基于全国耕地消纳的畜禽粪便特征分布与环境承载力预警分析

为加快畜禽养殖行业粪污资源化利用,促进畜牧业可持续发展,及时掌握畜禽粪便的特征分布,对有效防控养殖区域环境的污染尤为重要。目前多数畜禽粪便污染研究都是基于省市区域尺度,而进行全国尺度的研究相对较少。本文运用排污系数法,以中国畜牧年鉴数据为计算基础,估算出2016年全国31个省份畜禽粪便的产生量、污染物产生量及污染物流失量。在此基础上,分析全国2016年畜禽粪便的排放分布特征,并将不同畜种的粪尿产生量统一换算为猪粪当量,计算出单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载负荷及预警值,参照相关标准得到2016年全国各省所对应的预警级别。结果表明:2016年全国畜禽粪便总产生量为246 836万t,其中牛粪产量最多,家禽粪产生量最少;所研究的31个省份中四川省、河南省、山东省的粪便产生量较多。假设产生的粪便可以利用当年的有效耕地消纳,则2016年31个省份畜禽粪便平均单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载力负荷为19.55,单位耕地面积猪粪当量预警均值为0.49。本文所测算的31个省份中大部分省份预警值处于无环境威胁预警级别(Ⅰ级),但北京市处于有环境威胁预警级别(Ⅲ级),西藏自治区处于很严重环境威胁预警级别(Ⅵ级),青海处于严重环境威胁预警级别(Ⅴ级)。根据计算得出的预警级别,各省应根据自身情况充分利用畜禽粪便资源,尤其是在预警值较高地区应及时做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染防控。     

辽宁省畜禽粪便产污系数测算与环境承载力预警分析

  目的  本文通过对辽宁省畜禽养殖产污系数测算及污染负荷空间分布特征的探讨,为降低畜禽养殖造成的环境污染风险和辽宁省农业的可持续发展提供理论依据。  方法  根据2019年辽宁省畜禽粪便及其主要养分参数的周年监测结果,估算各市区畜禽粪便及其主要污染物的产生系数以及单位耕地面积猪当量负荷量,氮（N）、磷（P）负荷量,并对环境承载力现状进行风险评价。  结果  辽宁省畜禽粪便总产量4.65千万t;产污系数最高的是COD,全氮次之。  结论  辽宁省多数市区畜禽粪便单位耕地面积磷耕地负荷低限额,对环境有尚未构成威胁,且负荷预警值在省内存在空间分布不均的特征。     

湖南省畜禽养殖粪污的耕地负荷与土地承载力评价

[目的]测算和分析畜禽养殖粪污耕地负荷和土地承载力,为防治农业面源污染,促进农牧协调发展提供科学依据。[方法]根据湖南省畜禽养殖、作物产量等数据资料,在考虑粪污综合利用率的前提下,采用产排污系数法、养分平衡法分别计算2020年各地市州畜禽养殖耕地污染负荷和土地承载力,分析畜禽养殖空间布局以及粪污消纳分配。[结果]湖南省2020年共养殖猪当量4.27×10⁷头,各区域养殖量差异很大;畜禽粪便和TN,TP耕地负荷分别为19.04 t/hm²,94.85,24.99 kg/hm²,耕地负荷警报级别均在Ⅱ级以上,对耕地环境稍有威胁,其中永州市、娄底市、怀化市、郴州市至少有两项耕地负荷警报级别达到了Ⅲ级及以上,耕地环境风险较高;畜禽养殖土地最大承载量为1.23×10⁸头猪当量,已养殖猪当量仅占其37.18%。各地市州的可增加养殖量也非常可观,常德市、益阳市、岳阳市、邵阳市、长沙市、永州市、衡阳市7个市的可养殖猪当量在5.00×10⁶头以上。在确认区域内畜禽养殖未超载的基础上,永州市、娄底...     

鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖土壤环境承载力及污染风险研究

[目的]测算和评价鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖过程中的土壤环境承载力及其污染风险,为合理规划鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖空间布局、实现可持续养殖提供参考。[方法]利用2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区24个县(市)的统计数据进行土壤环境承载力及畜禽污染物排放量的测算和评估。[结果]2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值在0.7左右,总氮耕地负载警报值为0.5~0.6,总磷耕地负载警报值超过了1,畜禽养殖对环境造成了污染威胁。畜禽养殖污染风险较高的地区为高安市、东乡县、余江县、德安县以及南昌县。[结论]污染风险较高的地区应强制实行畜禽养殖总量控制和污染物消减措施,而湖口县、都昌县和彭泽县畜禽污染风险较低,可以适当扩大养殖规模。     

海口市畜禽排泄物的环境压力及其影响评价

自海南省创建无规定动物疫病示范区以来,海口市畜牧业得到了跨越式发展,由此产生的畜禽粪便对环境的压力也越来越大。本文在对海口市畜禽养殖现状进行调查分析的基础上,以畜禽粪尿排泄系数、猪粪当量为基础,结合各区的耕地有效消纳面积,计算相应的的猪粪当量负荷。参考畜禽粪便负荷量警报值分级标准,对海口市各区畜禽粪便负荷承受程度进行警报分级。结果显示:海口市各区畜禽粪便负荷量相差较大,美兰区畜禽粪便对环境的威胁最大,这可能与畜禽饲养过密,有效农田消纳面积有限有关;琼山区畜禽粪便负荷对环境威胁较小。畜禽粪便负荷量可以作为控制区域养殖规模的重要参考指标。     

