基于GF-1影像的东江流域面向对象土地利用分类

针对东江流域地物斑块破碎、湖泊河流众多等因素影响其地物分类精度的问题,该文以GF-1遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象的分类方法,结合模糊分类和CART决策树分类法获取研究区土地利用分类信息。根据近红外波段均值的模糊范围(480~2 200)选择模糊小于隶属函数对水体与非水体进行区分,近红外波段均值小于480确定为水体,大于2 200确定为非水体;在水体类别中,采用长宽比指数模糊范围(1.53~4.32)调用模糊大于函数对河流与水库进行了区分,长宽比指数小于1.53确定为水库,大于4.32确定为河流;在非水体类别中,采用归一化植被指数NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)特征值模糊范围(0.21~0.62)调用模糊大于函数区分植被与非植被,NDVI指数小于0.21确定为非植被,大于0.62确定为植被,最后采用面向对象的CART决策树分类法分出河流、水库、园地、林地、耕地、灌草地、未利用地、建设用地。与极大似然分类法、非监督分类法应用到GF-1遥感影像相比,基于面向对象的CART决策树分类方法的效果最好,总体分类精度高达93.27%,Kappa系数高达0.92。该方法可以作为东江流域获取较高土地利用信息的有效方法,为研究流域生态环境变化提供更准确的数据支持。     

关中平原西部耕地季节性撂荒的农户行为机理研究

为揭示关中平原地区农户季节性撂荒的行为机理,基于实地调研所获取的342份数据,并利用计划行为理论以及结构方程模型等方法,探究了农户的行为态度、主观规范以及感知行为控制对农户撂荒行为的影响。结果表明:(1)农户的行为态度、主观规范经由行为意愿间接影响撂荒行为,感知行为控制从直接和间接两个方面产生影响;(2)行为特征因素中,感知行为控制对撂荒行为的直接影响效应最大,缺乏对撂荒耕地的认知、农田水利设施的缺失和劳动力供给的不足是造成耕地撂荒的关键因素;(3)行为态度上,农户既面临粮食种植的低效益,又受到粮食自给自足传统观念的影响,经济理性和传统文化的共同作用,促成了农户耕地季节性撂荒的态度;(4)主观规范上,个人性规范的效应最大,为遏制耕地季节性撂荒可以加强个人感知和道德约束。由此可以得出,农户主要是依据经济利益、个人感知以及水利设施不足来判断是否撂荒耕地,缓解季节性撂荒困境要为农户创造有利的耕种条件。     

快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒空间格局、影响机理与治理路径

揭示快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒的空间格局特征和影响机理对保障我国城镇化和工业化进程下的国家粮食安全和社会稳定具有重要意义。该研究首先构建了快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒影响机理的理论框架，然后以溧阳市为研究区，实证分析了耕地撂荒的程度、空间格局等特征，并探究了其影响机理，最后提出了治理快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒的政策建议。结果显示：1） 2019年溧阳市耕地撂荒面积1 344.48 hm2，撂荒率为3.03%，各村撂荒率介于0.01%～54.26%，快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒现象普遍存在。2） 溧阳撂荒高密度区主要聚集在工业、商业和旅游业等发展水平高和旱地比例高的区域，快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒在空间上具有一定的集聚和带动效应。3） 快速城镇化地区的乡村非农产业发展和劳动力流失加剧了耕地撂荒程度；而高比例水田、道路密度等基础条件和土地流转、基本农田保护政策能有效抑制耕地撂荒。快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒应引起决策部门的重视，未来一方面应该继续推进土地整治工程，吸引农业资本下乡，创新"旅游业+农业"发展模式；另一方面在非农产业发展水平高和劳动力流失严重的农村积极推行耕地流转，并继续加强永久基本农田管理等举措来预防、治理耕地撂荒。研究结果可为快速城镇化地区小尺度的耕地保护与撂荒治理提供理论支撑和案例借鉴。     

