青海省小麦种质材料醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了解当前青海省普通小麦种质材料醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性,利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术对青海省77份普通小麦种质材料进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析。结果表明,供试材料中共分离出蛋白谱带1 237条,迁移率不同的谱带类型37种,其中迁移率编号为2、19和3号的谱带出现频率最高,分别为98.7%、98.7%和97.4%;3条谱带(15、16和17号)出现频率低于10.5%;其余31条谱带出现频率为19.5%～84.4%。供试材料醇溶蛋白谱带多态性较高,每个材料可电泳分离出11～21条谱带,其中具有14～18条谱带的材料居多。不同材料间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.55～0.94,说明供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析将供试材料分成6大类,聚类结果在一定程度上反映了供试材料间的亲缘关系。     

河西灌区小麦地方品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了挖掘小麦地方品种的潜力,采用APAGE方法分析了河西灌区70份小麦地方品种的醇溶蛋白,研究了醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性。结果表明,供试材料中共分离出迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带91条,品种间变异幅度为11～26条,平均为18.33条,变异系数为16.08,具有16、17、19、20条谱带的品种最多。在91条醇溶蛋白谱带中,B01号谱带出现频率最高,为97.14%;B77和B03号谱带出现的频率也较高,分别为92.86%和88.57%。B72和B91号谱带出现频率最低,分别只出现1次,频率均为1.43%。其余谱带多态性很高。在不同分区中醇溶蛋白谱带的分布存在较大差异,ω区出现的谱带最多,β区次之,γ区第三,α区出现的谱带最少。供试材料之间遗传距离的变化范围为0.24～1.00,平均值为0.66。说明河西灌区小麦地方品种间存在丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性,在小麦品质育种中具有一定利用价值。     

部分普通小麦醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了揭示普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种间醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性,采用A-PAGE方法对60份普通小麦品种(系)进行了醇溶蛋白分析.结果表明,全部供试品种(系)共检测到943条带,每份材料可电泳出9～21条带,平均15.7条.试验共获得迁移率不同的谱带74条,其中第2和第4条谱带出现的频率最高,分别为45.00%和、51.67%,其余的谱带多态性很高,说明小麦种质间存在丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传异质性.供试材料间的遗传距离(Genetic distance,GD)变异范围为0.40～0.84,平均为0.62.聚类分析在GD值为0.82水平上可将供试材料分为4大类群.     

138份河西地区春小麦种质资源的遗传多样性分析

为了解河西地区小麦种质资源的多样性,选取138份河西地区春小麦种质,分析其A-PAGE醇溶蛋白谱带.供试材料的醇溶蛋白经A-PAGE电泳分析后,共检测到39条谱带,其中33条为多态性条带,多态性条带占84.6％.种质间的Dice相似性系数(GS)为0.222～0.979,波动较大.说明河西地区春小麦种质资源的遗传关系复杂;138份春小麦种质在GS=0.63的水平上可以分为9个UPGAM聚类群,9个聚类群的Shannon多样性指数相对比较均匀,说明在同一类群内种质的多样性比较稳定,第9类群的Shannon多样性指数最小(0.6162),第8类群的变异最大(0.6588).本研究结果表明,河西地区小麦种质资源遗传多样性丰富,有利于河西地区春小麦育种工作.     

以色列野生二粒小麦苗期抗病性鉴定

野生二粒小麦是小麦抗病育种的重要资源库之一。为了了解野生二粒小麦对我国小麦白粉病和锈病的抗性表现，通过接种试验对采自以色列16个不同地区的152份野生二粒小麦材料进行了白粉病和条锈、叶锈病的苗期抗性鉴定。结果表明，其中有86．8％的材料对小麦白粉菌15号小种表现高抗，对小麦条锈菌小种条中29、31、32的抗性主要集中在来自Mt．Hermon地区的材料上。所有鉴定材料均不抗小麦叶锈菌小种THT和PHT。由于野生二粒小麦与普通小麦杂交比较容易，因而其抗病性可通过杂交和回交向普通小麦转移，可进一步丰富我国小麦抗病育种的抗源。     

燕麦种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

为了给燕麦种质资源的收集、保护以及利用提供信息,采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)对74份燕麦种质资源进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析.结果表明,供试燕麦醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的等位变异,共检测到73种燕麦醇溶蛋白图谱.其醇溶蛋白带纹遗传相似系数为0.1667～1.000,平均遗传相似系数为0.4964.共分离出19种迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白带纹,醇溶蛋白的带纹多态性为100%.等位基因平均遗传多样性指数为0.5229,表明供试燕麦种质醇溶蛋白变异丰富,存在广泛的遗传多样性.基于燕麦醇溶蛋白聚类分析将74份材料分为6类,部分供试材料分类结果与其地理来源有关.     

