铬在渔业中应用的研究进展

综述了铬在渔业中应用的研究进展,包括铬作为水产养殖饲料添加剂,对水生生物生长、毒性和生理活性的影响,及铬对养殖水体的污染、对渔业生物的危害以及检测方法等等,并提出了今后的研究展望。     

波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性研究

为了研究波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性,向波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)培养液中加入不同质量浓度的重铬酸钾,铬(Ⅵ)浓度依次为:0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 mg/L。每天定时测定波吉卵囊藻藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量以及藻蛋白含量。结果表明波吉卵囊藻在铬浓度≤5.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白含量均增加,且高于空白对照组指标;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度5.0~7.5 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度增多,叶绿素a含量增加;铬离子浓度≤7.5 mg/L时,蛋白含量随着铬离子浓度的增加;也相应增加;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度10.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度不变,叶绿素a含量与蛋白含量增加显著小于空白组。实验得出低浓度铬(Ⅵ)(≤5.0 mg/L)能够促进波吉卵囊藻生长,提高藻胆蛋白和叶绿素a含量,当铬(Ⅵ)浓度超过7.5 mg/L时,藻胆蛋白含量降低,波吉卵囊藻生长受到抑制,并且随着铬离子浓度的增加,抑制作用增大;总体而言,铬离子对波吉卵囊藻生长表现为双重作用,波吉卵囊藻对铬有一定的耐受性。     

铬盐对鲤生长和饲料转化率的影响

以０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬盐饲料饲喂１龄鲤６５ｄ和３月龄鲤３０ｄ,相对生长率分别提高１３．７９％和２０．６９％饲料转化率提高２１．８３％和２６．０％。表明铬盐有促进鱼类生长作用和提高饲料转化率的效应,而铬盐对鱼体营养成分的作用不明显。但铬盐对对高血糖症鱼的作用是低剂量各（２．５μｇ／ｋｇ体重）使血糖明显下降,高剂量（６０μｇ／ｋｇ体重）则使血糖明显升高;铬盐含量０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ饲料使高血糖症鱼的血糖下降     

Effects of chromium yeast,tributyrin and bile acid on growth performance,digestion and metabolism of Channa argus

A 60‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of chromium yeast (CY), tributyrin (TB) and bile acid (BA) on the snakehead (Channa argus). The control (CT) group was fed the basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed 200 mg/kg CY (concentration: 1,000 mg/kg), 2.5 g/kg TB (purity: 45%) or 1 g/kg BA (purity: 30%) in addition to the basal diet. The addition of CY, TB and BA statistically increased the weight gain rate, and specific growth rate, whereas the feeding rate and feed conversion ratio were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). When compared with the CT group, TB elevated the serum glutathion peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity; and BA reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) contents significantly (p < 0.05). The three feed additives reduced intestinal malonaldehyde (MDA) levels dramatically. Tributyrin significantly enhanced intestinal trypsin and pepsin activities (p < 0.05). The activity of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase in the group fed CY was significantly lower than in the CT group. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of the three additives enhanced growth performance of C. argus. Dietary supplementation of CY affected protein, glucose and lipid metabolism. Diets with TB levels improved intestinal digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity. The addition of BA improved glycolipid metabolism.     

吡啶甲酸铬对热应激异育银鲫血清生化指标的影响

选取240尾初始体重为(31.80±1.07)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),分为4组,分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0μ/kg(对照组和热应激1组)、300μg/kg(热应激2组)、600 μg/kg(热应激3组)吡啶甲酸铬(以Cr3+计)的试验饲料,在室内可控温循环水养殖系统中常温(2...     

重金属铬对金鱼的毒性效应及鳃的组织学影响

为了探讨重金属铬 (chromium, Cr) 对鱼类的毒性效应,为环境质量评价及环境监测提供可靠的科学依据。以金鱼 (Carassius auratus) 为受试动物,采用单因子急性毒性实验法及显微观察法,检测了Cr 对金鱼急性毒性作用以及鳃的组织学变化,并统计半数致死浓度 (Median lethal concentration, LC50 )和安全浓度 (SC)。结果表明：Cr 的24h, 48h, 72h, 96h的半致死浓度 (LC50) 分别为387.1 mg/L、370.9 mg/L、281.9 mg/L、200.2 mg/L,安全浓度 (Safe concentration, SC) 为102.176 mg/L。组织切片结果显示：Cr 使鳃小叶细胞脱落,鳃小叶变细。Cr 为中等偏高毒性的重金属污染物,对金鱼的毒性作用是随着体内积累的浓度增加而增强,并可造成鳃组织的严重受损。     