基于高分影像特征优选的黄土高原撂荒耕地遥感监测方法

快速、准确地监测撂荒耕地对研究土地利用变化、保障国家粮食安全和制定农业政策有着重要意义,黄土高原地区复杂地貌和耕地破碎性对监测撂荒耕地颇具挑战性。该研究以国产高分卫星遥感影像为主要数据源,使用耦合遗传算法的离散二进制粒子群算法改进最佳指数因子法优选分类特征因子,采用随机森林分类和分类后变化检测方法,获得试验区2011—2022年撂荒耕地时空分布信息,通过影像目视判读和实地调查相结合的方式进行结果验证和精度评价,结果表明：1）经重要性评估发现NDVI平均精度减少（mean decrease accuracy,MDA）得分最高,经改进的优选特征方法优选特征为：绿波段、红波段、近红外波段、蓝绿波段比值指数、坡度、NDVI、方差、对比度,特征优选有效提高了高分影像的土地利用分类精度和效率;2）国产高分卫星数据可实现地块尺度撂荒耕地的精准识别,经验证,撂荒耕地识别总体精度达到92.48%;3）2011—2022年间研究区撂荒耕地总面积为5492.51 hm²,2011—2014年撂荒率最大,达21.09%,2020—2022年撂荒率最小,为0.99%。该研究构建了黄土高原地区地块尺度撂荒耕地遥感监测的方法,并进行验证和评价,对推动撂荒耕地相关研究和国产高分卫星数据的实践应用具有积极意义。     

山区耕地细碎化对农户耕地撂荒的影响

研究山区耕地细碎化对耕地撂荒的影响对保障山区粮食安全、促进山区耕地整治与可持续利用具有重要意义。该研究以贵州省剑河县白都村为例,基于无人机高分辨率影像数据和农户调查数据,在提取农户耕地地块空间信息数据的基础上,选取综合指标测度法对农户耕地地块细碎程度进行刻画,从地块和农户两个层面分别运用Logistic和Tobit模型分析耕地地块细碎化对农户耕地撂荒的影响,探析农户耕地细碎化程度与其撂荒规模之间的关系。结果表明：1）研究区耕地细碎化程度较高,耕地撂荒现象严重。农户平均地块面积为0.044 hm2,平均耕地撂荒占比为29.50%;2）从地块层面看,耕地地块细碎化会加剧耕地撂荒,其中地块耕作距离对农户耕地撂荒具有显著的正向作用,地块面积对农户耕地撂荒具有显著的负向作用,且地块面积对农户耕地撂荒的作用强度高于地块耕作距离;3）从农户层面看,农户耕地细碎化程度越高,耕地撂荒规模愈大,农户耕地细碎化指数每提升10%,其耕地撂荒比例增加4.22%。研究结果可为推动山区细碎耕地资源的可持续利用与管理提供借鉴。     

工程设计视角下山区梯田撂荒影响因素分析

为分析山区梯田撂荒的影响因素,科学指导山区梯田的建设,该研究以位于山区的林州市、沂水县、寻甸县、华池县为研究区,在每个县选取若干采样区,以遥感解译结合实地调研的方式识别出山区撂荒梯田,并从山区梯田工程设计的角度对其撂荒的影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:1)4个研究区内梯田均呈现出不同程度的撂荒现象,其中华池县、寻甸县、林州市和沂水县的采样区平均撂荒率分别为4.11%、7.68%、24.03%、9.46%;2)梯田的田面宽度是影响山区梯田撂荒的主要因素;3)在以沂水县和林州市为代表的石质山区,地面坡度与土层厚度是制约梯田宽度的主要因素,梯田的宽度随着地面坡度增加而变窄,随着土层厚度的变薄而变窄;在以华池县和寻甸县为代表的土质山区,地面坡度是梯田宽度的主要限制因素。该研究可为山区梯田的优化提出科学理论指导,并为国家相关部门制定政策提供理论依据。     