黑粒小麦醇溶蛋白指纹图谱及其遗传分析

黑粒小麦因其具有特殊的营养价值而倍受人们青睐。我国近年来已育成和引入了一批黑粒小麦品种 (系 )和资源 ,它们的黑粒基因来源和色素分布部位不同。本研究利用 ISTA颁布的 A- PAGE标准程序分析了来源不同的 9份黑粒小麦亲本及其 1 3份后代材料的醇溶蛋白指纹图谱。结果表明 ,9份黑粒小麦亲本材料分离出 40条相对迁移率不同的谱带 ,其中 8条为共同带 ,每个亲本均有各自独特的谱带组合。采用“0～ 1”系统记录谱带 ,计算亲本间遗传距离 ,平均值为 0 .34,范围为 0 .1 0～ 0 .48。来自加拿大的京 1 1 70 5和 MY2 4 33的遗传距离为 0 .1 0 ,具有最大的遗传相似性。我国育成的漯珍 1号、乌麦 5 2 6和黑小麦 76号三者间的遗传距离在 0 .33以上。利用非加全成对算术平均法 ( UPGMA)作聚类分析 ,在 0 .34水平上可聚为 3类 ,其中漯珍 1号自成一类。黑粒小麦和白粒小麦杂种后代个体的醇溶蛋白呈共显性遗传 ,但白粒亲本北农 6号的一条带在 F1没有出现。醇溶蛋白指纹图谱的相似程度能反映出品种间的亲缘关系 ,不失为黑粒小麦育种亲本选配的一个重要依据。     

野生二粒小麦和普通小麦及其渐渗系全麦与脱麸面粉蛋白分析

为了解野生二粒小麦籽粒蛋白特性对普通小麦全麦面粉和脱麸面粉的改良价值,以高产弱筋小麦品种川农16(CN16)为母本,分别与籽粒蛋白含量存在显著差异的四倍体野生二粒小麦D1和D97进行远缘杂交,按高产性状定向选择并连续自交获得稳定高世代渐渗系共61份,本研究对61份渐渗系、7份野生二粒小麦和6份普通小麦进行了全麦和脱麸面粉粗蛋白质含量及其各蛋白组分含量分析、比较。结果显示,野生二粒小麦的籽粒粗蛋白(GPC)及其清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量均较普通小麦具有更丰富的遗传多样性,各蛋白组分含量均显著高于普通小麦。61份渐渗系中,分别有54.10%和52.46%的材料全麦面粉和脱麸面粉的粗蛋白含量显著高于母本CN16,全麦和脱麸面粉蛋白质含量最高达17.77%和17.62%,较CN16分别提高了5.05和5.33个百分点;全麦和脱麸面粉的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白分别有18.03%和32.79%、50.82%和62.30%、67.21%和77.05%、37.70%和81.97%的株系高于母本CN16。全麦和脱麸面粉的粗蛋白含量与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量间、贮藏蛋白的各组分间、可溶性与不...     

红花(Carthamus tinctorius L . )种子 醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A - PAGE (Acid - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)技术对来源于32个国家的53份红花材料进行 了种子醇溶蛋白检测。结果表明,这些红花材料具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异,共分离出15条迁移率不同的谱 带。其中,每份材料可电泳出5～12条谱带,平均8. 5条,所有材料有1条共有带。红花种子醇溶蛋白可作为评价 红花遗传多样性的工具之一。不同材料的遗传相似系数(GS)变异范围为0. 375～1. 000,平均值为0. 752。聚类分 析结果表明,在GS值为0. 752的水平上供试材料聚为6大类,其亲缘关系远近与地理来源关系不大。其中,来自 中国的7份材料分别被聚在了3个大类中,表明中国红花种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性比较丰富。     

波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良作用

为研究波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良作用,利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(A-PAGE)电泳技术对60个波兰小麦×普通小麦中13后代株系的醇溶蛋白位点进行了检测.结果表明,波兰小麦与普通小麦杂交后代醇溶蛋白存在丰富的变异类型,共产生了34条迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,其中,α区2条,β区24条,γ区4条,ω区4条.每个株系具有7～21条带,多数株系为12～19条,平均15.68条.醇溶蛋白遗传多样性指数(H')及多态性信息含量(PIC)分析结果显示,β区醇溶蛋白组成最为丰富,而α区最低.供试材料间存在较大的遗传变异,在GD值0.38水平上可聚为4类.波兰小麦醇溶蛋白谱带在BC<,1F<,2中出现的频率比BC<,2中更高,变异更为丰富.杂交后代中出现了4条双亲不具有的新谱带.分析表明,波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良有十分明显的作用.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.