饲料中添加铬对河蟹非特异性免疫力和抗应激能力的影响

研究了饲料中添加铬对河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)非特异性免疫力和抗应激能力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加铬对河蟹的非特异性免疫力没有显著性影响;有机铬组(烟酸铬和蛋氨酸铬)较无机铬组(三氯化铬)显著降低了河蟹血清中肌酸激酶(CK)活力和皮质醇含量(P<0.05),铬添加组(5 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)较未添加组(0 mg/kg)显著降低了河蟹血清中肌酸激酶活力和皮质醇含量(P<0.05)。结论:饲料中添加一定量的有机铬能够提高河蟹的抗应激能力。     

高盐环境下Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系氧化降解效能研究

鉴于亚硫酸盐处理含Cr(VI)废水时会产生氧化性极强的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基，使得亚硫酸盐的消耗量增加，为提高亚硫酸盐的利用率并将产生的活性自由基加以利用，选取了常见的偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)作为目标有机污染物用以捕获产生的活性自由基，以达到含Cr(VI)废水和有机污染废水协同处理的目的。通过紫外可见吸收光谱法和显色法测定AO7、Cr(VI)和亚硫酸盐等各反应物的浓度变化，采用自由基捕获方法鉴定反应中的活性氧化物种。结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系能够在降解AO7的同时，将Cr(VI)转化为Cr(III), S(IV)氧化为硫酸根离子。在[Na2SO3]0=0.5 mM、[Cr6+]0=0.1 mM、pH=3.0条件下，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系对AO7的降解效果最好，反应60 min后，AO7降解率和Cr(VI)的还原率分别为86.1%和82.0%，且氯离子的加入几乎无影响。在反应体系中加入0.1 mM乙醇或叔丁醇后，AO7的降解受到不同程度影响，在Cl?= 0/300 mM条件下，AO7的降解率分别变为56.6%/71.7%和80.7%/81.5%，证明该体系中的主要氧化物为SO4?? 和?OH，且起主要作用的是SO4??。AO7降解实验、可吸附卤代物(AOX)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系在高盐环境下能保持较高的降解效率，且不会增加氯代二次产物的生成，这种新型的氧化降解体系有望在高盐工业废水处理中得到应用。     

高盐环境下Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系氧化降解效能研究

鉴于亚硫酸盐处理含铬Cr(Ⅵ)废水时会产生氧化性极强的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,使得亚硫酸盐的消耗量增加,为提高亚硫酸盐的利用率并将产生的活性自由基加以利用,选取了常见的偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)作为目标有机污染物用以捕获产生的活性自由基,以达到含Cr(Ⅵ)废水和有机污染废水协同处理的目的。通过紫外可见吸收光谱法和显色法测定AO7、Cr(Ⅵ)和亚硫酸盐等各反应物的浓度变化,采用自由基捕获方法鉴定反应中的活性氧化物种。结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系能够在降解AO7的同时,将Cr(Ⅵ)转化为Cr(Ⅲ), S(Ⅳ)氧化为硫酸根离子。在[Na_2SO_3]_0=0.5 mM、[Cr⁶⁺]_0=0.1 mM、pH=3.0条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系对AO7的降解效果最好,反应60 min后,AO7降解率和Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率分别为86.1%和82.0%,且氯离子Cl^-的加入几乎无影响。在反应体系中加入0.1 mM乙醇或叔丁醇后,AO7的降解受到不同程度影响,在Cl^-=0/300 mM条件下,AO7的降解率分别变为56.6%/71.7%和80.7%/81.5%,证明该体系中的主要氧化物为SO■和·OH,且起主要作用的是SO■。AO7降解实验、可吸附卤代物(AOX)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系在高盐环境下能保持较高的降解效率,且不会增加氯代二次产物的生成,这种新型的氧化降解体系有望在高盐工业废水处理中得到应用。     

地下海水池塘六价铬还原菌的多样性研究

从六价铬超标的地下海水池塘中采集底泥,以2216E培养基添加重铬酸钾为手段,筛选出对六价铬离子具有抗性的特异菌株。用细菌通用16SrDNA引物进行PCR扩增,PCR产物纯化后连接pMD18-T载体,导入大肠杆菌感受态细胞。然后对插入片段测序获得分离培养菌株的16SrDNA碱基全序列。通过NCBI比对,对分离的抗性菌株进行分子鉴定,确定其所属的分类地位。用PHYLIP软件,对16SrDNA碱基序列构建系统进化树,分析地下海水池塘六价铬还原菌的多样性。试验结果获得8株对六价铬有明显抗性的菌株,测序后发现8株菌为不同种的菌株,16SrDNA核酸序列相似度为88%,与已发表的序列或菌株的相似性为98%以上,属于6个属的8个不同的种。研究结果表明,铬超标地下海水池塘的活性底泥中六价铬抗性细菌菌株多样性十分丰富,通过进一步的还原性研究,可以筛选出对六价铬有还原特性的抗性菌株。     

