内蒙古达里诺尔湖泊湿地动态的遥感监测

利用极轨气象卫星NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测资料,结合实地考察数据,绘制遥感影像图及植被指数图,统计了2000年至2005年,每年4月到9月达里诺尔湖的水域面积,分析了达里诺尔湖泊水体的年际变化,并结合1961年至2004年45年的气象数据,得出以下主要结论:(1)由于气候及人为因素,从2000年起至2003年达里诺尔湖泊的水域面积处于稳定波动状态,而2003年8月后湖泊面积减少,呈下降趋势。(2)在人为因素对环境的作用保持在1个较低水平时,研究区湖面变化与温度和降水的变化有较好的吻合关系,年均气温与湖面积之间存在负相关关系,降水量与湖泊面积之间基本呈正相关关系。(3)该地区气候的变化对湖区生态变化起着重要的作用,人类影响相对较弱,认为温度和降水是影响研究区湖泊面积和水位的主导因素。     

日光温室墙体一维导热的MATLAB模拟与热流分析

为探明日光温室墙体层间温度变化及热量传递动态规律,采用有限差分法建立墙体一维非稳态导热模型,利用MATLAB编制相应的模拟程序,计算出日光温室墙体各点的温度和热流。结果表明:该模型能够比较准确模拟日光温室土墙的温度。墙体内侧存在有效蓄热层,它对日光温室室内热环境有积极的作用。墙体有效蓄热层的热流白天指向墙体外侧,夜间指向墙体内侧,因此它的厚度直接根据热流的方向确定。有效蓄热层与天气、墙体总厚度以及墙体热特性参数有关。2012-12—2013-01期间有效蓄热层厚度为0.26~0.45m不等,最大值出现在连续雪天。同时从理论上验证了3.0m厚的温室土墙内部存在热流相对稳定的"热稳定层"。     

心土混层耕改造白浆土效果研究

 经过7年系列试验和两年心土混层耕改良白浆土效果试验证明：设计心土混层耕犁的理论依据是保持耕层，改造白浆层。淀积层与白浆层按1∶1或0.5∶1混拌，应用心土混层耕犁的农艺参数为上翻20cm，下混30-40cm。心土混层耕具有持续改土增产效果，粮豆作物第一年增产15.6%,第二年增产11.4%；心土层土壤硬度降低，抗穿透阻力从25kg/cm#+2降到5-10kg/cm#+2，土壤饱和透水系数提高1.7-7.3倍,土壤抗旱涝能力提高。心土混层耕改土经济效益显著，改土效益期内（两年）每台犁可获纯收益18.7万元。     

Turbulent mixing under drifting pack ice in the weddell sea

By providing cold, dense water that sinks and mixes to fill the abyssal world ocean, high-latitude air-sea-ice interaction is the main conduit through which the deep ocean communicates with the rest of the climate system. A key element in modeling and predicting oceanic impact on climate is understanding the processes that control the near surface exchange of heat, salt, and momentum. In 1992, the United States-Russian Ice Station Weddell-1 traversed the western Weddell Sea during the onset of winter, providing a platform for direct measurement of turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress in the upper ocean. Data from a storm early in the drift indicated (i) well-formed Ekman spirals (in both velocity and turbulent stress); (ii) high correlation between mixed layer heat flux and temperature gradients; (iii) that eddy viscosity and eddy thermal diffusivity were similar, about 0.02 square meters per second; and (iv) that the significant turbulent length scale (2 to 3 meters through most of the boundary layer) was proportional to the wavelength at the peak in the weighted vertical velocity spectrum. The measurements were consistent with a simple model in which the bulk eddy viscosity in the neutrally buoyant mixed layer is proportional to kinematic boundary stress divided by the Coriolis parameter.     

