromic invasion of spikes from a cortical epileptogenic focus

Thalamocortical relay neurons whose axons project into a penicillininduced cortical epileptogenic focus generate bursts of action potentials during spontaneous interictal epileptiform discharges. These bursts originate in intracortical axons and propagate antidromically into thalamic neurons. Repetitive spike generation in cortical axons and presynaptic terminals could produce a potent excitatory drive and contribute to the generation of the large depolarization shifts which are seen in cortical elements during focal epileptogenesis.     

刚毛柽柳水通道蛋白ThPIP基因启动子的克隆及其活性分析

[目的]研究刚毛柽柳水通道蛋白ThPIP基因启动子的克隆及其活性分析.[方法]采用染色体步移技术,克隆到刚毛柽柳ThPIP基因起始密码子上游1241bp启动子序列,并通过PLACE和HantCARE预测启动子序列中所包含的主要顺式作用元件.将该启动子替换pCAMBIA1301上的35S启动子,构建融合表达基因proThPlP∷GUS,通过基因枪瞬时转化烟草,并进行GUS组织化学染色.[结果]该启动子具有活性,能够驱动GUS基因的表达.[结论]为进一步鉴定该启动子中的顺式作用元件及相互作用的调控因子奠定基础,从而为揭示刚毛柽柳ThPIP基因的分子调控机制提供依据.     

Artificial-life researchers try to create social reality

Some scientists, among them cosmologist Stephen Hawking, argue that computer viruses are alive. A better case might be made for many of the self-replicating silicon-based creatures featured at the fourth Conference on Artificial Life, held on 5 to 8 July in Boston. Researchers from computer science, biology, and other disciplines presented computer programs that, among other things, evolved cooperative strategies in a selfish world and recreated themselves in ever more complex forms.     

基于文献研究的小儿反复呼吸道感染常见证素与症状相关性分析

目的 探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染中证素与症状之间的相关性。方法 在对近20年小儿反复呼吸道感染文献资料进行全面检索的基础上,筛选符合纳入标准的文献,规范证候、症状名称,提取病位、病性证素,对其进行统计,并运用秩和检验分析检出率在5%以上的常见证素和症状之间的相关性。结果 经初步规范化后,获取病位证素10个,病性证素11个,常见证素与症状之间存在一定相关性。结论 通过文献研究,初步确定小儿反复呼吸道感染常见证素与症状之间的对应关系,可为本病的临床辨证和科学研究提供一定的参考。     

先秦法家法治消费思想研究

先秦法家学派以“法制”而闻名,其消费思想以性恶自利论为基础,主张重农战、轻工商,强调国家要加强法制抑制消费,对推行社会变革实现国家统一有积极意义.因过度推崇以农战富国不恤民情,以至“国强民弱”、民怨沸腾,法家学派在后世屡受诟病,但他们对人求利本性的客观认识,以及强调实施严格法律制度对经济活动进行监管的思想值得借鉴.     

一种基于博弈理论的无线传感器网络自私节点惩罚机制

针对无线传感器网络中的搭便车现象,基于博弈理论建立自私节点惩罚机制。将传感器的可信度分为多个等级,对其进行多策略博弈,使其更加符合无线传感器网络的复杂性特点,从而激励节点对可信合作策略的选取。结果表明,基于博弈理论的无线传感器网络中自私节点惩罚机制可以有效地解决网络中的搭便车问题,从而验证了该惩罚机制的有效性。