三种佐剂对奶山羊乳房炎灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响

为筛选奶山羊乳房炎灭活疫苗的有效佐剂,以大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌及产色葡萄球菌为材料,经甲醛37℃灭活,分别与铝胶盐、蜂胶和转移因子混合,制备铝胶盐佐剂疫苗、蜂胶佐剂疫苗和转移因子佐剂疫苗,免疫泌乳期奶山羊,免疫剂量为2mL,共免疫2次,免疫间隔14d。分别在免疫前及每次免疫后第10天采集血样和乳样,ELISA测定抗体效价,用快速诊断液检测隐性乳房炎,统计隐性乳房炎检出率。结果显示,铝胶盐佐剂疫苗刺激机体产生的抗体水平在首免和二免后均显著高于对照组(P0.05);3个免疫组中,铝胶盐组抗体水平最高,转移因子组次之,蜂胶组则不显著;铝胶盐佐剂疫苗还能显著降低隐性乳房炎的检出率,使隐性乳房炎检出率由免疫前的60%下降至二免后的30%。结果表明,同蜂胶和转移因子相比,铝胶盐佐剂能刺激机体产生更强的体液免疫应答,对隐性乳房炎的治疗效果更显著。     

关中奶山羊隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

为摸清近年来陕西关中奶山羊隐性乳房炎病原菌种类,利用奶山羊隐性乳房炎诊断试剂盒对陕西富平关中奶山羊进行随机抽样检测,采集乳房炎阳性乳样进行细菌的分离与鉴定.结果显示,从364份阳性样品中共分离出337株细菌,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌186株,占所分菌的55.2％;金黄色葡萄球菌50株,占所分菌的14.8％;乳房链球菌24株,占所分细菌的7.1％;猪链球菌9株,占所分细菌的2.7％;大肠埃希菌61株,占所分细菌的18.1％;其他细菌7株,占所分细菌的2.1％.表明凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是引起奶山羊隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌,其次是大肠埃希菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,链球菌.本研究结果为奶山羊乳房炎防治和鲜乳质量控制提供了重要的依据.     

关中奶山羊乳房炎灭活菌苗的制备及其免疫效果测定

对自制乳房炎疫苗免疫后的抗体效价进行评估.用甲醛37℃过夜灭活大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌,分别制备蜂胶灭活疫苗、转移因子灭活苗及无佐剂疫苗,接种泌乳期奶山羊后,分别在不同时间采集免疫羊的血清和乳汁,ELISA测定血清大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌的抗体效价.研究结果显示,大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌经甲醛灭活彻底;与免疫前相比,血清和乳汁中的...     

陕西省部分地区山羊隐性乳房炎调查及灭活苗效果观察

在对陕北白绒山羊和关中奶山羊乳房炎阳性率调查的基础上,以乳房炎山羊乳中分离的大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌制成二联灭活疫苗,对处于妊娠期的陕北白绒山羊进行免疫接种,观察制备的灭活疫苗对陕北白绒山羊的免疫效果。结果显示,陕北白绒山羊乳房炎发病率(11.5%)显著低于关中奶山羊(66%),说明山羊乳房炎发病率受不同经济用途和环境因素的影响。免疫试验结果显示,免疫后14d和28d,免疫山羊抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗体水平均显著高于免疫前的水平(P<0.5),表明制备的乳房炎二联疫苗能有效激发山羊机体的体液免疫应答,刺激机体产生高水平的抗体,研究结果对不同品种山羊乳房炎的防控和乳房炎疫苗的研发具有重要的参考意义。     

拉萨市林周县牦牛乳样理化指标及乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

为研究西藏拉萨市林周县牦牛乳理化指标和乳房炎主要病原菌,采集牦牛乳样品100份,开展乳理化指标和主要病原菌检测。采用CMT法筛选隐性乳房炎病例,针对筛选出隐性乳房炎阳性乳样20份进行病原菌分离鉴定,共分离出11种52株细菌,通过鉴定,其中包含4株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,10株金黄色葡萄球菌,2株停乳链球菌,2株乳房链球菌,1株粪链球菌,8株无乳链球菌,6株大肠埃希菌,4株真菌。乳房炎63.5%的病例是由链球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌引起,结果证实,链球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌是导致林周县牦牛乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