南四湖水安全评价研究

南四湖近些年来出现的湖泊水情要素较多灾变、水质污染、泥沙淤积以及人为围湖造田和水资源纠纷等一系列问题,已成为湖泊水安全的重大威胁因素。研究将南四湖水安全评价指标定为水质、沙容比、水域面积、年降水量、水位和水因患病率等6大指标,并将6种指标依据各自实际影响程度分为5个数量级段,相应地将湖泊水安全标准定为5级,利用人工神经网络中的BP神经网络模型对南四湖水安全进行了定量评价。研究表明,南四湖水安全现状处于4级,即差的状况。     

封闭型内陆湖泊夏季氮素赋存特征——以达里诺尔湖为例

氮素是影响湖泊初级生产力的主要因素之一。近年来,受气候干旱及上游用水量增加等因素的影响,大多数封闭性内陆湖都面临着湖面萎缩、湖水因营养盐浓度增加而逐渐恶化的问题。本文以内蒙古高原境内封闭型内陆湖泊——达里诺尔湖为例,于2017年夏季采集湖水、间隙水、沉积物、入湖河流等样品。对湖泊氮素赋存特征、迁移趋势做出分析,并且对入湖河流携带的氮素对湖泊水质的影响展开讨论。结果表明:氨氮(NH_4~+-N)是上覆水中占比例最高的形态氮。总氮(TN)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)含量随水深从浅到深基本保持不变。只有B6、E2、E5样点的NH_4~+-N在水深1.5 m向下处含量有所波动。表层沉积物TN均值2 809.97 mg·kg~(-1),可交换态氮占TN含量6.74%;河水中占比例最高的形态氮是NO_3~--N,四条入湖河流中,TN、NH_4~+-N含量最高的是沙里河,NO_3~--N含量最高的是亮子河;每年由入湖河流携带入湖的TN量为120 t。总体来看,达里诺尔湖氮素赋存特征为:NH_4~+-N是上覆水的主导形态氮,TN及各形态氮含量在不同深度水层掺混均匀,无明显的分层现象。沉积物TN含量较高且氮素迁移能力较强。TN、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N表现为由沉积物到上覆水的释放状态,而NH_4~+-N则以上覆水到沉积物的吸附状态为主。河流的输入对湖水TN含量有稀释作用,但会增加湖水NO_3~--N的负荷。     

冬季积雪与冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

以长白山地区3种不同林型土壤为研究对象,利用野外采样观测与室内模拟培养相结合的方式,研究积雪与冻融过程对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:1)冬季冻融过程使白桦成熟林土壤团聚体稳定性(MWD)出现显著下降(P<, 0.01),但并未显著影响白桦幼龄林和阔叶红松成熟林。冬季冻结及春季冻融过程都能显著影响团聚体MWD值(P<, 0.01), 2)提前雪盖能够防止土壤秋冬季冻融及冬季土壤结冻,并能够显著增加团聚体MWD值,但并不能防止春季融雪冻融阶段团聚体MWD值下降。3)土壤团聚体在冻融过程中受到不同冻融次数、不同林型以及不同含水率影响,差异显著。本文的研究结果表明,气候变暖、冬季降水格局变化这些全球变化因素能够影响到雪盖、土壤温度、湿度等因素,从而影响土壤团聚体稳定性。      

