祁连山自然保护区半翅目昆虫调查初报

于1994~2002年期间,通过林间调查采集标本鉴定、查阅历史资料,查对有关单位标本等方法,对祁连山保护区半翅目(Hem iptera)昆虫种类进行了全面调查,整理记录半翅目昆虫13科71种,其中:盲蝽科16种、土蝽科1种、长蝽科8种、红蝽科1种、蛛缘蝽科1种、缘蝽科4种、同蝽科4种、蝽科21种、异蝽科1种、网蝽科3种、姬蝽科5种、猎蝽科3种、花蝽科3种。按食性分,植食性的59种,捕食性的12种。查清了它们的分布,分析了生态学特征。     

贵州省林科所馆藏森林昆虫标本名录

一、螳螂目 1.螳螂科二,等翅目 2.木蛩科 3.原堂科 4.犀蛩科 5.杆蛩科 6.蛩科三,竹节虫目 7.棒蜗科 8.枝蟾科四、直翅目 9.蝼蛄科五.同翅目 10.蝉科 11.角蝉科 12.沫蝉科 13.叶蝉科 14.樗鸡科 15.瓢蜡蝉科 16.木虱科 I 7.瘿绵蚜科 18.珠蚧科六,半翅目 19.龟蝽科 20.盾蝽科 21.蝽科 22.同蝽科 23.异蝽科3种4种1种6种1种1种1种10种2种5种4种32种3种3种(第一部份)目 录 24.缘蝽科 35种 25.长蝽科 3种 26.猎蝽科 23种七,鞘翅目 27.虎甲科 5种 28.步甲科 3种 29.隐翅虫科 1种 30.吉丁虫科25种 31.蜡斑甲科.1种 32.瓢虫科 32种 33.朽木甲科 3种 3…     

甘肃陇南危害花椒的半翅目昆虫初报

危害花椒的昆虫甚多,在花椒林中有其独特的昆虫相。据2015~2017年在甘肃陇南的初步调查,在花椒上采得的半翅目(He miptera)昆虫,包括蝽科19种,同蝽科30种,缘蝽科3种,蛛缘蝽科1种,共53种,其中薄蝽(Brachy mna tenuis Stl)、素蝽(Halyabbas unicolor Distant)、短直同蝽(Elas mostethus brevis Lindberg)、息匙同蝽(Elas mucha signoreti Scott)、漆刺肩同蝽(Acanthoso ma acutangulata Liu)5种为甘肃省新纪录。     

徐州半翅目异翅亚目昆虫种类及危害调查

采用踏查与标准地调查相结合的方法,系统调查了徐州半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的种类、发生与危害情况。结果表明,徐州异翅亚目昆虫共有10科34种,较历史记载的种类(5科20种)有显著增加,其中,蝽科种类最多(13种),占调查总种数的38.2%,较历史记载新增5种;缘蝽科次之(7种),占20.6%,新增5种;网蝽科和猎蝽科分别新增1种和5种。重要林木害虫有麻皮蝽、茶翅蝽、稻棘缘蝽、点蜂缘蝽、悬铃木方翅网蝽、梨冠网蝽和小板网蝽等,其中3种网蝽均为中度以上发生,特别是悬铃木方翅网蝽为重度发生,其风险性R值为1.64。蝽科的益蝽、蠋蝽、蓝蝽和猎蝽科的黑红赤猎蝽、短斑普猎蝽、暴猎蝽、黑叉盾猎蝽和黄纹盗猎蝽均为捕食性天敌昆虫。     

为害竹子的三种蝽

为害竹子的半翅目蝽科害虫有十余种,而为害严重、导致竹子枯死,对竹林生产造成损失的有三种,即宽缘伊蝽(秉氏蝽)Aenariapinchii Yang、薄蝽(扁体蝽)Brachymnatenuis Stal和卵圆蝽Hippota dorsalis(Stal),     

广东竹类半翅目昆虫

本文记录了广东及海南岛在竹类所采得的半翅目昆虫,其中蝽科(Pentatomidae)17种及缘蝽科(Coreidae)9种,以名录报导之。     

沙柳害虫及其防治

沙柳害虫种类多,为害重,以往很少有人研究,系统报道更少。笔者近年在研究沙柳钻蛀性害虫中,结合调查并参阅了内蒙、宁夏等省(区)近年森林病虫普查资料,初步统计,目前已知为害沙柳的害虫共51种,隶属于7目24科,其中属于食叶性害虫的有26种,即:1.兰蝽(纯兰蝽)Zicrona coerula Li-nnaeus2.星蝽 Spilostethus equesiris3.横纹来蝽(乌鲁木齐菜蝽)Eurydemagebleri kolenati4.柳兰叶甲 Plagiodera versicolora La-icharting     

长白山蝽科昆虫区系简析

长白山蝽科昆虫种类,是比较丰富的。笔者根据有关资料及现有标本,对目前已知名的31种蝽科昆虫按其地理分布情况,作出区系分析,供有关方面参考。一、长白山蝽科昆虫各亚科种数及占全国已知种数的比重据章士美报导(1985),我国蝽科昆虫440种,其中盾蝽亚科60种,荔蝽亚科32种,兜蝽亚科16种,益蝽亚科45种,短喙蝽亚科     

益蝽亚科的五种捕食蝽

捕食蝽是农林害虫天敌昆虫的重要类群之一。在蝽科Pentatomidae中,益蝽亚科Asop-inae的所有种类全是捕食性的,可以捕食多种鳞翅目的害虫和一些叶甲科的害虫,对抑制害虫种群数量具有经济意义。本文介绍益(?)亚科的五种捕食蝽:蠋蝽Arma chinensis Fallou、益蝽Picromerus lewisi Scott、黑益蝽P.gri-seus(Dallas)、海南蝽Cantheconidea concin-     

济源市森林害虫调查管理与防治方法

对河南省济源市的森林害虫进行了调查,共发现害虫18种,(1)蛀食树干的有12种,其中鞘翅目天牛科10种:桑天牛(Apriona germari)、光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)、栗山天牛(Massicus raddei)、栎旋木柄天牛(Aphrodisium sauteri)、双簇天牛(Moechotypa diphysis)、桃红颈天牛(Aromia bungii)、合欢双条天牛(Xystrocera globosa)、二斑黑绒天牛(Embrik-Strandia bimaculata)、桑黄星天牛(Psacothea hilaris)、楝星天牛(Anoplophora horsfieldi);吉丁科1种:花椒窄吉丁(Agrilus zanthoxylumi);鳞翅目木蠹蛾科(Cossidae)1种:根据槲栎树上的蛹皮和参照资料初步判断为小木蠹蛾(Holcocerus insularis)。(2)取食或危害叶子的有6种,鳞翅目枯叶蛾科(Lasiocampidae)1种:栗黃枯葉蛾(Trabala Vishnou);刺蛾科(Limacodidae)2种:褐边绿刺蛾(Parasa consocia)、黄刺蛾(Cnidocampa flavescens);膜翅目癭蜂科(Cynipidae)1种:栎空腔癭蜂(Trichagalma glabrosa);半翅目缘蝽科(Coreidae)1种:点蜂缘蝽(Riptortus pedestris);蝽科(Pentatomidae)1种:茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha picus)。提出害虫的管理原则和防治方法。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.