奶山羊乳房炎主要致病菌的分离鉴定及防治措施

[目的]对山东临沂地区某奶山羊养殖场乳房炎主要致病菌进行分离鉴定,并探究其药敏性。[方法]本试验采集山东临沂地区某奶山羊养殖场中的患乳房炎奶山羊乳样,通过细菌培养基培养法进行致病菌分离,并使用PCR扩增技术进行测序和数据库对比鉴定病菌,通过Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法测定大肠埃希菌和金黄葡萄球菌对临床实践中常用抗生素的耐药性。[结果]通过分离鉴定共得到109株致病菌,其中大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌占比最多,分别为41.28%和28.44%。耐药性结果表明,大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和克林霉素具有较高耐药性,而对喹诺酮类抗生素和头孢菌素类抗生素较敏感,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢噻肟钠敏感性最高,为97.0%,而大肠埃希菌对氧氟沙星敏感性最高,为73.8%。提示可以使用这两种抗生素药物治疗该场的奶山羊乳房炎。[结论]该养殖场奶山羊乳房炎细菌性病原主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌,分别对头孢噻肟钠和氧氟沙星最为敏感,推荐临床使用治疗。     

关中奶山羊乳房炎病理模型的建立

为建立关中奶山羊乳房炎模型,用分离的乳房炎病原菌,按照大肠埃希菌3×103 cfu/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌3×102 cfu/mL剂量,分别对关中奶山羊进行乳头管灌注.在不同时间点,观察测定产奶量、精神状况、食欲、乳汁外观、乳房性状、体温、体细胞数(LMT法)等指标,并进行病理学检查和病原菌分离鉴定.结果显示,攻菌后奶山...     

奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离及药敏试验

选择某牛场50头临床健康奶牛,采用CMT法进行隐性乳房炎检测,其中28头奶牛患有隐性乳房炎,发病率为56%;在被检的200个乳样中患有隐性乳房炎的乳区84个,乳区阳性率为42%。对阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,从28头患有隐性乳房炎的奶牛的84个乳样中检出13种共98个菌株,其中葡萄球菌44个,占44.90%;金黄色葡萄球菌32个,占32.65%;链球菌20个,占20.40%;大肠埃希菌11个,占11.22%。由葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠埃希菌引起的乳房炎占整个比例的75.51%。表明引起奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原菌以葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,而且单纯由某一种病原菌引起的病例较少,多数是由2～3种甚至是3种以上的病原菌引起,混合感染率为83.33%。药敏试验结果表明,临床使用较多的青霉素和链霉素对奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌有较强的耐药性,而对庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星和林可霉素等药物则较为敏感。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

对西安地区某些奶牛场50头乳房炎阳性奶牛的50个乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,共分离出细菌122株,鉴定出17种细菌。其中葡萄球菌检出47次,占38.53%;链球菌检出22次,占18.04%;大肠埃希菌检出15次,占12.30%;由葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠埃希菌引起的乳房炎检出次数,占68.87%。引起该地区奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,且多数是由2种~3种病原菌引起,混合感染率为78%。     

新疆地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的流行病学调查

对新疆地区奶牛乳房炎(包括隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎)进行了发病率和致病菌进行了流行病学调查。结果发现新疆地区7个牧场隐性乳房炎发病率在11.3%~28.8%。大部分乳房炎发病为单一细菌感染引起。隐性乳房炎中共分离得到9个不同种属的病原菌,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌和无乳链球菌为最常见。临床乳房炎样品中共分离得到11个不同种属的样品,流行度最高的四种病原菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。在隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎样品中均分离得到了金黄色葡萄球菌。     