Radiocarbon dating of East african lake levels

The fluctuations of the key East African lakes discussed are summarized in Fig. 4 which also includes the available evidence from Lake Rukwa (42) and Lake Chad (43) Exceot for Lake Victoria, all of these now lack surface outlets and are situated in much drier climates than the major lakes of the Western Rift Valley, which remain filled to their overflow levels. The apparent differendes among the fluctuations of the lakes are partly due to differendes in the nature of the evidence or the intensity of research or both, although there must also have been important local differences in the histories of the lakes Yet the consistencies are far more striking, most notably the coincidence of early Holocene high stands. Between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, it seems that lakes in many parts of tropical Africa were greatly enlarged. Where evidence for the previous span of time is well resolved, it appears that transgressions leading to this high stand began about 12,000 years ago, and evidende from three basins (Victoria, Nakuru, and Chad) indicates a pause or minor recession just at or before 10,000 years ago. Wherever information is available for the period preceding 12,000 years ago, it can consistentlybe shown that lakes were much small-er . Several basins (Rudolf, Nakuru, and Chad) also show traces of much earlier phases of lake expansion. which are not yet well dated but which all occurred more then 20,000 years ago. The Holocene record subsequent to the maximum of 10,00 to 8,000 years ago is more complex. Three basins (Rudolf, Nakuru, and Chad) show an apparently concordant, positive oscillation at some point between 6000 and 4000 years ago, but it is uncertain how widely this episode is represented. Although many of these lakes that are now closed filled to overflowing at least once during the late Quaternary, it is evident from Fig. 4 that the periods of expansion were short-lived compared with phases of contraction to levels near those of today. This pattern may be in accord with fragmentary evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene formations, such as those of Olduvai(44)and Paninj (45), within which some relatively short-term lake expansions can be documented, but which lack evidence for any marked long-term departure from a balance of evaporation and precipitation similar to the present one Further, this pattern of brief moist pulsations, with a duration of perhaps 2000 to 5000 years, is also suggested by other late Pleistocene and Holocene sequences (based primarily on geomorphological and palynological evidence) from the Saharan area, Angola, and South Africa (46). In default of radiometric dating, such complex successions of relatively brief moist intervals provide few stratigraphic markers of broad applicability. This, together with the fact that vegetation, weathering processes, montane glaciers, lake size, lake salinity, and so forth are all likely to reflect the diverse aspects of Climatic change differently, underscores the strictures of Cooke (2) and Flint (3) against the use of pluvials and intrlvasas a basis for subdividing Quaternary time in Africa. Positive correlations between high-latitude glacial advances or maxima and intervals of high lake levels have been demonstrated or suggested for many areas of mid-latitude North America and Eurasia (47), and similar patterns have often been regarded as probable for tropical Africa as well. However, the evidence summarized above shows a notable lack of such correlations for the tropical lakes considered here. If glaciation and tropical lake levels were connected at all, then a far more complex-delayed, multiplefactor, or inverse-relationship must be sought for the late Quaternary (48). This renders the introduction of new climato-stratigraphic terms such as hypothermal and interstadial (49) of questionable value in East Africa. Further, whereas the so-called pluvial lakes of higher latitudes were probably due primarily to reduced evaporation (50), our computations for the early Holocene lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, as well as for the oscillations of Lake Rudolf and Lake Victoria in recent decades, suggest that many or most of the high tropical lake levels where associated with a modest but significant increase in precipitation.     

Heat storage in the oceanic upper mixed layer inferred from landsat data

From the spacing of internal wave packets generated by tidal flow over topography, one can determine their propagation speed. The propagation speed depends upon the density anomaly and depth of the upper mixed layer. Attributing the density anomaly to temperature only, one can calculate the heat storage in the upper oceanic layer. On the basis of Landsat images of the New England continental shelf, the heat storage calculated from satellite data has been compared with available in situ observations. The data show that the method may have merit and is deserving of further refinement.     

洞庭湖生态与环境影响因子研究

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖,千百年来洪水为患。1949年以来湖体加速萎缩,水、旱灾频发,生态与环境出现种种新问题。对洞庭湖环境与生态问题进行研究后发现,宏观湖体萎缩、湖区气候持续变暖、新的江湖关系显现的复杂脆弱性、洞庭湖区日益工业化与城镇化以及缺乏权威法规的制约是造成洞庭湖生态与环境恶化的新老因子。     

