热带季节雨林林窗不同热力作用面的热力特征

利用热带季节雨林林窗区域小气候要素的观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域不同热力作用面的热力特征.在西双版纳雾凉季,热带季节雨林与次生林相似,其林窗边缘壁面具有不可忽视的热力作用,是林窗区域除林冠面、林窗地表面和林内地表面之外的新的热力作用面.由于林窗边缘树木高度的影响,其东侧、北侧林缘壁面热力效应最大区域出现位置高于次生林林窗,而热力效应强度小于次生林林窗.其结果可为进一步研究林窗小气候形成机制提供研究基础,为研究林窗更新及生物多样性影响提供科学参考.     

采伐方式对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复的影响

比较3种采伐方式(重复采伐、径级择伐和采育择伐)对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复群落中物种多样性、群落结构和功能群组成的影响。结果表明:3种方式采伐后(20～25年)的山地雨林恢复群落物种丰富度呈增加趋势,主要表现为小径级(胸径<10cm)的长寿命先锋种增加;与老龄林相比,径级采伐和采育择伐没有增加伐后林中成年树的物种丰富度;3种采伐恢复林中幼树和小树的物种累积速度低于老龄林;森林采伐后恢复群落中的个体密度显著高于老龄林,但胸高截面积显著低于老龄林;伐后林群落中胸高截面积减少最多的为采育择伐,其次为径级择伐和重复采伐;森林采伐恢复群落内长寿命先锋种的物种丰富度、个体密度和胸高截面积均增加,而后期耐荫种物种丰富度变化较小;采育择伐在短期降低了森林木材蓄积量,但没有显著改变群落中功能群组成,因而能够在相对较短的时间内恢复到干扰前的水平。     

西双版纳普文的山地雨林及其生态演替

以普文热带北缘季风气候的地带性植被山地雨林为中心，通过调查与其生态相关的次生林类型和人为控制的人工林，分析比较了它们的种类组成、群落结构、群落生态特征和生态系列关系。还分析了山地雨林在当地群落中的生态位置及其动态变化；同时，探讨了各群落之间的演替关系和恢复山地雨林的途径。     

西双版纳西南桦人工群落植物区系比较研究

在山地雨林采伐迹地更新的13年生西南桦人工林有维管束植物109种,分属59科92属,其科属及其区系成分的数量组成已超过山地雨林(维管束植物有83种,48科76属).西南桦人工群落科、属的分布区类型组成均以热带分布为主,分别占总科数和总属数的57.63%～60.61%和80.43%～82.15%,科、属分布区类型的温带成分分别占9.09%～11.87%和10.87%～14.28%,说明普文西南桦人工群落植物区系热带性质显著,具有明显的热带北缘性质.研究同时表明,随着森林恢复,西南桦人工群落热带分布成分具有增加趋势,人工林植物区系的丰富度与原生植被和次生植被状况密切相关.     

西双版纳热带人工林群落结构及生态功能恢复的研究

对西双版纳普文的 6种热带人工林群落进行了近 10 0个典型的筑巢式配套样地调查。在了解 6种人工林林况的基础上 ,分析了其种类组成、林分结构和生态学特征 ,并与当地自然的热带山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林及“黄余水”次生林进行了一系列的群落生态特征对比。认识到 6种人工林都具有显著的生物多样性恢复功能 ,其中以山桂花林 (ParamicheliabailloniiForest)的恢复效果最好。通过分析还看出它们的生物多样性恢复能力正在提高。     

热带森林林窗湿热季气温分布特征的初步研究

林窗是群落演替的起始地，其本身的特征影响着环境因子，进而影响森林的结构、物种组成、种群动态等.利用西双版纳湿热季次生林林窗的实测气温资料，探讨该林窗气温的分布特征.结果表明热带次生林林窗4个方位不同位置的气温日变化具有2～3个峰值；日平均气温的高低顺序是林窗边缘＞扩展林窗边缘＞林内；林窗内气温日较差较小；林窗内不同位置相对林窗中央具有增加低温和降低高温的效应，这种增温效应(0.4～0.6℃)较降温效应(-1.4～-1.5℃)弱.其结果可为林窗小气候形成机制及森林群落的演替与更新等提供科学依据.     

西双版纳热带人工林群落结构及生态功能恢复的研究

对西双版纳普文的6种热带人工林群落进行了近100个典型的筑巢式配套样本调查。在了解6种人工林林况的基础上，分析了其种类组成，林分结构和生态学特征，并与当地自然的热带山地雨林，季风常绿阔叶林及“黄余水”次生林进行了一系列的群落生态特征对比。认识到6种人工林都具有显著的生物多样性恢复功能，其中以山桂花水（Paramichelia baillonii Forest)的恢复效果最好。通过分析还看出它们的生物多样性恢复能力正在提高。     

海南霸王岭陆均松类热带山地雨林伐后林结构与物种多样性研究

霸王岭林区是海南岛最典型的热带山地雨林分布区.在该区,现存分布面积最广、资源数量最大的是热带山地雨林的各种伐后林.以霸王岭分布最广的以陆均松(Dacridium pierrii)为主的山地雨林的伐后林为对象,研究了其组成、径级、高度结构和物种多样性特征,对比分析了伐后林与原始林以及伐后林不同类型之间的异同.结果表明:原始热带山地雨林经采伐后中小乔木和灌木的优势度增大,而大乔木树种的优势度则明显下降.阳性树种的种类、数量和相对重要性随采伐破坏的程度而增加.伐后林中矮、小树木在林分中比例随采伐破坏的程度增加,而高、大树木,特别是进入主林层树木的比例则随采伐破坏的程度明显下降.从林分测树因子的变化来看,采育择伐和径级择伐的林分要优于大强度择伐和皆伐的林分.原始林的物种丰富度大于伐后林,但其多样性指数和均匀度指数大都小于伐后林.组成上与原始林相似性较大的伐后林是各种择伐后的林分,而皆伐后的林分与原始林在组成上已有很大差别.     

西南桦人工林的群落特性研究

西南桦是我国西南热带山地及南亚热带地区的具有巨大发展潜力的速生阔叶造林树种。以西双版纳普文试验林场营造的7~12年生的西南桦人工林为对象,从该人工林群落的种类组成特征、林地的土壤肥力状况、人工林的病虫害观察等方面,并与当地的山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林和热带次生林3种天然林作比较,对西南桦人工林的群落特性进行了研究。结果表明,西南桦人工林所形成的森林生态系统具有良好的生态恢复功能。     

塞罕坝森林可持续经营对策探讨

根据塞罕坝林场森林经营的实际情况，按照森林可持续经营的观点，对塞罕坝林场今后的森林经营提出了科学规划、合理布局，改进次改迹地和次生林的抚育经营管理，实行采伐迹地更新项目责任承诺制，对偏远难地段的人工林间伐加大采伐强度，人工林间伐适当保留林下灌木与人工林经营采伐避免集中连片等有针对性的可持续经营对策。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。