奶牛乳房炎抗生素防治失败原因探讨

奶牛乳房炎主要由病原微生物引起,抗生素的应用在奶牛乳房炎控制中起了重要作用。本文着重从病原微生物—宿主—抗生素三个方面及相互作用关系中论述了奶牛乳房炎抗生素治疗失败的机制,包括:抗生素的选择、吸收、分布及抗生素的细胞内分布;细菌的被动选择、耐药性和细胞内寄生;细菌对吞噬细胞功能的影响,抗生素对吞噬细胞功能的影响及乳腺的重新感染。     

Genetic associations between somatic cell score and pathogen‐specific subclinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cows

The aim of this study was to estimate heritabilities of and genetic correlations between pathogen‐specific subclinical mastitis (SCM) traits and lactation mean somatic cell score (LSCS) in Norwegian Red cattle. Based on data from 130 733 first‐lactation cows four binary pathogen‐specific SCM traits, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and coagulase‐negative staphylococci SCM, were analysed together with unspecific SCM and LSCS using a multivariate sire model with threshold models for binary traits and a linear model for LSCS. Posterior means (SD) of heritabilities were 0.17 (0.01) for LSCS, 0.11 (0.01) for liability to unspecific SCM and ranged from 0.04 (Staph. aureus) to 0.14 (Strep. dysgalactiae) for liability to pathogen‐specific SCM. Genetic correlations were positive and moderate to high, ranging from 0.37 to 0.98. All genetic correlations except the one between LSCS and unspecific SCM were lower than 1, indicating that SCM caused by different pathogens can be considered as partly different traits.     

奶牛乳房炎研究现状

回顾了近几年来有关奶牛乳房炎的研究情况 ,综述了乳房炎对奶牛饲养业的危害和造成的损失 ,发病奶牛所表现的临床症状及乳汁性质的变化 ,以及诊断奶牛隐性乳房炎常用的方法。阐述了该病发病的原因和发病规律。该病的发生在不同年龄的奶牛差异显著 ,同一奶牛的不同乳区也有一定差异 ;该病常见病原有金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌等 ;季节、气温等因素对该病的发生有显著的影响 ;微量元素的缺乏可以使易感奶牛发病。另外 ,乳房炎的发生还与管理因素有一定关系。文章还总结了针对该病的部分治疗措施 ,表明环丙沙星、转移因子以及中药如丹参等在对该病的治疗效果比较明显     

Genetic analyses of pathogen-specific mastitis

The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of genetic variation for susceptibility to pathogen-specific mastitis and to examine whether haplotypes of an identified quantitative trait locus with effect on unspecific mastitis resistance had different effects on specific mastitis pathogens. Bacteriological data on mastitis pathogens were obtained from the diagnostic laboratory at the Swedish National Veterinary Institute. The data were mainly from subclinical cases of mastitis but also clinical cases were included. Variance components were estimated for incidence of the six most frequent pathogens using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methodology via Gibbs sampling. Genetic variation for susceptibility to pathogen-specific mastitis was higher compared to estimates of general resistance to clinical mastitis in most other studies. However, because of the non-random nature of data collection, comparisons to other studies should be made by caution. The effect of haplotype on the risk of being infected by a given mastitis pathogen, relative to other pathogens, was studied using an allele substitution model. Although there were no significant haplotype substitution effects on the resistance to any of the six mastitis pathogens, there was a significant difference between the effects of two of the haplotypes regarding the risk of acquiring a Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection.     

"乳源康"对奶牛乳房炎的疗效研究

为验证"乳源康"对奶牛乳房炎的疗效,以青、链霉素为对照药,乳房灌注给药,在奶牛场试用3年,"乳源康"治疗组共收治各类型临床乳房炎病牛1 638头次,2 203个乳区,治愈率为93.3%,总有效率为96.7%,平均疗程4.5 d.青、链霉素对照组共收治各类型临床乳房炎病牛276头次,359个乳区,治愈率为56.3%,总有效率为77.4%,平均疗程12 d;用"乳源康"治疗隐性乳房炎4 031例,用药1次～2次临床治愈率为100%;通过对56个患病乳区"乳源康"用药前后的细菌削减状况的检查,细菌转阴率为71.74%.因此,用"乳源康"治疗奶牛乳房炎安全、高效.     