铬对鲤、草鱼胚胎发育及鱼苗的毒性影响

以水体不同浓度铬（CrCl3.6H2O)处理草鲤鱼卵和鱼苗,观察铬对鱼卵的发育和鱼苗的毒性作用,结果表明：铬处理组浓度高于（2mg/L)对鱼苗,鱼胚发育有毒性作用;染毒7天内,10mgCr/L组鱼苗致死率30％,草,鲤鱼卵孵化率分别下降46％和88．9％,15mgCr/L组草鱼苗致死率达100％,鱼卵孵化率为零,两种鱼对铬的耐受量无明显差异。     

长江朱杨江段几种鱼类体内重金属铅、镉和铬含量的研究

2010年7-10月和2011年4月在长江干流朱杨江段采集8种鱼样本,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vach-elli)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲇(Silus asotus)、圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)和鲫鱼(Cyprinus auratus)等6种鱼的3龄样本4～8尾,铜鱼1～4龄样本32尾,圆口铜鱼1～3龄样本38尾。对各样本体内铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)的含量进行了检测。结果显示,所有鱼体样本体内均检测到存在这3种重金属离子。其中3龄组鱼体内Pb的平均含量为(1.885～2.731)μg/g,Cd的平均含量为(0.107～0.236)μg/g,Cr的平均含量为(0.514～0.918)μg/g。8种鱼类体内所含Pb和Cd均超过我国食品安全标准,而Cr含量均未超标。对铜鱼和圆口铜鱼不同年龄组间的Pb、Cd和Cr含量进行了比较。Pb在铜鱼3龄组体内的含量与2龄组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于1龄组(P<0.05);2龄组和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Pb在圆口铜鱼3龄组的含量显著高于2龄和1龄组(P<0.05),但2龄和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Cd和Cr在两种鱼各自不同年龄组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。回归分析显示,Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量与体长或体重均存在着极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),Cd的含量与体长或体重之间仅在圆口铜鱼中存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);而在这两种鱼中Cr的含量与体长或体重之间的相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,长江朱杨江段该8种鱼体均受到重金属Pb和Cd污染;Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量表现出了随年龄增长而增加的生物积累作用,Cd仅在圆口铜鱼中表现出了与年龄相关的生物累积作用。     

水体铬暴露对南方鲇生长、代谢和铬累积分布的影响

以南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼(19.75±0.12 g)为研究对象,以K_2Cr_2O_7作为毒物源,在(27.5±0.5)℃条件下分别进行了急性暴露和慢性暴露的毒理效应实验。通过急性暴露实验,测得该种鱼的96h半致死浓度值(96 h LC_(50))为56.24 mg/L。在水体Cr浓度分别为0(对照组)、0.937 mg/L(96 h LC_(50)的1/60)和1.875 mg/L(96 h LC_(50)的1/30)条件下,进行了为期8周的慢性暴露实验。结果表明,实验鱼体的特定体重生长率、肥满度和肝脏指数随着Cr浓度的升高而显著降低,肾脏指数随Cr浓度的升高而显著升高;两个Cr浓度组鱼体的蛋白质和能量密度均显著低于对照组,(1/30)96 h LC_(50)浓度组鱼体的脂肪含量显著低于对照组,而前者的水分含量则显著高于后者。两个Cr浓度组鱼体的静止代谢率均显著高于对照组。经过8周水体Cr暴露处理后,实验鱼体的各器官组织中Cr的累积含量均显著高于对照组,其累积含量的顺序均为肾鳃肝肠全鱼脑肌肉;(1/60)96 h LC_(50)和(1/30)96 h LC_(50)浓度组的肾脏的Cr累积含量显著高于其他组织,肌肉的Cr累积含量均显著低于其他组织;鳃组织中Cr含量相对于对照组的增加幅度大大高于其他组织的增幅。     