基于种养平衡的河南省畜禽养殖分析及其环境污染风险研究

为探究河南省畜禽养殖环境污染现状,利用排污系数法等方法估算了河南省畜禽养殖粪尿负荷量、耕地承载力和水体污染负荷指数等指标,分析并评价了不同地区畜禽养殖现状的合理性及对环境的污染状况,以期为河南省合理畜禽养殖提供理论依据。结果表明,(1)河南省2016年畜禽粪尿产生总量为13 101.5万t,以南阳市、驻马店市、周口市、商丘市和开封市产生量最大,其总和占全省总量的54.0%。从污染风险看,河南省平均负荷量为16.2 t·hm-2,警报值级别处于Ⅱ级,对环境稍构成污染威胁。(2)河南省可承载的猪当量为7 402.4万头猪当量,实际养殖已超载2 047.3万头猪当量。其中驻马店市、平顶山市、洛阳市、信阳市超载最严重,占超载总量的50.1%。(3)河南省水体的主要污染物为全氮(TN)和全磷(TP),而化学需氧量(COD)的等标排放量相对较少。全省平均扩散浓度达128.0 mg·L-1,属于严重污染。平均等标污染指数为12.2 mg·L-1,表现为对水环境有污染。对环境污染最严重的是开封市,污染指数达31.9 mg·L-1;对环境污染最小的是信阳市,污染指数为2.3 mg·L-1。(4)从污染负荷来看,开封市、平顶山市、漯河市的耕地承载负荷大,水体潜在污染严重,安阳市和信阳市的污染负荷较低。     

基于网格的中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷估算

[目的]估算网格化的中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷,以期准确分析中国畜禽养殖废弃物对环境的污染威胁。[方法]基于统计数据进行行政区域的畜禽养殖废弃物氮养分量的估算,并利用面积权重内插法和GIS空间分析技术进行中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷估算及网格化研究。[结果]网格化后的畜禽养殖废弃物耕地氮负荷基本保持了以各省区为单元数据的基本特征,不再是以行政边界为划分不同畜禽养殖废弃物氮养分负荷的依据,更接近于实际情况,并以河南省为例进行了验证。[结论]从整体空间分布角度看,2010年中国畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷量空间分布其高值范围与低值范围的界线近似于中国400mm等降水量线。从各省域空间分布范围分析,氮负荷量高的主要集中在广东省、北京市、四川省及湖南省范围,而蒙古、新疆、西藏及青海这4个区域范围内的氮负荷量都较低。     

山西省畜禽粪污年产生量估算及环境效应

为了解山西省畜禽粪便产生量及其环境效应,根据《山西统计年鉴2017》中畜禽养殖数据,估算了2016年山西省畜禽粪污产生量。结果表明,2016年山西省畜禽粪便总排放量约为3 410.97万t,按年粪便产生量排序,依次为牛羊猪鸡兔。畜禽粪污的总氮、总磷、总化学需氧量、总生化需氧量、总氨氮产生量分别为23.54、7.56、75.97、70.85万t和7.72万t。畜禽粪便发酵可产沼气总量约为21.33亿m~3,畜禽粪便产沼气潜力相当于山西省天然气年消费量的25.42%。2016年山西省平均单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮、磷养分负荷分别为63.28、20.32 kg·hm~(-2),均未超过欧盟粪肥年施氮和年施磷限量标准,畜禽粪便耕地负荷预警值为0.38,为Ⅰ级。然而从区域分布的角度来看,太原,晋城和晋中三市的单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿磷负荷超过了欧盟粪肥年施磷限量标准,除了临汾和运城,山西省其他地市的畜禽粪便农田负荷量对环境有不同程度的威胁。因此,迫切需要对部分重点区域进行畜禽养殖粪便综合管理。     

江苏省畜禽粪便污染现状及其风险评价

采用2004年畜禽养殖量数据,利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算江苏省各地畜禽粪便农田负荷量,并对各地畜禽粪便污染现状进行评价。结果显示,江苏省畜禽粪便年产生量已达6825万t;畜禽粪便农田年负荷量平均为14.9 t/hm2,污染风险指数平均为0.33,南通、盐城与徐州3市超过环境预警值,属污染最严重区;受养殖业布局的影响,全省畜禽粪便污染严重地区大多靠近水体,对江苏省水环境质量产生威胁。     

陕西省养殖业畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷的时空分布

[目的]探明畜禽粪便资源对耕地土壤和环境造成的潜在污染风险,为评价和防治畜禽养殖业造成的面源污染提供科学依据。[方法]以陕西省为研究区,通过计算陕西省畜禽粪便中氮磷耕地负荷,分析了其时空变化特征。[结果](1)陕西省各市区畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷从2006—2007年达到最大,到2008年急剧下降为最低,之后逐年增加。2008—2010年,氮负荷平均值增加了73.0%,磷负荷增加了59.4%;2008—2010年,延安、渭南两市畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷虽然居于全省最后,但增长率最快。(2)对比2008年和2010年的畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷空间分布变化,汉中市氮磷耕地负荷最大,延安市和渭南市最小。2010年各市畜禽粪便氮负荷平均值依次为:汉中安康榆林宝鸡咸阳商洛铜川西安延安渭南;磷耕地负荷平均值依次为:汉中商洛宝鸡榆林咸阳西安安康铜川延安渭南。[结论]针对陕西省畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷的时间、空间分布变化,应加大汉中、安康、商洛、宝鸡、榆林等区域畜禽粪便的处理力度,降低畜禽粪便造成水土资源污染的风险。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.