有机硅防水剂对石膏刨花板性能的影响

主要讨论了添加有机硅防水剂对石膏刨花板物理力学性能的影响。研究表明,添加适量的有机硅防水剂能提高石膏刨花板的防水性能,并对板的内结合强度、静曲强度和弹性模量有一定的改进。     

阻燃剂的种类及添加方法对刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了不同的阻燃剂及不同施加方法对刨花板阻燃性能的影响。试验结果表明:①单独使用硼系阻燃剂或磷-氮系阻燃剂(P-N),当其添加量在≤9刨花板的阻燃性会随着阻燃剂添加量的增加而提高。板也具有较好的物理力学性能。当阻燃剂的添加量>12％时,板阻燃性的提高不明显,板的物理力学性能却明显降低。②同样,当混合阻燃剂在适当的范围内,刨花板具有高的阻燃性和好的物理力学性能。③阻燃剂的添加方法对刨花板的阻燃性和物理力学性能也有一定的影响。本试验中添加方法1和2制的板具有好的阻燃性和高的物理力学性能。方法4的板具有较低的胶合性能是由于胶粘剂中的大分子阻燃剂影响脲醛树脂胶的胶合。     

石膏刨花板耐水性能的初步研究

本文主要研究了水泥对石膏刨花板耐水性能和物理力学性能的影响,同时,还研究了加入水泥后以及在杨木冷水抽提物和水泥同时存在的条件下石膏的水化过程。研究结果表明:加入适量的水泥可明显提高石膏刨花板的耐水性能;水泥也影响石膏的水化过程。     

防火耐水型桉树复合板材生产工艺研究

本研究以桉树木片为主要原料,采用型模浇注工艺生产防火耐水型水基复合板材,探讨了木灰比、水灰比、树脂、外加剂、耐水剂、着色剂条件对板材性能的影响。结果表明：水灰比和木灰比对板的盛开野性板材力学性能影响显著;添加适量树脂、外加剂和耐水剂能有效地改善板材;充足的水分和碱性养护条件有利于提高板材的最终强度。木灰比０．３;水灰比０．３５;树脂、水泥外加剂和耐水剂的用量分别为水泥重量的５％～１０％、０．４％～     

加热法对石膏刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了加热温度和加压时间对石膏刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明石膏固化时加适量的热量有助于提高石膏刨花板的性能;加热温度较高时石膏刨花板的性能比常温条件下压制的板的性能低。石膏固化时是吸热反应,石膏刨花板加压固化时,外加一定的热量有助于提高石膏的固化强度,因此板具有较好的物理力学性能。     

湿地松制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究

以湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｉｏｔｉ）为原料制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究,采用正交试验方法,分析了施胶量、板坯含水率、热压温度及热压时间对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：板坯含水率及热压时间对试验板质量影响较大,热压温度及施胶量的影响较小。采用适宜的工艺,即板坯含水率在１０％、热压温度１６５℃、热压时间５ｍｉｎ,施胶量可以降至８％～９％,试验板的各项物理力学性能可以达到国标特级品的要求。     

阻燃处理和制板工艺对阻燃刨花板性能的影响

研究了施加阻燃剂刨花的干燥温度对板的氧指数的影响;有机阻燃剂和无机阻燃剂的添加量对刨花板阻燃性和物理力学性能的影响,以及热压工艺对刨花板阻燃性和物理力学性能的影响。     

TRB混凝土减水剂的研制与应用

利用栲胶废渣,与焦化厂废液制成一种引气型混凝土减水剂。经试验室及工程应用实践,这种减水剂按水泥用量的0.5～0.75％添加,混凝土具有显著的减水、早强、增强效果,物理力学性能大大改善。在425~#水泥中,混凝土减水率为15～20％;三天抗压强度提高30～40％,七天抗压强度提高30～70％;二十八天抗压强度提高20～30％。混凝土的抗拉强度,弹性模量与钢筋粘结力,抗冻性与抗渗性均相应提高,干缩值与空白混凝土近似。减水剂对不同水泥厂生产的普通硅酸盐水泥,矿渣水泥以及小窑水泥具有较好的适应性。生产这种减水剂,不仅原料来源丰富,生产工艺、设备简单,价格便宜,而且有利于资源综合利用“三废”治理。     

PVAc添加量对热压法快速固化水泥刨花板性能的影响

以杨木刨花为原料,42.5#普通硅酸盐水泥为无机胶黏剂,Na2SiO3为快速固化添加剂,研究添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液胶对热压快固水泥刨花板性能的影响.结果表明:①添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液可显著改善板材的物理力学性能;②要保证热压法快速固化水泥刨花板达到较理想的物理力学性能,应将板材在卸压后的回弹率控制在≤10%的范围内.     

矿渣碎料板生产工艺

矿渣碎料板(商品名:经济水泥碎料板)是一种由钢铁工业得到的矿渣所生产的水泥和木质碎料制成的建筑板材。碎料、水泥、添加剂和水胶合在一起且压制成板,其容重约为1300kg/m~3。板的重量中含木材30%,水泥70%,而板的体积中含木材70%,水泥30%。矿渣碎料板的物理力学性能如下:     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。