淀山湖鱼类群落结构多样性的年际变化

淀山湖是上海市内陆水域最大的淡水湖泊,主要的淡水渔业水域和水产品来源地,也是重要的水生生物保护基地。为了评估增殖放流和生态环境变化对淀山湖鱼类群落结构变化的影响,本研究以2010-2012年淀山湖的渔业调查资料为基础,对该湖泊的鱼类优势种组成和多样性指数进行年际变化分析,并应用丰度生物量曲线方法对该湖的鱼类群落状况进行分析。结果表明:2010-2012年淀山湖鱼种类数基本稳定,基本鱼种组成变化不显著,优势鱼种组成趋势渐以小型鱼类为主;群落结构多样性指数年间差异不显著(P0.05);ABC曲线显示2010-2012这三年淀山湖群落的数量优势度曲线均高于生物量的优势度曲线,鱼类群落结构仍处于严重干扰状态。因此,建议改善增殖放流鱼种和加强渔业管理,以维持淀山湖鱼类群落的稳定。     

沼气池散热量与内部温度场的数值模拟研究

以郑州地区的气象条件为参数,使用Fluent软件对沼气池不同材料、不同厚度的保温层及沼气池内部温度场的数值进行了模拟研究。结果表明:其他条件一定时,混凝土沼气池的散热量约为发泡水泥沼气池的4.66倍,可选择导热系数小的材料作为保温层;保温层的厚度对沼气池的散热量影响不大,根据实际条件选择厚度;池内温度场的分布不均匀,没有达到沼气发酵设定的温度,因此需要增加搅拌器以达到混合均匀的目的。     

洞庭湖区热量资源方面的灾害性天气分析

采用洞庭湖区12个气象观测站1971~2013年常规气象资料,综合分析了影响洞庭湖区水稻生长热量资源方面的灾害性天气(倒春寒、5月低温、寒露风和高温热害)。结果表明,洞庭湖区倒春寒、5月低温、寒露风均呈减少趋势,高温热害年份站点数呈增加趋势;连续两旬出现倒春寒的年概率为2.3%,连续2年未出现寒露风的概率仅为2.4%;倒春寒年分布呈现由南向北"V"字型递增的趋势,5月低温年分布和次数分布均呈现西南多东北少的趋势,寒露风年分布和次数分布均呈现山区多、湖区少的趋势;山区出现高温热害的年数较多,海拔越高出现的机率越大;各类灾害性热量资源天气的发生有其特定的天气形势。     

叠层笼养蛋鸡舍夏季环境特性与热湿环境模型

蛋鸡叠层笼养舍在纵向通风情况下鸡舍断面空气不能充分混合，鸡舍热湿环境受围护结构传热影响较小，建立了鸡舍非稳态环境预测模型，引入围护结构传热影响系数对模型进行改进，并提出简化模型，验证结果表明，简化模型能满足生产管理要求。     

The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years

Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.     

衡水湖湿地土壤微生物研究

[目的]研究衡水湖湿地土壤主要微生物类群的数量分布。[方法]分别从东湖芦苇湿地、西湖芦苇香蒲沼泽、湖北岸5a的杨树林地及湖区北田村玉米与小麦轮作的麦田采取剖面土样并单独混匀,测定了土壤的理化指标并分析了其微生物分布。[结果]异养细菌是湿地土壤微生物的主体,其次是放线菌,真菌的数量最少。湿地土壤中的微生物主要集中分布在0～20cm的土层中,随着土层加深微生物数量呈明显递减的趋势。各土样中三大类微生物总数、异养细菌数量和真菌数量的顺序均为：农田〉杨树林地〉东湖湿地〉西湖沼泽,而放线菌数量的顺序为：农田〉东湖湿地〉杨树林地〉西湖沼泽。[结论]该研究为了解衡水湖湿地生态系统的结构和功能提供了支持。     