"乳炎必治注射液"对母畜乳房炎的疗效观察

乳炎必治注射液系纯中草药制剂。经临床大面积推广应用表明，乳炎必治试用于奶牛、奶山羊、猪、兔等家畜的乳房炎和产后疾病。共收治母猪73400头，其中治愈68300头，治愈率为93．10％；好转3300头，总有效率为97．55％。治疗母兔27600只，治愈25500只，治愈率为92．40％；好转1300只，有效率为97．10％；奶牛1200头，治愈1080头，治愈率为90．00％，好转94头，有效率为97．83％；奶山羊680只，治愈540只，治愈率为79．41％，好转11只，有效率为95．59％。同时对无名高热、产后综合症及仔畜黄、白痢亦有较好的效果。     

我国奶牛乳房炎无乳链球菌抗生素耐药性研究

为了查明我国奶牛乳房炎无乳链球菌对抗生素耐药情况,指导临床合理用药,从我国部分地区奶牛场采集的临床型奶牛乳房炎病乳中分离鉴定出无乳链球菌115株,采用K-B纸片法测定了这些菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明,无乳链球菌对目前临床上使用的大部分抗生素,如头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、强力霉素、麦迪霉素、林可霉素、氟苯尼考、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星、氟哌酸、氨苄青霉素/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟/棒酸和头孢他啶/棒酸均比较敏感;但对青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林/棒酸和复方新诺明等有一定耐药性,其耐药率达50%～100%。     

Interpretation of California mastitis test scores using Staphylococcus aureus culture results for screening of subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Screening of subclinical mastitis under field conditions is done using the California mastitis test (CMT). CMT score of ≥1 corresponding to ≥500,000 somatic cells ml⁻¹ is commonly used as threshold of subclinical mastitis in temperate countries. However, given the innately high physiological level of somatic cells in low yielding dairy cows, this threshold may not apply to low yielding dairy cows. The current study was undertaken to investigate the clinical utility of CMT for screening of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in Tanzania. A total of 1151 of quarter-milk samples were CMT tested, of these 914-originated from cows with a lactation period of 14–305 days. All samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by the CMT as well as microbiological culture of single, duplicate (two consecutive) and triplicate (three consecutive) samples as a gold standard. For the duplicate and triplicate quarter-samples, cows were considered positive for S. aureus subclinical mastitis if results of microbiologic culture for S. aureus were positive for two of two, and for at least two of the first three consecutive quarter-milk samples collected from that cow, respectively. Using a CMT score of ≥1 would classify 78.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. Eighty-two percent of the samples in which S. aureus was isolated had CMT scores ≥2; this would classify 51.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. For the single sample, this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio for S. aureus of 0.87, 0.83 and 4.24, respectively. For the duplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of 0.94, 0.86, and 5.19. While, for the triplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 0.97, 0.92 and 7.47, respectively. Based on these results and practical considerations, it is concluded that CMT score of ≥2 corresponding to ≥800,000 somatic cells Ml⁻¹ is the best cut-off to correctly identify S. aureus intramammary infections in low yielding dairy cows in Tanzania.     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的疗效研究

以85头患乳房炎奶牛共104个乳区为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组26个,分别用重组溶葡萄球菌酶粉低（200U／乳区）、中（400U／乳区）、高（800U／乳区）三个剂量,对照组为青霉素G钠（160万IU／乳区）,每天早晚挤奶后乳池灌注给药,共4d,研究不同剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果。试验结果显示,低、中、高剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶均能有效清除感染乳区的链球菌、葡萄球菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等G^＋菌,大幅降低牛奶中的白细胞数,提高日产奶量。其中低剂量组对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率略优于青霉素G钠（P〉0．05）;中、高剂量对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率显著优于青霉素G钠（P〈0．05）;中、高剂量的疗效相当（P〉0．05）。重组溶葡萄球菌酶是一种很好的治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎备选药物。