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on serum glucose, cholesterol and minerals of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effect of chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) supplementation at various levels (0, 400, 800 or 1600 μg Cr/kg diet) on serum concentrations of glucose and cholesterol and on serum and liver concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu and Fe of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated. One-year-old rainbow trout (n=120) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each with two replicates of 15 fish. The fish were fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with either 400, 800 or 1600 μg Cr/kg diet. Serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations decreased (p=0.001) with higher dietary chromium supplementation. Increasing dietary chromium supplementation linearly increased serum chromium and zinc concentrations (p=0.001). Serum copper and iron concentrations did not change (p>0.10) as dietary chromium supplementation increased. Liver chromium and zinc concentrations linearly increased (p=0.001). Also, liver Cu and Fe concentrations did not change (p>0.10) as dietary chromium supplementation increased. The results of present study conclude that supplemental chromium to the diet of rainbow trout influences serum and liver Cr and Zn concentrations, thus most probably functions of the organs as well as the welfare of raibow trout.     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定养殖海水中六价铬几种条件比较

通过标准曲线、定量限、准确度、精密度和加标回收率等试验比较不同条件对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定养殖海水中六价铬含量的试验结果的影响.结果显示:从定量限、准确度、精密度和加标回收率等角度综合考虑,3种曲线配制基底、4种显色剂及除磷酸、盐酸、高氯酸和醋酸以外的4种酸体系的使用都可以很好地满足试验要求,准确度高,重现性好.但从操作简单和经济环保方面考虑,以水配制标准曲线的方式及含乙醇显色剂的应用更加适用于养殖海水中六价铬测定,值得推广使用.     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定养殖海水中六价铬几种条件比较

通过标准曲线、定量限、准确度、精密度和加标回收率等试验比较不同条件对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定养殖海水中六价铬含量的试验结果的影响.结果显示:从定量限、准确度、精密度和加标回收率等角度综合考虑,3种曲线配制基底、4种显色剂及除磷酸、盐酸、高氯酸和醋酸以外的4种酸体系的使用都可以很好地满足试验要求,准确度高,重现性好.但从操作简单和经济环保方面考虑,以水配制标准曲线的方式及含乙醇显色剂的应用更加适用于养殖海水中六价铬测定,值得推广使用.     

Effects of dietary chromium yeast and astaxanthin on the growth performance,anti-oxidative capacity,and resistance to heat stress of abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Aquaculture International - This study was aimed at evaluating whether dietary chromium yeast (CrYst) and astaxanthin (ASTA) could enhance the growth performance, anti-oxidative capacity, and...     

Effect of supplemental dietary chromium and vanadium on the utilization of different carbohydrates in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus

Diets containing 40% glucose or starch with either 2 ppm chromium (Cr), 2 ppm vanadium (V) or without either supplement were fed to tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus, to investigate the effect of Cr and V on carbohydrate utilization. Each diet was fed to three aquaria with 18 fish/aquarium in a recirculating, filtered rearing system for 8 weeks. Results indicated that weight gain, protein and energy deposition were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish fed the starch diet than in those fed the glucose diet. Chromium supplementation significantly increased the weight gain, energy deposition and liver glycogen content in fish fed the glucose diet. Delayed plasma glucose plateau and significantly higher body lipid content were observed in fish fed the glucose diet with Cr than in those without the Cr supplementation.     

Effect of dietary chromium picolinate on growth performance and blood parameters in grass carp fingerling, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis>

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary chromium picolinate supplement on growth and haematology parameters of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Six diets with increasing dietary chromium picolinate levels 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg kg⁻¹ were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial weight of 12.78 ± 1.16 g, mean ± SD) in a flow water system for 10 weeks. Fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹ had significantly improved weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention (PR). Fish fed high-chromium diets exhibited lower whole-body crude lipid contents than fish fed low-chromium diets. Liver glycogen concentrations for fish fed the diet with 0.2 mg Cr kg⁻¹ was the highest (77.67 mg g⁻¹). Fish fed the diet supplemented with 1.6 and 3.2 mg Cr kg⁻¹ had significantly lower liver glycogen concentrations than other groups (P < 0.05). The highest serum insulin concentrations were observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹, but serum insulin concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) when dietary supplementation of chromium was higher than 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹. Cholesterol concentrations decreased in direct proportion to dietary chromium level and achieved the lowest level when the fish were fed the 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹ diet, but increased when the fish were fed the diet with more than 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹ (P < 0.05). Fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg⁻¹ had higher triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations compared to other treatments. The results of the present study suggested that chromium picolinate could modify serum carbohydrate and lipid metabolism profile, and that the optimal dietary chromium level was 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ for grass carp according to growth.