达里诺尔自然保护区近30年湿地动态变化及其影响因素分析

以近30a的LandSat影像为数据源,以达里诺尔自然保护区内的达里诺尔湖、岗更湖以及周围面积较大的沼泽湿地为研究对象,利用RS与GIS技术结合野外调查研究,采用人机交互的方法提取研究区内湖泊湿地及沼泽湿地,并对其动态变化进行分析。分别从气候因素与人为因素两个角度分析研究区内湖泊湿地和沼泽湿地变化的原因。结果表明:1)达里诺尔湖泊面积总体呈现减少的趋势,岗更湖面积总体呈现增加的趋势,沼泽湿地面积总体呈现减少趋势,变化不明显。达里诺尔湖与岗更湖的边界变得圆滑,达里诺尔湖东部萎缩较为严重。2)研究区内年平均降水与气温波动明显,年平均降水量呈下降的趋势,年平均气温呈上升趋势。3)降水量与湖泊湿地及沼泽湿地面积变化之间基本呈正相关关系。气温与湖泊湿地及沼泽湿地面积变化之间基本呈负相关关系。4)人为因素中,旅游接待人次、旅游收入、水产品产量与达里诺尔湖泊面积呈负相关,人口数量、年度牲畜存栏与达里诺尔湖泊面积相关性不显著,即旅游业的发展及渔业的养殖与捕捞是造成湖泊湿地面积减少的主要因素,畜牧业和人口数量的增加对湖泊及湿地的影响不大。     

云南高原湖泊杞麓湖动态演变及景观生态风险评价

  目的  探究气候变化背景下杞麓湖动态演变过程及其流域景观生态风险。  方法  基于1975-2015年8期时序Landsat数据,提取湖泊边界,并解译得到3期流域景观类型分类数据。从湖泊面积、轮廓和质心3个方面对杞麓湖动态演变进行研究,通过划分生态风险采样小区,建立生态风险评价模型,定量分析杞麓湖流域的景观生态风险。  结果  ① 近30 a来,杞麓湖流域景观结构变化特征明显,建设用地和滩涂湿地面积显著增加,农地、林地和水体面积持续减少,未利用地面积变化不大;②近40 a来,杞麓湖处于持续萎缩状态,2015年水体面积仅为面积最大年（1985年）的56.05%;杞麓湖形状体现为连续的复杂变化,以西部和南部的河流入湖口处变化最为明显,东部变化最小;杞麓湖质心主要向东北方向迁移,1975和2015年湖泊质心相距1 242 m;③生态风险评价结果表明:流域以较低生态风险为主,所占比为26.75%~35.09%,1985-2015年生态风险均值由0.957 8增加至1.013 9,流域生态风险趋于恶化。  结论  杞麓湖流域生态风险空间分布具有明显的区位性和异质性,高生态风险主要分布于杞麓湖水体部分,低生态风险主要分布于流域的湖盆之中,其余生态风险主要沿湖盆和湖泊呈块状或带状分布。     

极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系

主要采用ECMWF的地表和大气产品分析了中国西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度与地表能量通量的时间变化特征,同时,结合探空加强观测分析了大气边界层演变的可能因素.得出:西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度呈现出季节性的年际和年代际变化,夏季大气边界层厚度呈下降趋势,春、秋季节呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,冬季以阶段性降低趋势为主,20世纪80年代是大气边界层厚度的转折时期；感热通量是极端干旱区大气边界层发展的主要热力因素；由于夏季净辐射量、地气温差、粗糙度以及风速等因子随时间演变而呈降低趋势,潜热通量呈增加趋势,导致了边界层高度形成的热力作用减弱,边界层厚度降低；同时,粗糙度和风速也是大气边界层发展的主要动力因素,由于边界层粗糙度和风速降低,促使垂直风切变减小,湍流动力作用减弱,也会导致边界层厚度降低.     

Reduced interannual rainfall variability in East Africa during the last ice age

Interannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Africa are tightly linked to the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with more rain and flooding during El Ni?o and droughts in La Ni?a years, both having severe impacts on human habitation and food security. Here we report evidence from an annually laminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for interannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall variability during the last three millennia and for reductions in both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East Africa during the Last Glacial period. Climate model simulations support forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data that future warming will intensify the interannual variability of East Africa's rainfall.