基于HJ-CCD数据和决策树法的干旱半干旱灌区土地利用分类

为了实现干旱半干旱灌区地表信息低成本、高效率的动态监测,利用HJ-CCD数据的多时相和多光谱信息,探讨了平罗县土地利用遥感分类方法。首先建立研究区内典型地物的NDVI时间序列曲线,提取反映该区物候模式的时序特征参数;然后对土壤信息丰富的3月份多光谱影像进行主成分变换,选取第1主成分(PC1)作为光谱特征参数,最后基于分类回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)算法进行决策树监督分类。总体分类精度达到92.26%,Kappa系数为0.91,比最大似然法分类结果精度提高了2.58%。研究表明:构建的NDVI时间序列曲线对研究区内的地类具有较强的代表性,提取的时间维和光谱维的分类参数对各地类均有很好地区分性,CART决策树算法分类结果清晰准确且精度较高。该方法为HJ小卫星在干旱半干旱区等区域的深入应用提供科学依据和实证基础。     

河套灌区沈乌灌域GF-1/WFV遥感耕地提取

为提高基于遥感影像的灌区耕地自动快速提取,该文针对河套灌区沈乌灌域种植结构特点,利用实地调查结果、Google earth和GF1-WFV遥感影像构建了研究区主要作物及土地利用类型的NDVI时间序列,并利用HANTS滤波法对NDVI时间序列进行了平滑处理。分别采用基于遥感与Google earth的目视解译、监督分类(支持向量机)、基于NDVI时间序列的决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法、基于HANTS滤波法平滑处理后的NDVI时间序列决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法对灌区耕地进行提取。利用基于Google earth与目视解译的10 000个随机验证点以及正确率(用户精度)、完整率(生产者精度)和整体精度(提取耕地面积与实际面积的比值)3个指标对提取结果进行了评价。验证结果表明:监督分类(支持向量机)提取结果的正确率、完整率和总体精度仅为84.82%、64.4%和75.68%;基于NDVI时间序列的决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法提取精度分别为94.28%、84.21%和89.1%;基于HANTS滤波法平滑处理后的NDVI时间序列决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法提取精度进一步提高,3个指标分别达到94.47%、87.32%和92.24%。在作物种类繁多的大型灌区,时空分辨率优异的GF1-WFV数据在耕地面积提取上具有很强的实用性;结合作物生长规律与遥感信息的联合方法能够有效提高耕地面积的提取精度。     

基于聚类和分类与回归树的地力等级评价研究

以黄淮海平原粮食主产区河南封丘县为研究区域,利用基于GIS的土壤空间和属性数据库,采用聚类分析和分类与回归树(CART)相结合的方法建立了耕地地力评价模型。研究结果表明,基于聚类分析和CART的地力评价模型准确度为93.56%,较单独使用决策树模型的准确度有明显提高;根据耕地地力分级规则,一等地至五等地分别占全县61 733.3 hm2耕地的28.167%、49.518%、9.389%、5.77%和7.156%;地力等级较高的耕地主要分布于封丘西北部,地力较低的区域主要在东南部,由西北向东南地力呈带状递减趋势。本文的研究结果可为当地中低产田及其障碍因子的解析和农田精准管理提供参考依据。     

内蒙古赤峰市松山区耕地演变模拟

[目的]揭示赤峰松山区耕地演变规律,为该区土地利用合理规划管理、生态恢复和经济发展政策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]基于1990,2000,2010年TM遥感影像解译数据,分析研究区耕地动态变化特征,采用GIS中多标准评价(MCE)方法,结合元胞自动机—马尔可夫(CA-Markov)模型,对2020年耕地空间格局变化进行模拟。[结果]耕地的演变空间差异性显著:(1)城郊区由于城镇化速度的加快,大量耕地转化为建设用地。(2)松山区西部石质山区,该地区海拔较高,坡耕地较多,水土流失严重,土壤贫瘠,导致撂荒弃耕严重,同时由于退耕还林政策的实施,耕地在不断减少。(3)松山区东部黄土丘陵台地区,海拔相对较低,地势平坦,适宜于耕地开发,增加的耕地主要源于未利用地和草地。(4)2020年研究区土地利用格局模拟图显示耕地的破碎化程度将有所缓减,开始向规模化发展,同时松山区耕地空间格局稳定性逐渐增强。[结论]该模型模拟结果的精度较高,依据耕地演变趋势,科学合理的利用耕地,制定相应的政策,同时研究结果可为土地资源优化配置奠定基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.