50%二氰蒽醌悬浮剂的研制

采用流点法对二氰蒽醌悬浮剂的润湿分散剂进行了初筛,利用黏度法确定了润湿分散剂的最佳用量通过分析二氰蒽醌悬浮剂54℃下热贮前后平均粒径、悬浮率等物化性能确定了50%二氰蒽醌悬浮剂的最佳配方,结果表明,该产品热贮14d后,悬浮率在97%以上,分解率2%,其他各项指标均符合悬浮剂的要求。     

吡虫啉480g/L悬浮剂的配方筛选及方法研究

本实验采用流点法对润湿分散剂进行初选,通过绘制粘度曲线确定各助剂较佳含量;在此基础上,利用正交试验设计方法,以体系颗粒平均粒径的增长为主要测量指标,结合热贮（54±2）℃,14d分层率、悬浮率等指标对比验证,对吡虫啉水悬浮剂的较佳配方进行了研究。最终确定了吡虫啉480g/L悬浮剂的最佳配方,结果表明：该产品热贮分解率〈5%,悬浮率93.7%以上,悬浮体系颗粒平均粒径（Dav=1.73μm）无明显增长。     

325g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的研制

对325g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的助剂进行筛选,采用正交设计法,确定最佳配方为苯醚甲环唑11.3%、嘧菌酯17.8%、SD-811 1.0%、SD-206 1.0%、乙二醇4.0%、黄原胶0.2%、硅酸镁铝1%、AFE-1410 0.2%、苯甲酸钠0.1%、水补足。对该制剂的悬浮率、分散性、热贮稳定性等性能指标进行测试,结果表明该制剂的各项指标均符合悬浮剂的标准要求。     

氟虫脲5%悬浮剂配方研制

本文通过对润湿分散剂、增稠剂和防冻剂等助剂的筛选,确定了氟虫脲5%悬浮剂的优化配方:氟虫脲5%原药,2.0%润湿分散剂GY-D08:W10(2:1),2.5%增稠剂(自制),5.0%尿素,0.05%消泡剂,去离子水补足至100%。试验结果表明:该配方制备的悬浮剂其悬浮率在90%以上,热贮分解率5%,其他各项质量控制指标均符合要求。     

甲基硫菌灵600克/升悬浮剂的研制

采用流点法初步选定润湿分散剂组分,以贮存[(54±2)℃,14d]稳定性和悬浮率为指标,对润湿分散剂、增稠剂、防冻剂及其配比进行优选,结果表明,产品各项指标符合悬浮剂的要求。甲基硫菌灵600克/升悬浮剂的最佳配方为:甲基硫菌灵600g/L,润湿分散剂30g/L,防冻剂30g/L,密度调节剂50g/L,消泡剂2g/L,黄原酸胶1g/L,水补足1 000g/L。     

苯醚甲环唑·多菌灵20%悬浮剂的研制

通过对不同润湿分散剂、增稠剂、防冻剂的配方筛选,得到苯醚甲环唑.多菌灵20%悬浮剂的最佳制剂配方为：苯醚甲环唑10.0%,多菌灵10.0%,分散剂MF 2.0%,分散剂NNO 0.5%,HY-21.5%,农乳500#1.0%,黄原胶0.15%,乙二醇4.0%,消泡剂0.5%,水70.35%,该悬浮剂悬浮率≥90%,分散性良好,热贮稳定性合格。     

均匀设计和响应面法联用优化30%噻虫胺悬浮剂配方

将均匀设计和响应面法联用,优化了30%噻虫胺悬浮剂配方。分别采用偏最小二乘二次多项式回归和二次多项式逐步回归方法,分析了润湿分散剂和黏度调节剂对制剂热贮稳定性的影响。结果表明:两种回归方法拟合热贮析水率模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.9411和0.9999,可用于预测热贮析水率。经验证,对热贮析水率的预测配方均为优化配方,样品的热贮析水率均低于5%,热贮前后样品的悬浮率均高于92%。两种回归方法中,二次多项式逐步回归模型对热贮析水率的预测性更好,相对标准偏差仅为-4.85%。所得最优配方(均为质量分数)为:3% T2700(聚羧酸盐类润湿分散剂)、0.4% NR1602(苯乙基苯酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚)、0.22%黄原胶和2%硅酸镁铝,此时热贮析水率最小为2.27%±0.08%,热贮前后制剂的悬浮率分别为92.51%±0.25%和92.02%±0.46%,热贮后未发现絮凝、结块或结底现象,而且具有良好的分散性和流动性。结合响应面结果,适当降低T2700用量后,样品的热贮析水率仍低于5%,且其他性能均合格。可见,均匀设计和响应面法联用对悬浮剂配方进行优化具有良好的适应性。     

嘧菌酯·氰霜唑30%水悬浮剂配方的研究

对嘧菌酯·氰霜唑30%水悬浮剂的助剂进行配方筛选,确定配方组成为嘧菌酯21%、氰霜唑11%、THB-3 1%,THB-4 4%、乙二醇5%、苯甲酸钠0.1%、黄原胶0.1%、硅酸镁铝1%、AF-9903 0.3%,水补至100%。对该制剂的性能指标悬浮率,自发分散性,持久起泡性,热贮稳定性等,进行了测试评估,结果证明该制剂的各项指标均符合水悬浮剂的标准要求,并且药效显著、用量低、无药害、对环境友好。     

多素·除虫脲15%悬浮剂的研制

介绍了一种以水为介质的环保型新制剂多素.除虫脲15%悬浮剂,通过对分散剂及润湿分散剂品种的筛选,考察了配制的悬浮剂各种控制项目指标以及低温、热贮性能,并确定了最佳配方:多杀霉素2.5%,除虫脲12.5%,NNO 2%,SOPAS-270 1.5%,HT-20002.5%,黄原胶0.1%,CMC 0.5%,乙二醇5%,防腐剂0.3%,有机硅消泡剂0.08%,自来水补足至100%。结果表明,该悬浮剂配方质量稳定,分解率低,悬浮率高,使用安全,有良好的开发应用前景。     

三氯均二苯脲20%悬浮剂的研制

介绍了一种以水为介质的环保型新制剂三氯均二苯脲20%悬浮剂,通过对润湿分散剂及乳化剂品种的筛选,考察了配制的悬浮剂各种控制项目指标以及低温、热贮性能并确定了最佳配方：三氯均二苯脲20%,亚甲基二奈磺酸钠盐2%,烷基酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯醚1%,苯乙烯苯酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚3%,黄原胶0.5%,硅酸镁铝1%,乙二醇5%,有机硅消泡剂0.1%,水67%。结果表明,该悬浮剂分解率低,质量稳定,悬浮率高,使用安全。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.